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'''Saif al-Islam Muammar Gaddafi''' ({{lang-ar|سيف الإسلام معمر القذافي}}; born 25 June 1972) is a [[Libya]]n political figure. He is the second son of the late Libyan leader [[Muammar Gaddafi]] and his second wife [[Safia Farkash]]. He was a part of his father's inner circle, performing public relations and diplomatic roles on his behalf.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/02/2011227192852808945.html|title=Inside Gaddafi's inner circle|work=Al Jazeera |date=27 February 2011|
Gaddafi was captured in southern Libya by the [[Zintan]] militia on 19 November 2011, after the end of the [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]], and flown by plane to Zintan. He was sentenced to death on 28 July 2015 by a court in Tripoli for crimes during the civil war, in a widely criticised trial conducted ''[[Trial in absentia|in absentia]]''. He remained in the custody of the ''de facto'' independent authorities of Zintan.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-33688391 |title=Libya trial: Gaddafi son sentenced to death over war crimes |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=28 July 2015 |website=BBC |publisher=BBC |access-date=28 July 2015
==Education and career==
Saif al-Islam Gaddafi graduated with a bachelor of science degree in engineering science from [[Tripoli]]'s [[Al Fateh University]] in 1994. However, there is another report stating that he is an architect.<ref name=alarab>{{cite news|last=Afiouni|first=Nevine|title=Qaddafi's children as controversial as father|url=http://www.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/02/23/138886.html|
His paintings made up the bulk of the international Libyan art exhibit, "The Desert is Not Silent" (2002–2005),<ref>[https://web.archive.org/*/http://thedesertisnotsilent.com The Desert Is Not Silent], [https://archive.org/web/web.php Internet Archive] record, Historical index.</ref> a show which was supported by a host of international corporations with direct ties to his father's government, among them the [[ABB Group]] and [[Siemens]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070629093129/http://www.thedesertisnotsilent.com/home/partners.asp Commercial partners of "The Desert Is Not Silent"], [https://archive.org/web/web.php Internet Archive] record, 29 June 2007.</ref>
Gaddafi was awarded a [[PhD]] degree in 2008 from the [[London School of Economics]], where he attended amid a [[LSE Gaddafi links|series of contacts]] between the school and the Libyan political establishment. He presented a thesis on "The role of civil society in the democratisation of global governance institutions: from 'soft power' to collective decision-making?"<ref>Alqadhafi, Saif Al-Islam, ''[https://catalogue.lse.ac.uk/Record/1187568 The role of civil society in the democratisation of global governance institutions: from "soft power" to collective decision-making?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728002526/https://catalogue.lse.ac.uk/Record/1187568 |date=28 July 2011 }}'', [[London School of Economics]] Library, 2008.</ref><ref>''[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8258617.stm Gaddafi son calls for democracy]'', [[BBC News]], 16 September 2009.</ref> Examined by [[Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai|Meghnad Desai]] (London School of Economics) and Anthony McGrew ([[University of Southampton]]), among the LSE academics acknowledged in the thesis as directly assisting with it were [[Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)|Nancy Cartwright]], [[David Held]] and Alex Voorhoeve (the son of former Dutch minister [[Joris Voorhoeve]]). Professor [[Joseph Nye]] of [[Harvard University]] is also thanked for having read portions of the manuscript and providing advice and direction.<ref>Desai, Meghnad (2011) LSE is paying a heavy price for Saif Gaddafi's PhD: When it comes to Saif Gaddafi and his PhD, hindsight is indeed a wonderful thing, The Guardian, Friday 4 March 2011</ref><ref>Alqadhafi, Saif Al-Islam (2008) The role of civil society in the democratisation of global governance institutions: from "soft power" to collective decision-making? A thesis submitted to the Department of Philosophy of the London School of Economics for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, London, September 2007, and published 2008, p.4.</ref> Furthermore, allegations abound that Saif's thesis was in many parts ghost-written by consultants from Monitor Group, which earned $3 million per year in fees from Muammar Gaddafi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/gaddafi-son-plagiarised-his-degree-thesis-at-lse-2229620.html|title=Gaddafi son plagiarised his thesis at LSE.|work=The Independent |date=2 March 2011|
