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[[File:Israel and occupied territories map.png|thumb|Borders of Israel]]
The current '''borders of the State of Israel''' are the result both of war and of diplomatic agreements among [[Israel]], her neighbors, and colonial powers. Only two of Israel's five potential land borders are internationally recognized while the other three are disputed.<ref name="WilsonDonnan2012">{{cite book|last=Newman|first=David|authorlink=David Newman (political geographer)|editor=Thomas M. Wilson and Hastings Donnan|title=A Companion to Border Studies|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu4kFC_vNokC&pg=PA252|date=March 28, 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-25525-4|pages=252–|chapter=Borders and Conflict Resolution|quote=Unique to states in the contemporary world, only two of Israel's five potential land borders have the status of internationally recognized boundaries.}}</ref> Israel's borders with Egypt and Jordan have now been formally recognized and confirmed as part of the peace treaties with those countries. The borders with Syria ([[Golan Heights]]), Lebanon ([[Shebaa farms]]) and the [[Palestinian territories]] (declared as the [[State of Palestine]]) are still in dispute.<ref name="Sela">Sela, Avraham. "Israel." ''The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East''. Ed. Sela. New York: Continuum, 2002. pp. 444-474</ref>
According to the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] of the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]], Israel borders [[Lebanon]] in the north, the [[Golan Heights]] and [[Syria]] in the northeast, the [[West Bank]] and [[Jordan]] in the east, the [[Gaza Strip]] and [[Egypt]] in the southwest. The border with Egypt is the [[international border]] demarcated in 1906 between the [[United Kingdom]] and the [[Ottoman Empire]], confirmed in the 1979 [[Egypt–Israel Peace Treaty]], and the border with Jordan is based on the border defined in the 1922 [[Trans-Jordan memorandum]], confirmed in the 1994 [[Israel–Jordan peace treaty]].
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The [[1947 UN Partition Plan]] allocated this territory to the Jewish state. Following the [[1948 Arab–Israeli War]], Syria seized some land that had been allocated to the Jewish state and under the [[1949 Armistice Agreements]] with Israel retained 66 square kilometers of that territory in the Jordan Valley that lay west of the 1923 Palestinian Mandate border (marked green in the map on right).<ref name="autogenerated584">''[[The Missing Peace|The Missing Peace - The Inside Story of the Fight for Middle East Peace]]'' (2004), by [[Dennis Ross]]. {{ISBN|0-374-52980-9}}. pp 584-585</ref> These territories were designated [[demilitarized zone]]s (DMZs) and remained under Syrian control (marked as DMZs on second map). It was emphasised that the armistice line was "not to be interpreted as having any relation whatsoever to ultimate territorial arrangements." (Article V)
During the [[Six-Day War]] (1967), Israel captured the territory as well as the rest of the Golan Heights, and subsequently repelled a Syrian attempt to recapture it during the [[Yom Kippur War]] (1973). Israel annexed the Golan Heights in 1981 with the [[Golan Heights Law]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bard |first=Mitchell G |authorlink=Mitchell Bard |title=Myths and Facts: A Guide to the Arab-Israeli Conflict |publisher=[[Jewish Virtual Library|American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise]] |isbn=0-9712945-4-2 |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths2/myths2006.pdf
During the 1990s, there were constant negotiations between Israel and Syria regarding a mediation of conflicts and an Israeli withdrawal from the Golan Heights but a peace treaty did not come to fruition.<ref>Jeremy Pressman, “Mediation, Domestic Politics, and the Israeli-Syrian Negotiations, 1991–2000,” ''Security Studies'' 16, no. 3 (July–September 2007), pp. 350–381.</ref> The main stumbling block seems to involve the 66 square kilometers of territory that Syria retained under the 1949 armistice agreement.<ref name="autogenerated584"/> [[Arab people|Arab]] countries support Syria's position in the formula which calls on Israel "to return to the 1967 borders". (See 2002 [[Arab Peace Initiative]])
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* Israel withdrew its forces from 13 villages in Lebanese territory, which were occupied during the war.
In 1923, 38 boundary markers were placed along the 49-mile (78 km) boundary and a detailed text description was published.<ref>{{cite web|url=
Between 1950 and 1967, Israeli and Lebanese surveyors managed to complete 25 non-contiguous kilometers and mark (but not sign) another quarter of the international border.{{citation needed|date=February 2020}}
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[[File:Israel-Egypt-Gaza border region.jpg|thumb|260px|A clearly visible line marks about 80 kilometers (~50 mi) of the international border between Egypt and Israel in this photograph from the [[International Space Station]]. The reason for the color difference is likely a higher level of grazing by the Bedouin-tended animal herds on the Egyptian side of the border.]]
