Content deleted Content added
mNo edit summary |
m Task 18 (cosmetic): eval 35 templates: del empty params (11×); hyphenate params (13×); del |ref=harv (3×); cvt lang vals (7×); |
||
Line 177:
|accessdate = April 14, 2006
|url-status = dead
|
|
}}</ref> the main sources are [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] historians, including [[Livy]], [[Polybius]], [[Appian]], [[Cornelius Nepos]], [[Silius Italicus]], [[Plutarch]], [[Dio Cassius]], and [[Herodotus]]. These writers belonged to peoples in competition, and often in conflict, with Carthage.<ref name="Warmington_11">{{cite web|url=https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&docId=9384201|title=Carthage – 1960, Page 11 by B. H. Warmington. – Online Research Library: Questia
<gallery mode="packed" heights="134">
Line 192:
===Early history===
Tunis was originally a Berber settlement.<ref name="Fromherz2016">{{cite book|
During the [[Mercenary War]], it is possible that Tunis served as a center for the native population of the area,<ref name="Sebag60"/> and that its population was mainly composed of peasants, fishermen, and craftsmen. Compared to the ancient ruins of Carthage, the ruins of ancient Tunis are not as large. According to [[Strabo]], it was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC during the [[Third Punic War]]. Both Tunis and Carthage were destroyed; Tunis, however, was rebuilt first<ref name="Sebag70">{{harvp|Sebag|1998|p=70}}</ref> under the rule of [[Augustus]] and became an important town under Roman control and the center of a booming agricultural industry. The city is mentioned in the [[Tabula Peutingeriana]] as ''Thuni''.<ref name="Sebag70"/> In the system of Roman roads for the [[Africa (Roman province)|Roman province of Africa]], Tunis had the title of {{lang|la|mutatio}} ("way station, resting place").<ref name="Sebag70"/> Tunis, increasingly Romanized, was also eventually Christianized and became the seat of a [[bishop]]. However, Tunis remained modestly sized compared to Carthage during this time.<ref name="Renate">[http://www.saisonstunisiennes.com/articles/tunishistoire/ ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204093252/http://www.saisonstunisiennes.com/articles/tunishistoire/ |date=December 4, 2008 }}</ref>
Line 260:
Many protests took place during the [[Arab Spring]] of 2011–12.
On 18 March 2015, [[Bardo National Museum attack|two gunmen attacked]] the [[Bardo National Museum (Tunis)|Bardo National Museum]] and held hostages.<ref name="reuters">{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tunisia-security-idUSKBN0ME18E20150318|title=Gunmen storm Tunisian museum, kill 17 foreign tourists
==Geography==
Line 520:
|yeard sun = 7.7
|source 1 = Institut National de la Météorologie (precipitation days/humidity/sun 1961–1990)<ref name=IMN1>{{cite web
|
|
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/9e1ed3a1-69f5-4ef9-a05e-daa8126fdb7c/resource/acf0d32e-92b3-4247-9281-1b3a1587d23f
| title = Les normales climatiques en Tunisie entre 1981 2010
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language =
| accessdate = 3 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMN2>{{cite web
|
|
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/normales-climatiques-en-tunisie-entre-1961-1990/resource/3d38ac83-8a3c-4207-b327-9684131292b3
| title = Données normales climatiques 1961-1990
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language =
| accessdate = 3 February 2020}}</ref><ref name=IMNextremes>{{cite web
|
|
| url = http://data.transport.tn/dataset/extremes-climatiques-en-tunisie/resource/0f4ff280-9f86-4e4f-bc18-29df886c2a30
| title = Les extrêmes climatiques en Tunisie
| publisher = Ministère du Transport
| language =
| accessdate = 3 February 2020}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|name=Station ID|The Station ID for Tunis Carthage is 11515111.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.transport.tn/dataset/reseau-des-stations-meteorologiques-synoptiques/resource/9d68c101-4789-4e6a-bdff-8952d727c0c1 |title=Réseau des stations météorologiques synoptiques de la Tunisie |publisher=Ministère du Transport |language=
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (precipitation days/humidity/sun 1961–1990),<ref name = NOAA>
{{cite web
Line 551:
| title = Station Tunis
| publisher = Météo Climat
| language =
| accessdate = 18 December 2018}}</ref>
|date=February 2011}}
Line 840:
Tunis is served by the [[Tunis-Carthage International Airport]]. The growing metropolitan area is served by an extensive network of public transportation including buses, an above-ground light rail system (le Metro), as well a regional train line (the [[TGM]]) that links the city centre to its closest northern suburbs. Multi-lane autoroutes surround the city and serve the increasing number of privately owned cars one encounters in Tunisia.
