Inter IKEA Systems B.V.,[6][7] trading as IKEA (/ˈkə/ eye-KEE, Swedish: [ɪˈkêːa]), is a Swedish multinational conglomerate that designs and sells ready-to-assemble furniture, kitchen appliances, decoration, home accessories, and various other goods and home services. Started in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad and currently legally headquartered in the Netherlands, IKEA has been the world's largest furniture retailer since 2008.[8][9][10][11][12] The brand used by the group is derived from an acronym that consists of the founder's initials, and those of Elmtaryd, the family farm where he was born, and the nearby village Agunnaryd (his hometown in Småland, southern Sweden).[13][14]

Inter IKEA Systems B.V.
IKEA
Company typePrivate
IndustryRetail
Founded28 July 1943; 80 years ago (1943-07-28)[1] in Sweden
FounderIngvar Kamprad
Headquarters,
Netherlands
Number of locations
462 (2023)[2]
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products
RevenueIncrease €44.6 billion (2021)[5]
2,246,000,000 Euro (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
1,639,000,000 Euro (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Total assets23,001,000,000 Euro (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Number of employees
219,000 (2023) Edit this on Wikidata
Website

The group is primarily known for its modernist furniture designs, its simple approach to interior design, and its immersive shopping concept, based around a showroom of decorated room settings, in which customers can interact with the available articles onsite. In addition, the firm is known for its attention to cost control and continuous product development, notably, the ready-to-assemble model of furniture sales, and other elements which have allowed IKEA to establish lower prices than its competitors.

As of September 2023, there are 462 IKEA stores operating in 59 countries[15] and in fiscal year 2018, €38.8 billion (US$45.82 billion) worth of IKEA goods were sold.[16] For multiple reasons, including lowering taxes payable, IKEA uses a complicated corporate structure. Within this structure, all IKEA stores are operated under franchise from Inter IKEA Systems B.V. which handles branding, design, manufacturing, and supply. Another part of the IKEA group, Ingka Group, operates the majority of IKEA stores as a franchisee and pays royalties to Inter IKEA Systems B.V.[17][18] Some IKEA stores are also operated by independent franchises.[19] The IKEA website contains about 12,000 products and there were over 2.1 billion visitors to IKEA's websites in the year from September 2015 to August 2016.[20][21]

History edit

 
IKEA founder Ingvar Kamprad (right) shakes hands with Hans Ax, IKEA's first store manager, in 1965.
 
Map of countries with IKEA stores
Legend:
  Current market locations
  Future market locations
  Former market locations
  No current or planned market locations
 
The world's largest IKEA store is located in Pasay, Metro Manila, Philippines

In 1943, then-17-year-old Ingvar Kamprad founded IKEA as a mail-order sales business, and began to sell furniture five years later.[22] The first store was opened in Älmhult, Småland, in 1958, under the name Möbel-IKÉA (Möbel means "furniture" in Swedish). The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway (1963) and Denmark (1969).[23] The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974),[23] Japan (1974), Australia, Hong Kong (1975), Canada (1976),[24] Singapore and the Netherlands (1978).[25] IKEA further expanded in the 1980s, opening stores in countries such as France and Spain (1981), Belgium (1984),[26] the United States (1985),[27] the United Kingdom (1987),[28] and Italy (1989).[29][25] Germany, with 55 stores, is IKEA's biggest market, followed by the United States, with 52 stores.

IKEA entered Latin America in February 2010, opening in the Dominican Republic.[30] As for the region's largest markets, on 8 April 2021, a store was opened in Mexico City. In August 2018, IKEA opened its first store in India, in Hyderabad.[31][32] There are now stores in Bengaluru and Mumbai.[33]

In November 2021, IKEA opened its largest store in the world, measuring 65,000 square metres (700,000 sq ft),[34] in the Philippines at the Mall of Asia Complex in Pasay City.[35][36][37]

In March 2022, IKEA announced the closing of all 17 stores in Russia, resulting from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Because of the ongoing war and unimproved situation in Russia, IKEA said on 15 June that it would sell factories, close offices and reduce its work force.[38] Later it became known that IKEA does not plan to sell its business, but expected to return to Russia within two years.[39] By October 2022, IKEA laid off about 10,000 Russian employees.[40]

In September 2023, the MEGA chain of 14 supermarkets, then owned by Ingka, was bought by the Russian Gazprombank.[41]

IKEA was hit hard by COVID-19 because of lockdowns in various countries, like in the UK and Canada.[42][43] Because demand had fallen,[44] its annual catalogue ceased publication after 70 years in print.[45] The prices of their products have risen significantly in 2022 because of rising costs and inflation.[46] In April 2022, IKEA has shut down one of its stores in Guiyang when sales took a significant hit from the pandemic. Because of strict COVID-19 lockdowns in China, IKEA is considering closing another store in Shanghai by July 2022.[47] IKEA is also facing stock shortages and shipping problems that may continue until the end of 2022.[48]

On 10 August 2022, IKEA opened its first store in Chile, the first store in South America. Another store opened in Colombia in September 2023 in Bogotá,[49] soon to be followed by a store in Peru.[50][51][52]

