Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014): Difference between revisions

The '''Egyptian Crisis''' began with the [[Egyptian revolution of 2011]], when hundreds of thousands of [[Egypt]]ians took to the streets in an ideologically and socially diverse mass protest movement that ultimately forced longtime president [[Hosni Mubarak]] from office.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/26/world/middleeast/26egypt.html?pagewanted=all|agency=The New York Times|title=Violent Clashes Mark Protests Against Mubarak's Rule|date=25 January 2011|accessdateaccess-date=8 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/02/201121125158705862.html|agency=Al Jazeera|title=Hosni Mubarak resigns as president|date=11 February 2011|accessdateaccess-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> A protracted political crisis ensued, with the [[Supreme Council of the Armed Forces]] taking control of the country until a series of popular elections, which are thought to have been tampered with, brought the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] to [[Muslim Brotherhood in post-Mubarak electoral politics of Egypt|power]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/mar/27/egypt-scaf-safe-exit-deal|agency=The Guardian|title=Egypt told to give military leaders 'safe exit' by western governments|date=27 March 2012|accessdateaccess-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> However, disputes between elected [[Islamism|Islamist]] president [[Mohamed Morsi]] and secularists continued until the [[June 2013 Egyptian protests|anti-government protests in June 2013]] that led to the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|overthrow]] of Morsi in 2013, in what has been variably described as a [[coup d'état]] or as an ending to the second revolution, or both.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/07/03/is-what-happened-in-egypt-a-coup-or-a-revolution-its-both/|agency=The Washington Post|title=Is what happened in Egypt a coup or a revolution? It's both.|date=3 July 2013|accessdateaccess-date=8 January 2015}}</ref> [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]], who announced the overthrow of Morsi, then became the leader of Egypt the following year, winning election to the presidency in a [[Egyptian presidential election, 2014|landslide victory]] described by EU observers as free but not necessarily fair.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/102492/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-vote-free-but-not-necessarily-fair-EU-elect.aspx|agency=Ahram Online|title=Egypt's vote free but not necessarily fair: EU official|date=29 May 2014|accessdateaccess-date=4 February 2016}}</ref> Nonetheless, Sisi's election was widely recognized, and the political situation has largely stabilized since he officially took power; however, some protests have continued despite a government crackdown. The crisis has also worsened an ongoing [[Sinai insurgency|insurgency]] led by [[Ansar Bait al-Maqdis]] in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], which became increasingly intertwined with the [[military intervention against the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|regional conflict]] against the [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant]] later in 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3612225/william-henderson-sinai-egypt/|title=Sinai Insurgency Shows Signs of Spreading after ISIS-Linked Militants Say They Killed U.S. Engineer|date=1 December 2014|accessdateaccess-date=9 January 2015|agency=TIME}}</ref>

During [[History of Egypt under Hosni Mubarak|his presidency]], Mubarak pursued policies similar to those of his predecessor, including a commitment to the Camp David Accords; these negotiations are thought to be one of the reasons [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad]] members decided to assassinate President Sadat.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 30 years later, questions remain over Sadat killing, peace with Israel - CNN.com|url = http://www.cnn.com/2011/10/06/world/meast/egypt-sadat-assassination/index.html|website = CNN|access-date = 2016-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title = 1981: Egypt's President Sadat assassinated|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/6/newsid_2515000/2515841.stm|newspaper = BBC|date = 1981-10-06|access-date = 2016-02-01}}</ref> Additionally, Mubarak continued to work to ensure the gradual decrease in the military's influence and control over Egyptian politics, a decrease begun under Anwar Sadat, with Mubarak replacing many military elites with appointments from the Ministry of Interior instead, and less than 10% of ministerial appointments coming from the military by 2010. The significant economic liberalization of Egypt's economy under Mubarak also led to a drastic reduction in defense expenditures by 2010, compared to previous decades, thereby significantly reducing the military's role in the economy. This gradual reshuffling of power under the Sadat and Mubarak regimes led to tensions between Mubarak's government and the military.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web-a-ebscohost-com.uea.idm.oclc.org/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/bmxlYmtfXzEzODAwOThfX0FO0?sid=3400ef3a-8ef0-4581-84af-005627f2af9a@sdc-v-sessmgr02&vid=1&format=EB&rid=1|title=Momani, B & Mohamed E, 2016, Egypt Beyond Tahrir Square, UPCC Book Collections on Project MUSE, Indiana University Press, Bloomington [Accessed 29th December 2019]|website=login.uea.idm.oclc.org|url-status=live|access-date=2019-12-29}}</ref> Another cause for discontent among Egyptian citizens was Mubarak's administration's disputed [[Human rights in Egypt|human rights record]].<ref>{{Cite web|title = Mubarak's Horrific Human Rights Legacy|url = https://www.motherjones.com/mojo/2011/01/mubaraks-human-rights-record|website = Mother Jones|access-date = 2016-02-01}}</ref> In this context, and after nearly 30 years of Mubarak's rule, the President was ousted following 18 days of demonstrations in [[Tahrir Square]] during the [[Egyptian revolution of 2011]].