Speaking in [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]] on 20 August 2008, Gaddafi said that he would no longer involve himself in state affairs. He noted that he had previously "intervene[d] due to the absence of institutions",<ref name=IHT>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/08/22/mideast/libya.php "Qaddafi's son declares he's leaving politics"], Associated Press (''International Herald Tribune''), 22 August 2008.</ref> but said that he would no longer do so. He dismissed any potential suggestion that this decision was due to disagreement with his father, saying that they were on good terms. He also called for political reforms within the context of the [[Jamahiriya]] system and rejected the notion that he could succeed his father, saying that "this is not a farm to inherit".<ref name=IHT/>
===Charity and social affairs===
Gaddafi was the president of the Libyan National Association for Drugs and Narcotics Control (DNAG). In 1998,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalhand.org/en/browse/regions/Middle+East/all/organisation/22312|title=Listing on Global Hand|
In 2009, both [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] were allowed entry to Libya, via Gaddafi's non-profit organization in order to gather facts about the human rights situation in Libya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde19/003/2009/en/|title=LIBYA: AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL COMPLETES FIRST FACT-FINDING VISIT IN OVER FIVE YEARS|
In December 2010, Gaddafi announced that his charity foundation "will no longer be involved in promoting human rights and political change in the North African country," and that instead, it "will focus on its 'core charitable mission' of delivering aid and relief to sub-Saharan Africa."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/16/gaddafi-son-human-rights-libya|title=Gaddafi's son retreats on human rights in Libya|author=Ian Black|newspaper=the Guardian|
==International diplomacy==
Gaddafi was instrumental in negotiations that led to Libya's abandoning a [[weapons of mass destruction]] programme in 2002–2003. He arranged several important business deals on behalf of the Libyan regime in the period of [[rapprochement]] that followed. He was viewed as a reformer, and openly criticised the regime:<ref name=NYmag>{{cite web|url=http://nymag.com/print/?/news/politics/saif-qaddafi-2011-5/index3.html|title=The Good Bad Son|author=James Verini|date=22 May 2011|
{{quote|[a] congressional aide asked him what Libya needed most. His one-word answer: democracy.
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===Isratine proposal===
Saif introduced the [[Isratine proposal]] to permanently resolve the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] through a [[secular state|secular]], [[federalist]], [[republicanism|republican]] [[one-state solution]].<ref>{{cite web|title=White Book (ISRATIN)|date=8 May 2003|url=http://www.algathafi.org/html-english/cat_03_03.htm |
===Philippine peace process===
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===Compensation for American terror victims===
He was also negotiating with the United States in order to conclude a comprehensive agreement making any further payments for American victims of terror attacks that have been blamed on Libya – such as the [[1986 Berlin discotheque bombing]], the 1988 [[Lockerbie bombing]] and the 1989 [[UTA Flight 772]] bombing – conditional upon U.S. payment of compensation for the 40 Libyans killed and 220 injured in the 1986 [[Operation El Dorado Canyon|United States bombing of Tripoli and Benghazi]]. On 14 August 2008, the U.S.-Libya Comprehensive Claims Settlement Agreement was signed in [[Tripoli]]. Former British Ambassador to Libya [[Oliver Miles]] described the agreement as "a bold step, with political cost for both parties" and wrote an article in the online edition of ''[[The Guardian]]'' querying whether the agreement is likely to work.<ref>{{cite news
|title=The long road to normalisation|date=16 August 2008|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2008/aug/16/libya.usa |
In an August 2008 [[BBC]] TV interview, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi said that Libya had admitted responsibility (but not "guilt") for the Lockerbie bombing simply to get trade sanctions removed. He further admitted that Libya was being "hypocritical" and was "playing on words", but said Libya had no other choice on the matter. According to Gaddafi, a letter admitting "responsibility" was the only way to end the economic sanctions imposed on Libya. When asked about the $10m (£5.3m) compensation that Libya was paying to each victims' family, he again repeated that Libya was doing so because it had no other choice. He went on to describe the families of the Lockerbie victims as "trading with the blood of their sons and daughters" and being very "greedy", saying, "They were asking for more money and more money and more money".<ref>{{cite news|title=Lockerbie evidence not disclosed|date=28 August 2008|work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7573244.stm |