The Tunis area is served by the [[Métro léger de Tunis|métro léger]] ([[Arabic language|Ar.]]: المترو الخفيف لمدينة تونس) and [[TGM]] (Tunis-Goulette-Marsa), as well as bus services, and is linked to other places in Tunisia by [[SNCFT]], the national railways. The important transport authorities are the [[Société des Transports de Tunis]] (STT)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.snt.com.tn/ |title=e-Market place | |publisher=Snt.com.tn |date=2012-11-13 |accessdate=2013-03-12 |url-status=dead |
<ref>http://www.oaca.nat.tn/ OACA</ref>
The [[A1 motorway (Tunisia)|A1 motorway]] connects Tunis with [[Sfax]] to the south, and the [[A3 motorway (Tunisia)|A3]] with [[Oued Zarga]] and [[Béja]] to the west, while the [[A4 motorway (Tunisia)|A4]] is the link with [[Bizerte]].
Line 894:
[[File:Tunisia - Netherlands (Stade de Radès) 3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|left|[[Tunisia national football team]] playing]]
The [[Esperance Sportive de Tunis]] (EST), [[Club Africain]] (CA), and [[Stade Tunisien]] are the major sports clubs in the city. A symbolic class difference is present between the EST's and the CA's supporters, despite their playing at the same stadium. The EST is supported by the majority of the masses, while the CA, a poorer club, is supported by the others.<ref>Franck Moroy, ''Football et politique. Le derby tunisois Espérance sportive de Tunis – Club Africain'', éd. Institut d'études politiques, Aix-en-Provence, 1997</ref>
The first true sports facilities were managed under the French protectorate, as illustrated by the development of the Ksar Said racecourse and construction of the [[Stade Chedli Zouiten]] in the neighborhood of Belvedere, which had long been the main stadium in the capital before being supplanted by the Olympic stadium, [[Stade El Menzah]], where EST and CA play their football today. The Olympic stadium and village area was built to accommodate the Mediterranean Games in 1967. A 60,000-seat stadium was also built in Radès for the Mediterranean Games in 2001 at an estimated cost of 170 million dinars, with nearly half of the loans financed by [[South Korea]]n businessmen. The Olympic village was financed by an investment estimated at 50 million dinars.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.jeuneafrique.com/jeune_afrique/article_jeune_afrique.asp?art_cle=LIN07083combietocan0 Abdelaziz Barrouhi, Combien ça coûte ?, ''Jeune Afrique'']</ref> In 2008, the government announced the start of construction of a large sports complex that will include several sports academies, a 20,000-seat stadium, and a swimming centre. Known as [[Tunis Sports City]], it will expand around the lake of Tunis, on the road to [[La Marsa]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mosaiquefm.net/Tsawer/displayimage.php?pid=5970&fullsize=1|title=أخبار تونس: آخر الأخبار الوطنية والجهوية على راديو موزاييك
{{Clear}}
Line 906:
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagicon|JOR}} [[Amman]], Jordan<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil<ref name="commune-tunis1">{{cite web|url=http://www.commune-tunis.gov.tn/publish/content/article.asp?id=771 |title=بوابة مدينة تونس |publisher=Commune-tunis.gov.tn
* {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Montreal]], Canada <ref name="commune-tunis1"/>
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Cologne]], Germany<ref name="tunis"/>
Line 921:
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{flagicon|KSA}} [[Jeddah]], Saudi Arabia<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|POR}} [[Lisbon]], Portugal<ref name="tunis"/><ref name="Lisbon twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.anmp.pt/anmp/pro/mun1/gem101l0.php?cod_ent=M1100|title=Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas|accessdate=2013-08-23|work=Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities]|language=
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Marseille]], France<ref name="tunis"/>
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Moscow]], Russia<ref name="tunis"/>
Line 979:
===Bibliography===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Messikh|first=Mohamed Sadek|year=2000|title=Tunis: la mémoire|publisher=Du Layeur|location=Paris
* {{cite book|last=Sebag|first=Paul|year=1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeJ44F961AEC|title=Tunis: Histoire d'une ville|publisher=L'Harmattan|series=Histoire et Perspectives Méditerranéennes|location=Paris
* {{cite book|last1=Turki|first1=Sami Yassine|last2=Zhioua|first2=Imène Zaâfrane|year=2006|title=Analyse de la répartition spatiale et de l'aménagement des espaces verts programmés par les documents d'urbanisme dans le Grand Tunis|language=fr|url=http://www.versailles.ecole-paysage.fr/recherche/actes/A8.Turki.Zhioua.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061124024744/http://www.versailles.ecole-paysage.fr/recherche/actes/A8.Turki.Zhioua.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2006-11-24|publisher=École nationale supérieure du paysage|location=Versailles|work=Actes du séminaire « Étapes de recherches en paysage »|volume=8
{{refend}}
| |||