Unhappiness among many Egyptians with the autocratic of 30-year of Dictatorship of President [[Hosni Mubarak]] boiled over in late January 2011 amid the [[Arab Spring]], a series of popular protests and uprisings across the region. Hundreds of thousands of Egyptians occupied several public places across Egypt, including Cairo's [[Tahrir Square]], holding out despite efforts by Mubarak loyalists and police to dislodge them, most notably during the infamous "[[Timeline of the Egyptian revolution of 2011#2 February – Camel Battle|Battle of the Camel]]". In the beginning, tensions were high between the police and protesters with violence breaking out in [[Suez]] and [[Alexandria]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12272836 | title=Egypt protests: Three killed in 'day of revolt' | publisher=BBC | date=26 January 2011 | accessdateaccess-date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2011/01/27/violent-clashes-in-suez-police-department-set-on-fire/ | title=Violent clashes in Suez, police station set on fire | newspaper=Daily News Egypt | date=27 January 2011 | accessdateaccess-date=8 March 2015 | author=Al-A’asar, Marwa}}</ref> The government took a hard line, using riot-control tactics, and [[Internet censorship in the Arab Spring#Egypt|shutting down the internet]] and telecom networks. But by the 28th the protests were continuing and the police had retreated.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/114/32352/Egypt/-January-Revolution-continues/Timeline-Egypts-year-of-revolution.aspx | title=Timeline: Egypt's year of revolution | newspaper=Al-Ahram | date=24 January 2012 | accessdateaccess-date=8 March 2015 |author1=Maher, Hatem |author2=Eskandar, Wael }}</ref> Mubarak offered some concessions, such as appointing [[Omar Suleiman]] to the long-vacant office of [[Vice President of Egypt|vice president]]. He also announced that he would not seek re-election. None of these satisfied protesters, and under international pressure and lacking the support of Egypt's powerful [[Egyptian Armed Forces|military]]. On 10 February 2011 Mubarak handed over power to Suleiman and resigned as president the following day. According to a government fact-finding mission's report the 18-day uprising left at least 846 civilians killed and more than 6,400 injured .<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-13134956 | title=Egypt unrest: 846 killed in protests - official toll | publisher=BBC | date=19 April 2011 | accessdateaccess-date=9 January 2015}}</ref>

The Muslim Brotherhood's support of and participation in the Egyptian Revolution was no accident, but a planned and orchestrated attempt to support a regime change that would put them closer to achieving their goal of installing Islam at the center of the country's political agenda. Armbrust (834-864) suggested in his paper that the collapse of the Mubarak regime during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011 may not have been directly caused by the Muslim Brotherhood, but their participation was a calculated one, as evidenced by their opportunistic actions during the conflict. In another study that was published in the Middle East Report, El-Ghobashy (2-13) suggested that the Egyptian Revolution was supposed to be a political exercise that should have brought back the value of the people in real politics—to reaffirm their power in choosing their leader. However, as El-Ghobashy (2-13) noted, it did not turn out to be that way, because of the many opportunistic groups and forces that took advantage of the weakened government and revolutionary forces to further their interests and aspirations for Egypt and the region. This set of actions perfectly describe what the Muslim Brotherhood did during the Egyptian Revolution. The bottom line is that the outcome of the revolution should have benefited the Egyptian people more, had the Islamist groups not intervened. As the number of protesters increased, it overwhelmed the police. They were forced to retreat from several parts of Cairo, eventually losing their grip on the country. This was mostly due to the panic among police officers during the jailbreaks and the riots. Police brutality and the excessive use of force against demonstrators also contributed to the [[Ministry of Interior (Egypt)|Interior Ministry]]'s withdrawal.<ref name="Reuters Special Report">{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/10/us-egypt-interior-specialreport-idUSBRE99908D20131010 | title=Special Report: The real force behind Egypt's 'revolution of the state' | work=Reuters | date=10 October 2013 | accessdateaccess-date=28 June 2014 | author1=Al Sharif, Asma | author2=Saleh, Yasmine}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/-/1066/1097492/-/1247kmq/-/index.html | title=Egypt police struggle to crush protests against Mubarak rule | publisher=Daily Nation | work=Agence France-Presse | date=28 January 2011 | accessdateaccess-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> Simultaneously, the government deployed the army in response to increasing lawlessness that day. The military, however, decided to remain neutral during the uprising despite a heavy presence of troops on the streets, especially in Cairo and Suez.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/africa/02/05/egypt.protests/index.html?hpt=T1 | title=Key members of Egypt's ruling party resign | publisher=CNN | date=5 February 2011 | accessdateaccess-date=29 June 2014 | author1=Ahmed, Amir | author2=Pleitgen, Frederik | author3=Watson, Ivan}}</ref>