===Diplomacy for extraditing Libyans===
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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121027085021/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F11%2F21%2Fworldupdates%2F2008-11-21T074517Z_01_NOOTR_RTRMDNC_0_-366134-1&sec=Worldupdates
|archive-date = 27 October 2012
}}</ref> In a [[Forbes]] article in 2009, Fathi's brother wrote that "for nearly a year, both [[Amnesty International]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] hesitated to advocate publicly for Fathi's case, because they feared their case workers might lose access to Libyan [[Visa (document)|visas]]."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/2009/06/15/fathi-eljahmi-libya-opinions-contributors-human-rights.html |title=Don't Let My Brother's Death Be In Vain|author=Mohamed Eljahmi |work=Forbes.com |access-date
In 2009, Saif al-Islam welcomed [[Sarah Leah Whitson]], director of [[Human Rights Watch]]'s Middle East division, into Libya, accompanying her in meeting with many government officials and others during her visit. She wrote of her official visit that "the real impetus for the transformation rests squarely with a quasi-governmental organization, the Qaddafi Foundation for International Charities and Development" chaired by Gaddafi. She praised Gaddafi for establishing the country's two semi-private newspapers, and said "it is impossible to underestimate the importance of the efforts made so far. Let's hope this spring will last."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/05/26/tripoli_spring|title=Tripoli Spring|work=Foreign Policy|
===Stand-off with US officials===
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===Activities===
On 19 February, several days after the conflict began, Saif al-Islam announced the creation of a commission of inquiry into the violence, chaired by a Libyan judge, as reported on [[state television]]. He stated that the commission was intended to be "for members of Libyan and foreign organizations of human rights" and that it would "investigate the circumstances and events that have caused many victims."<ref>{{cite news|title=Libye: de nouveaux morts lors d'une opération des forces libyennes|url=http://www.ladepeche.fr/article/2011/02/19/1019008-libye-de-nouveaux-morts-lors-d-une-operation-des-forces-libyennes.html|
On 20 February 2011, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi delivered an address to the nation on Libyan state television stating that if no agreement could be found between protesters and the government "thousands of deaths, and rivers of blood will run through Libya". He also insisted that his father remained in charge with the army's backing and would "fight until the last man, the last woman, the last bullet."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eL6I5hktEs0 | title = Al Jazeera English - Saif El Islam Gadaffi addresses the nation - Part 1 of 3 }}</ref>
Speaking on Libyan state TV, Saif al-Islam blamed the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|civil war]] on tribal factions and [[Islamist]]s acting on their own agendas, drunken and drugged.{{clarify|date=December 2016}} He promised reforms, and said the alternative would be civil war blocking trade and oil money and leading to the country being taken over by foreigners.<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011220232725966251.html Gaddafi's son talks of conspiracy], [[Al Jazeera]], 20 February 2011.</ref> He closed by saying, "We will not let [[Al Jazeera]], [[Al Arabiya]] and [[BBC]] trick us." [[Oliver Miles]], a former British Ambassador to Libya, disagreed with his assessment.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/feb/20/libya-protests-oliver-miles How will Libya's protests play out?], [[Oliver Miles]], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 February 2011.</ref><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/feb/20/libya-defiant-protesters-feared-dead Libya on brink as protests hit Tripoli], Ian Black, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 21 February 2011.</ref> In an interview with [[ABC News]] reporter [[Christiane Amanpour]], Saif al-Islam denied that his father's regime was killing civilians.<ref>[https://abcnews.go.com/ThisWeek/week-transcript-saif-al-islam-saadi-gadhafi/story?id=13012239&page=4 'This Week' Transcript: Saif al-Islam and Saadi Gadhafi], [[ABC News]].</ref>