The international border between the [[Ottoman Empire]] and British controlled Egypt was drawn in the Ottoman–British agreement of October 1, 1906.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/areportondelimi00craigoog#page/n7/mode/1up |title=A Report on the Delimitation of the Turco-Egyptian Boundary, Between the Vilayet of the Hejaz
According to the personal documents of the British colonel Wilfed A. Jennings Bramley, who influenced the negotiations, the border mainly served British military interests—it furthered the Ottomans as much as possible from the [[Suez Canal]], and gave Britain complete control over both [[Red Sea]] gulfs—Suez and Aqaba, including the [[Straits of Tiran]]. At the time, the [[Aqaba]] branch of the [[Hejaz railway]] had not been built, and the Ottomans therefore had no simple access to the Red Sea. The British were also interested in making the border as short and patrollable as possible, and did not take into account the needs of the local residents in the negotiations.<ref name="negev">Gardus and Shmueli (1979), pp. 369–370</ref>
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===Subsequent events===
In 1988, Palestine [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|declared its independence]] without specifying its borders. Jordan [[International recognition of the State of Palestine|extended recognition]] to Palestine and renounced its claim to the [[West Bank]] to the Palestinian Liberation Organisation, which had been previously designated by the Arab League as the "sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people".<ref name=Kassim>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DWhgIe3Hq98C&pg=PA247
In 2011, Palestine submitted an application for membership to the United Nations, using the borders for military administration that existed before 1967,<ref name="UN Multimedia">{{cite web|url=http://www.unmultimedia.org/radio/english/2011/09/palestinian-authority-applies-for-full-un-membership/|title=Palestinian Authority applies for full UN membership|access-date=March 27, 2015|publisher=United Nations Radio|date=September 23, 2011}}</ref> effectively the 1949 armistice line or Green Line. As Israel does not recognize the [[State of Palestine]], Jordan's borders with Israel remain unclear, at least in the sector of the West Bank.
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* {{cite book|ref=|last=Abu-Lughod|first=Ibrahim|authorlink=Ibrahim Abu-Lughod|editor=[[Edward Said]] and [[Christopher Hitchens]]|title=Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question|url=https://archive.org/details/blamingvictimssp00said|url-access=registration|year=1988|publisher=Verso|isbn=978-1-85984-340-6|chapter=Territorially-based Nationalism and the Politics of Negation}}
* {{cite book|last=Alsberg|first=Paul Avraham|authorlink=:de:Paul Avraham Alsberg|editor=Daniel Carpi|title=הציונות: מאסף לתולדות התנועה הציונית והישוב היהודי בארץ־ישראל|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KZULAQAAIAAJ|year=1973|publisher=וניברסיטת תל-אביב, הוצאת הכבוץ המיוחד|chapter=קביעת הגבול המזרחי של ארץ ישראל (Determining the Eastern Boundary of the Land of Israel)|quote= [https://humanities.tau.ac.il/sites/humanities.tau.ac.il/files/media_server/humanities/zionism/ציונות/ג/10.pdf available in pdf here]|ref=none}}
** {{cite book|last=Alsberg|first=Avraham P.|authorlink=:de:Paul Avraham Alsberg|title=Zionism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aWsMAQAAMAAJ|volume=2|year=1980|publisher=Institute for Zionist Research Founded in Memory of Chaim Weizmann|pages=87–98|chapter=Delimitation of the eastern border of Palestine|journal=Studies in Zionism|doi=10.1080/13531048108575800|ref=none}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080909201308/http://untreaty.un.org/unts/60001_120000/20/29/00039450.pdf Agreement between His Majesty's Government and the French Government respecting the Boundary Line between Syria and Palestine from the Mediterranean to El Hámmé, Treaty Series No. 13 (1923), Cmd. 1910.]
* {{cite book|first=Gideon|last=Biger|title=The Boundaries of Modern Palestine, 1840–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wUqRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA170|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76652-8|ref=}}
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* Franco-British Convention on Certain Points Connected with the Mandates for Syria and the Lebanon, Palestine and Mesopotamia, signed December 23, 1920. Text available in ''American Journal of International Law'', Vol. 16, No. 3, 1922, 122–126.
* {{cite book|title=The Land of the Negev (English title)|publisher=[[Israeli Defense Minitsry|Ministry of Defense]] Publishing|editor1=Gardus, Yehuda |editor2=Shmueli, Avshalom |year=1978–1979|language=he|ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|ref=|authorlink=Adam Garfinkle|first=Adam|last=Garfinkle|title=History and Peace: Revisiting two Zionist myths|journal=Israel Affairs|volume=5|issue=1|date=1998|pages=126–148|doi=10.1080/13537129808719501}}
* Gil-Har, Yitzhak (1993), British commitments to the Arabs and their application to the Palestine-Trans-Jordan boundary: The issue of the Semakh triangle, ''Middle Eastern Studies'', Vol.29, No.4, pp. 690–701.
* {{cite book|ref=|last=Klieman|first=Aaron S.|title=Foundations of British policy in the Arab world: the Cairo Conference of 1921|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVBtAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Johns Hopkins Press|isbn=9780801811258}}
* McTague, John (1982), Anglo-French Negotiations over the Boundaries of Palestine, 1919–1920, ''Journal of Palestine Studies'', Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 101–112.
* Muhsin, Yusuf (1991), The Zionists and the process of defining the borders of Palestine, 1915–1923, ''Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies'', Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 18–39.
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