After [[Hosni Mubarak]]'s resignation on the night of 11 February 2011, the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) under Field Marshal [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi]] assumed control of the country. This period was marked by major protests calling for the end of military rule and multiple tragedies, the worst being the [[Port Said Stadium riot|Port Said stadium disaster]]. Despite the turbulence of the transitional period in [[Egypt]], polls have shown that the SCAF has enjoyed wide legitimacy from the Egyptian people and general confidence in their ability to provide free elections. A poll in October 2011 showed that 91.7% of Egyptians have confidence in the SCAF to provide the conditions for free elections. The SCAF at that time had a general approval rating of 40.6%.<ref>{{cite web|last=Raman |first=Suby |title=Poll- Do the Egyptians really want to overthrow the military government? |url=http://subyraman.com/poll-do-egyptians-really-want-to-overthrow-the-military-government/ |work=Tabeer |url-status=dead |archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601064948/http://subyraman.com/poll-do-egyptians-really-want-to-overthrow-the-military-government/ |archivedatearchive-date=1 June 2013 }}</ref> The parliamentary elections were held in the end of 2011 and was accepted widely as one of the very rare free and fair elections in modern Egyptian history. The [[Muslim Brotherhood]]'s [[Freedom and Justice Party (Egypt)|Freedom and Justice Party]] (FJP) took 44% of the seats and the "salafist" Al-Noor Party took 25% of the seats, thus providing an "islamist" domination of more than 69% of the parliament.

On 22 November 2012, after granting himself the powers to "protect" the constitution-writing committee from dissolution by the court, and the power to [[legislate]] without judicial oversight or review of his acts until a new parliament is elected,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kirkpatrick|first1=David|title=Citing Deadlock, Egypt's Leader Seizes New Power and Plans Mubarak Retrial|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/23/world/middleeast/egypts-president-morsi-gives-himself-new-powers.html?_r=0|newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref> [[Mohamed Morsi]] followed his decrees by making an effort to push through a referendum on [[2012 Draft Constitution of Egypt|an Islamist-supported draft constitution]], that was drafted by the constitution-writing committee that was elected by the post-revolution parliament.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Beaumont|first1=Peter|title=Mohamed Morsi signs Egypt's new constitution into law|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/dec/26/mohamed-morsi-egypt-constitution-law|work=The Guardian|accessdateaccess-date=26 September 2014}}</ref>

The move had been criticized by [[Mohamed ElBaradei]] who stated "Morsi today usurped all state powers & appointed himself Egypt's new pharaoh" on his Twitter feed. The move led to [[2012 Egyptian protests|massive protests and violent action]] throughout the country.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=Story of the Egyptian Revolution 2011–2013 |medium=Documentary |language=Englishen, Arabicar |url=https://archive.org/details/EgyptRevolution |date=15 November 2013 |minutes=17 |publisher=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