In June 2011, Saif al-Islam and his father, Muammar, announced that they were willing to hold elections and that Muammar Gaddafi would step aside if he lost. Saif al-Islam stated that the elections could be held within three months and transparency would be guaranteed through international observers. NATO and the rebels rejected the offer, and NATO soon resumed their bombardment of Tripoli.<ref>{{cite news|last=Carey|first=Nick|title=Rebels dismiss election offer, NATO pounds Tripoli|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/06/16/us-libya-idUSTRE7270JP20110616|
On 27 June, an arrest warrant was issued by the [[International Criminal Court|ICC]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13927208 |work=BBC News | title=Libya: Muammar Gaddafi subject to ICC arrest warrant | date=27 June 2011}}</ref> On 1 July, Saif al-Islam had an interview with ''[[RT (TV Network)|Russia Today]]'', where he denied the ICC's allegations that he, or his father, ordered the killing of civilian protesters. He pointed out that he was not a member of the government or the military, and therefore had no authority to give such orders. According to Saif al-Islam, he made recorded calls to General [[Abdul Fatah Younis]], who later defected to the rebel forces, requesting him not to use force against protesters, to which Younis responded that the protestors were attacking a military site, where surprised guards fired in self-defence. Saif al-Islam condemned NATO for bombing Libyan civilians, including his family members and their children, under the false pretence that their homes were military bases. He stated that NATO offered to drop the ICC charges against him and his father if they accept a secret deal, an offer they rejected. He thus criticised the ICC as "a fake court" controlled by NATO member states.<ref name="rt_interview"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Smith|first=David|title=Gaddafi's son claims Nato wants deal with Libya|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/01/gaddafi-son-nato-libya-deal|
In August, Saif al-Islam gave an interview to the ''[[New York Times]]'' stating that Libya was becoming more closely aligned to Islamists and would likely resemble Iran or Saudi Arabia. Saif al-Islam said that his father was working closely with Islamists within the rebellion to splinter the resistance.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/04/world/africa/04seif.html|work=New York Times | first=David D.|last=Kirkpatrick|title=Libya Allying With Islamists, Qaddafi Son Says | date=3 August 2011}}</ref>
On 21 August, the [[National Transitional Council]] claimed that Saif al-Islam was arrested by the [[National Liberation Army (Libya)|National Liberation Army]], pursuant to an arrest warrant issued by the [[International Criminal Court]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/08/21/explosions-rock-tripoli-amid-reports-rebel-advances-in-capital-116547133/ |title=Libya Rebels in Tripoli as Qaddafi's Defenses Collapse|agency=Associated Press|work=Fox News |date=22 August 2011 |
After the fall of Tripoli, Saif al-Islam went to [[Bani Walid]].{بني وليد} His brother, [[Al-Saadi Gaddafi|Al-Saadi]] contacted [[CNN]], stating that he had the authority to negotiate on behalf of loyalist forces, and wished to discuss a ceasefire.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/08/24/libya.saadi.gadhafi/index.html | work=CNN | title=Gadhafi son offers to broker Libya cease-fire |
On 17 October, after leaving [[Bani Walid]], his convoy was hit by a NATO air attack at [[Wadi Zamzam]] where he lost 26 of his supporters and 9 military vehicles.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/libya/8903424/Libya-relaxed-Saif-al-Islam-Gaddafi-tells-of-injury-by-Nato-infidels.html |work=The Telegraph|title=Libya: relaxed Saif al-Islam Gaddafi tells of injury by 'Nato infidels'|date=21 November 2011|location=London}}</ref> His right hand was wounded and according to his own explanation it happened during the NATO air strike. According to the Libyan Al Mashhad Al Leebi program, the fingers of his right hand were cut off.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/gaddafis-son-had-fingers-cut-off/story-e6frg6so-1226204095145|work=The Australian| title=Gaddafi's son had fingers 'cut off'|date=24 November 2011}}</ref>
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===Capture===
With the death of [[death of Muammar Gaddafi|Muammar]] and [[Mutassim Gaddafi]] in [[Sirte]] on 20 October 2011, Saif al-Islam was the only member of the [[Gaddafi family]] left in Libya. He appeared on Syrian pro-Gaddafi television on 22 October claiming "I am in Libya, I am alive and free and willing to fight to the end and take revenge",<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/313227 |title=Libya's NTC claim Saif al-Islam Gaddafi captured alive, uninjured |publisher=Digital Journal |