A youth group known as Tamarod, claimed to have collected millions of signatures calling for Morsi to step down.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Handawi|first1=Hamza|title=Egypt group: 22 million signatures against Morsi|url=https://news.yahoo.com/egypt-group-22-million-signatures-against-morsi-125919145.html|agency=Associated Press|accessdateaccess-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> By 30 June, on the first anniversary of the election of Morsi, thousands of protesters surrounding the presidential palace in the Heliopolis suburb demanding the resignation of Morsi. A military source claimed that the number of protestors reached as many as 33 million,<ref>{{cite news|last1=Saleh|first1=Yasmine|last2=Fayed|first2=Shaimaa|title=Millions flood Egypt's streets to demand Mursi quit|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/06/30/us-egypt-protests-idUSBRE95Q0NO20130630|work=Reuters|accessdateaccess-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> however, independent observers have raised concerns about wild exaggeration of the number of actual anti-Morsi protestors with one crowd statistical expert study indicating that a total of a little more than 1 million people protested against Morsi across the whole country.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Egypt's generals used street protests to stage a coup|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/07/03/how-egypts-generals-used-street-protests-to-stage-a-coup/|accessdateaccess-date=7 March 2018|work=Washington Post|date=3 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Elmasry|first1=Mohamad|title=Morsi myths: Re-examining justifications for Egypt's coup|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/myths-about-morsi-examining-justifications-egypt-s-2013-cou-1248467631|accessdateaccess-date=7 March 2018|work=Middle East Eye|date=3 July 2015|language=en}}</ref>

On 3 July, the [[Egyptian Armed Forces]], headed by [[Abdul Fatah al-Sisi]], acted on its 48-hour ultimatum by [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|carrying out a coup d'état]] ousting President [[Mohamed Morsi]],<ref name=aj0307>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2013/07/20137319828176718.html|title=President Morsi overthrown in Egypt|accessdateaccess-date=25 June 2015}}</ref> suspending the constitution, appointing the head of the constitutional court as interim national leader, and calling for early elections.<ref name=aj0307/>

Violent clashes erupted in the aftermath of the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|coup d'état]]<ref>{{cite news|first=Quentin |last=Sommerville |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-23474645 |title=BBC News - Egypt crisis: 'Scores killed' at Cairo protest |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date=1970-01-01 |accessdateaccess-date=2013-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Metro UK |url=http://metro.co.uk/2013/07/27/egypt-crisis-dozens-of-mohammed-morsi-supporters-killed-in-deadly-protests-3900747/ |title=Egypt crisis: Hundreds killed in violent Cairo clashes|publisher=Metro.co.uk |date=2013-07-10 |accessdateaccess-date=2013-07-29}}</ref> following the 3 July 2013 removal of President [[Mohamed Morsi]] by the [[Egyptian Armed Forces|military]] amid demonstrations for and against Morsi's rule. Prior to the anti-government protests, many pro-Morsi protesters amassed near the [[Rabia Al-Adawiya Mosque]], originally to celebrate the one-year anniversary of Morsi's inauguration, but in the wake of the military coup, their message then changed to call for Morsi's return to power and condemn the military. Deadly clashes erupted on several days, including the [[2013 Republican Guard headquarters clashes|killing of 61 protestors]] by the military at the [[Republican Guard (Egypt)|Republican Guard]] headquarters on 8 July 2013 and a separate incident on 27 July 2013 in which over 100 protesters were killed by security forces. Both incidents were described by the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] as "massacres perpetrated by security forces."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bdlive.co.za/africa/africannews/2013/07/08/cairo-death-toll-rises-after-clash-at-republican-guard-headquarters |title=Cairo death toll rises after clash at Republican Guard headquarters &#124; African News |publisher=BDlive |access-date= |accessdate=2013-07-28}}</ref><ref name="asharq">{{cite news|url=http://www.aawsat.net/2013/07/article55311336|title=Egypt: More than 100 killed in Cairo massacre|date=27 July 2013|accessdateaccess-date=27 July 2013|agency=Asharq al-Awsat|url-status=dead|archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730211401/http://www.aawsat.net/2013/07/article55311336|archivedatearchive-date=30 July 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