An international team of lawyers representing the interests of Saif al-Islam wrote to US leaders demanding that he be protected from assassination and holding the United States and NATO responsible for the Libyan leader's "brutal assassination" and repeated attacks on Libya's civilian population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/topnews/241923/international-legal-team-demands-protection-for-saif-gaddafi-from-planned-nato-assassination/|archive-url=http://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20171012004845/http://www.indiavision.com/news/article/topnews/241923/international-legal-team-demands-protection-for-saif-gaddafi-from-planned-nato-assassination/|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 October 2017|title=International legal team demands protection for Saif Gaddafi from planned NATO assassination|date=25 October 2011|work=Indiavision news}}</ref>
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===Criminal charges and trials===
Based on his outstanding warrant the [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) asked the new government about Saif al-Islam Gaddafi's detention.<ref name=bbccapture>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-15804299|title=Gaddafi's son Saif al-Islam captured in Libya|work=BBC|date=19 November 2011|
In August 2012, the Libyan government announced that Saif al-Islam would stand trial in the western Libyan town of [[Zintan]], in September 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saif al-Islam Gadaffi to go on trial in September|url=http://presstv.com/detail/2012/08/23/257733/gadaffi-son-to-go-on-trial-in-september/|publisher=Press TV|access-date=23 August 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823215301/http://presstv.com/detail/2012/08/23/257733/gadaffi-son-to-go-on-trial-in-september/|archive-date=23 August 2012}}</ref> However, the trial was subsequently delayed. On 17 January 2013, Saif al-Islam appeared in court in Zintan.<ref>{{cite news| author =Ali Shuaib| title =Gaddafi's son appears in Libyan court for first time
Libya appealed his extradition to the Hague Court (ICC), but the court affirmed the indictments.<ref name="ICC-2">{{Cite web|date=21 May 2014|title=Libya must immediately surrender Saif al-Islam al-Gaddafi to the ICC|publisher=Amnesty International|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/news/libya-must-immediately-surrender-saif-al-gaddafi-international-criminal-court-2014-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521213733/http://www.amnesty.org/en/news/libya-must-immediately-surrender-saif-al-gaddafi-international-criminal-court-2014-05-21|archive-date=21 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The court held that the Libyan government failed to show that Saif al-Islam faced the same charges in Libya as he did in the ICC.<ref name="ICC-2" />
On 28 July 2015, Saif al-Islam Gaddafi was [[death sentence|sentenced to death]] [[Trial in absentia|in absentia]] for [[war crimes]] by the "self-declared government" in Tripoli, Libya (he was being held in Zintan, not where the trial was held). However, the Zintan authorities have consistently refused to either hand him over to the Tripoli authorities or to implement their sentence. The trial and the sentence have been criticised by the United Nations human rights office ([[OHCHR]]) and by [[Human Rights Watch]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Libya trial: Gaddafi son sentenced to death over war crimes|
In July 2016, one of his lawyers Karim Khan claimed that his client had been freed on 12 April of that year and transferred to a secret location after the government quashed his sentence, and that he would petition the ICC to drop all charges against him.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Stephen|first1=Chris|title=Gaddafi son Saif al-Islam freed after death sentence quashed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jul/07/gaddafi-son-saif-al-islam-freed-after-death-sentence-quashed|newspaper=The Guardian|
In May 2017 Saif al-Islam survived an assassination attempt in Zintan by local militias.<ref name="assassination-attempt">{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/News/2017/5/9/Libyas-Saif-al-Islam-survives-assassination-attempt-in-Zintan|title=Libya's Saif al-Islam survives 'assassination attempt' in Zintan|publisher=The News Arab|date=9 May 2017}}</ref>
===Release and ICC arrest warrant===