On 14 August 2013, security forces raided the sit-ins at Rabaa and Nahda, resulting in a [[August 2013 Rabaa massacre|massacre of at least 904 pro-Morsi demonstrators]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=McElroy|first1=Damien|last2=Loveluck|first2=Louisa|title=Egypt crisis: Cairo death toll 'could rise significantly'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/egypt/10244882/Egypt-crisis-Cairo-death-toll-could-rise-significantly.html|newspaper=The Telegraph|accessdateaccess-date=26 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="DeathToll-16-8-13">{{Cite news|author=Mohsen, Manar |url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/16/health-ministry-raises-death-toll-of-wednesdays-clashes-to-638/ |title=Health Ministry raises death toll of Wednesday's clashes to 638 |newspaper=Daily News Egypt |date=16 August 2013 |accessdateaccess-date=19 August 2013 |archiveurlarchive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6Iz4po5fD?url=http://www.dailynewsegypt.com/2013/08/16/health-ministry-raises-death-toll-of-wednesdays-clashes-to-638/ |archivedatearchive-date=19 August 2013 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Death toll from Egypt violence rises to 638: Health ministry|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/News/79160.aspx|publisher=Ahram Online|accessdateaccess-date=26 September 2014}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] described the event as [[crimes against humanity]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/12/egypt-rab-killings-likely-crimes-against-humanity |title=Egypt: Rab'a Killings Likely Crimes against Humanity &#124; Human Rights Watch |publisher=Human Rights Watch |accessdateaccess-date=2014-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816131321/http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/08/12/egypt-rab-killings-likely-crimes-against-humanity |archive-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref> and the military appointed interim government declared a month-long nighttime curfew which was extended a further two months.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/israeli-prison-service-process-releasing-26-palestinian-prisoners-19948982 |title=International News &#124; World News - ABC News |publisher=Abcnews.go.com |accessdateaccess-date=2013-10-02}}</ref>

On 24 March 2014, an Egyptian court sentenced 529 suspected members of the Muslim Brotherhood [[Capital punishment|to death]] accused of attacking a police station.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1095268/egypt-sentences-529-morsi-supporters-to-death|title=Egyptian Court ordered Death sentence to 529 Members|publisher=Dawn.com|date=24 March 2014|accessdateaccess-date=24 March 2014}}</ref> By 2017, approximately 60,000 political prisoners according to independent counts and human rights groups have been imprisoned since the coup.<ref>[https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21603071-president-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-fails-bring-enough-voters-ballot-box A coronation flop: President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi fails to bring enough voters to the ballot box], economist.com.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/09/06/egypt-torture-epidemic-may-be-crime-against-humanity|title=Egypt: Torture Epidemic May Be Crime Against Humanity|date=6 September 2017|website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>"[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/24/egypt-death-sentence-529-morsi-supporters Egypt sentences to death 529 supporters of Mohamed Morsi]". ''The Guardian''. 24 March 2014.</ref>

General [[Abdel Fattah el-Sisi]] who led the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|military coup]] against President [[Mohamed Morsi]] emerged as a popular figure by his supporters in Egypt,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://poy.time.com/2013/12/06/how-egypts-gen-al-sisi-won-times-person-of-the-year-poll/|agency=TIME|title=How Egypt's Gen. al-Sisi Won TIME's Person of the Year Poll|date=6 December 2013|accessdateaccess-date=4 June 2014}}</ref> and he eventually declared his candidacy for president in the [[Egyptian presidential election, 2014|2014 elections]]. According to results from the Egyptian elections authority, he won 96.9% of the vote, however these results were denounced by observers as being a sham election similar to numbers reported for [[Hosni Mubarak]] in periodic elections and referendums during his reign as president.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20140127-what-is-there-in-common-between-gen-musharraf-and-gen-al-sisi/|title=What is there in common between Gen. Musharraf and Gen. Al Sisi?|date=27 January 2014|website=Middle East Monitor}}</ref> Nonetheless, el-Sisi's election was widely recognized internationally.

*[[Egyptian revolution of 2011|2011 revolution]]: 846<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/government-fact-finding-mission-shows-846-killed-in-egypt-uprising-1.356885|title=846 killed in Egypt uprising|date=20 April 2011|accessdateaccess-date=20 April 2011|archiveurlarchive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110420102838/http://www.haaretz.com/news/international/government-fact-finding-mission-shows-846-killed-in-egypt-uprising-1.356885|archivedatearchive-date= 20 April 2011|url-status= live}}</ref><ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://elbadil.net/%D9%87%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B6%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-2011-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87/|title=924 killed in Egyptian Revolution|date=31 December 2011|accessdateaccess-date=31 December 2011 | archiveurlarchive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106234947/http://elbadil.net/%D9%87%D8%A4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B6%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A3%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%8A-2011-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%B4%D9%87/ | archivedatearchive-date=2012-01-06}}</ref>

*[[Timeline of the Egyptian Crisis under the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces|Transition]]: 300+<ref name="tahrirnews1">{{cite web|url=http://tahrirnews.com/?p=106867 |title=Activists on Facebook: the military killed 99 and wounded 2702 in 10 months |publisher=Tahrirnews.com |date=30 December 2011 |accessdateaccess-date=6 January 2012}}</ref>