On 10 June 2017, Saif al-Islam was released from prison in Zintan, according to a statement from Abu Bakr al-Siddiq Battalion.<ref name="Al Jazeera"/> The militia chose not to transfer him to the custody of the International Criminal Court, saying "We are not concerned with the international tribunal as the ICC did not ask us to hand him over".<ref name="assassination-attempt" /> The UN-backed Libyan government based in Tripoli condemned his release while an ICC prosecutor was still trying to verify the release, and called on Libya and other states to arrest and surrender him, stating "Libya is obliged to immediately arrest and surrender Mr Gaddafi [...] regardless of any purported amnesty law."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-40278385|title=Saif al-Islam Gaddafi case: ICC calls for arrest of ex-Libya leader's son|publisher=BBC|date=14 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/Pages/item.aspx?name=170614-otp-stat|date=14 June 2017|title=ICC Prosecutor calls for the immediate arrest and surrender of the suspects, Mssrs Saif Al-Islam Gaddafi and Al-Tuhamy Mohamed Khaled to the Court|publisher=International Criminal Court|
In May 2018, the ICC reminded Libyan authorities of the arrest warrant issued against Saif al-Islam,<ref name="Saif_arrest_warrant" /> calling for him to be arrested and transferred to the custody of the ICC. The ICC also called for "credible information" that could lead to finding his location.<ref name="ICC_Werfalli_1970_report15" />
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| newspaper = [[Der Spiegel]]
| date = 16 January 2006
|
| language =
}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
|title = Terra Chá, tierra de centenarios: Hechos y figuras
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|date = 15 January 2006
|access-date = 22 August 2011
|language =
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111027001452/http://www.lavozdegalicia.es/hemeroteca/2006/01/15/4425677.shtml
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| newspaper = [[Ynet]]
| date = 5 March 2006
|
| language =
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-model-admits-to-six-year-affair-with-gaddafis-son-begs-blair-to-help-save-his-life/|title=Israeli model admits to six year affair with Gaddafi's son, begs Blair to help save his life|work=The Times of Israel|
In 2009, a party in [[Montenegro]] for his 37th birthday included well-known guests such as [[Oleg Deripaska]], [[Peter Munk]] and [[Albert II, Prince of Monaco|Prince Albert of Monaco]].<ref>[http://www.visit-montenegro.com/article-mne-22184.htm Milo with billionaires at Saif Gadaffi's birthday party], ''Visit Montenegro'', 28 June 2009.</ref>
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==Links with the London School of Economics==
{{main|LSE Libya Links}}
Saif al-Islam received his PhD from the [[London School of Economics]] (LSE) in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2011/03/director_steps_down.aspx |title=LSE Director steps down – 03 – 2011 – News archive – News – News and media – Home |publisher=.lse.ac.uk |
Critics have charged that Gaddafi plagiarized portions of his doctoral dissertation and pressure was put on the LSE to revoke his degree.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/gaddafi-sons-lse-thesis-written-by-libyan-academic-2233667.html |title=Gaddafi son's LSE thesis 'written by Libyan academic' |last1=Owen |first1=Jonathan |date=6 March 2011 |website=independent.co.uk |publisher=The Independent |access-date=13 April 2016 |quote=Fresh evidence emerged yesterday revealing how Saif Gaddafi, the son of the Libyan leader, plagiarised his PhD thesis at the London School of Economics.}}</ref> The LSE set up a review process to evaluate the plagiarism charges<ref>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/37c54914-3fa2-11e0-a1ba-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1F5rJwcbG Pressure on LSE to annul Gaddafi son's PhD], Chris Cook, ''[[Financial Times]]'', 24 February 2011</ref> in early 2011.<ref>Eliot Sefton, [http://www.thefirstpost.co.uk/75772,people,news,lse-investigates-saif-al-islam-gaddafi-over-phd-plagiarism-claims LSE investigates Saif Gaddafi plagiarism claims], ''[[The First Post]]'', 1 March 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-12608869 | title=LSE investigates Gaddafi's son plagiarism claims |
==See also==
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{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Saif_arrest_warrant">{{cite web
<ref name="ICC_Werfalli_1970_report15">{{cite web| last1 = The Office of the Prosecutor
}}
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==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Saif al-Islam Muammar Al-Gaddafi}}
*{{cite web|title=Gaddafi International Charity and Development Foundation|url=http://www.gicdf.org|
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/libya/saif-qadhafi.htm Profile] at GlobalSecurity.org
*[https://af.reuters.com/article/libyaNews/idAFLDE71J0QX20110221?sp=true Factbox: Facts about Saif al-Islam Gaddafi], ''[[Reuters]]'', 21 February 2011
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