First store opening in each location edit

Store layout edit

 
Interior of an IKEA store in Hong Kong
 
The self-service warehouse area

Traditional store layout edit

IKEA stores are typically blue buildings with yellow accents[54] (also Sweden's national colours). They are often designed in a one-way layout, leading customers counter-clockwise along what IKEA calls "the long natural way" designed to encourage the customer to see the store in its entirety (as opposed to a traditional retail store, which allows a customer to go directly to the section where the desired goods and services are displayed). There are often shortcuts to other parts of the showroom.[55]

The sequence first involves going through the furniture showrooms making note of selected items. The showroom usually consists of simulated room settings where customers can see the actual furniture in use, e.g.: a living-room with a sofa, a TV set, a bookcase and a dining table, accessorized with plants, cushions, rugs, lamps, plates, glasses and cutlery. Showroom sections are usually displayed in the order of the rooms of a house: living rooms, dining rooms, kitchens, bedrooms, kids' rooms. The customer then collects a shopping cart and proceeds to an open-shelf "Market Hall" warehouse for smaller items. Lastly, the self-service furniture warehouse stores the showroom products in flat pack form for the customer to collect the ones previously noted. Sometimes, they are directed to collect products from an external warehouse on the same site or at a site nearby after purchase. Finally, customers pay for their products at a cash register. Not all furniture is stocked at the store level, such as particular sofa colours needing to be shipped from a warehouse to the customer's home or the store.

 
IKEA store in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Most stores follow the layout of having the showroom upstairs with the marketplace and self-service warehouse downstairs. Some stores are single level, while others have separate warehouses to allow more stock to be kept on-site. Single-level stores are found predominantly in areas where the cost of land would be less than the cost of building a 2-level store. Some stores have dual-level warehouses with machine-controlled silos to allow large quantities of stock to be accessed throughout the selling day.

 
As-is area at IKEA Damansara, Malaysia

Most IKEA stores offer an "as-is" or "bargain corner" (recently rebranded as “circular hub”) area at the end of the warehouse, just before the cash registers. Returned, damaged, and formerly showcased products are displayed here and sold with a significant discount.

Alternative smaller store formats edit

The majority of IKEA stores are located outside of city centres, primarily because of land cost and traffic access. Smaller store formats have been unsuccessfully tested in the past (the "midi" concept in the early 1990s, which was tested in Ottawa and Heerlen with 9,300 m2 (100,000 sq ft), or a "boutique" shop in Manhattan).

New formats for full-size stores edit

A new format for a full-size, city centre store was introduced with the opening of the Manchester store, situated in Ashton-under-Lyne in 2006. Another store, in Coventry, opened in December 2007. The store had seven floors and a different flow from other IKEA stores; however, it closed down in 2020 due to the site being deemed unsuitable for future business.[56] IKEA's Southampton store that opened in February 2009 is also in the city centre and built in an urban style similar to the Coventry store. IKEA built these stores in response to UK government restrictions on large retail establishment outside city centres.[57]

Adaptation to Japanese market edit

Japan was another market where IKEA performed badly, exited the market completely and then re-entered with an alternative store design and layout with which it finally found success. IKEA entered the Japanese market in 1974 through a franchise arrangement with a local partner, only to withdraw in failure in 1986. Japan was one of the first markets outside its original core European market. Despite Japan being the then second largest economy in the world, IKEA did not adapt its store layout strategy to the Japanese consumer. Japanese consumers did not have a culture of DIY furniture assembly, and many in the early days had no way to haul flat-packs home to their small apartments. Nor did the store layouts familiar to European customers initially make sense to Japanese consumers, so prior to re-entering the Japanese market in 2006, IKEA management did extensive local market research in more effective store layouts. One area of local adaptation was the room displays common to every IKEA store worldwide. Rather than just replicate a European room layout, the Japan management was careful to set up room displays more closely resembling Japanese apartment rooms, such as one for "a typical Japanese teenage boy who likes baseball and computer games".[58]

Inner-city stores edit

IKEA adapted its store location and services to the 'inner-city' format for expansion in China, unlike other countries where IKEA stores for economic and planning restriction reasons tends to be just outside city centres due to planning restrictions. In China, planning restrictions are less of an issue due to the lack of cars for much of its customer base. Accordingly, in store design alternatives, IKEA has had to offer store locations and formats closer to public transportation. The store design alternative thinking and strategy in China has been to locate stores to facilitate access for non-car owning customers.[59] In some locations in China, IKEA stores can be found not in the usual suburban or near airport locations like other countries, but rather places such as downtown shopping centres with a 'mini-IKEA' store to attract shoppers. One store design alternative trend IKEA has implemented has been 'pop-up' stores along social media platforms in their advertising strategy, for the first-time as a company, to reach new customers demographics while still reinforcing its global brand locally in China.[60]

Small sized stores edit

In Hong Kong, where shop space is limited and costly, IKEA has opened 4 stores, all in multi-storey commercial buildings. They are smaller than other IKEA stores but large by Hong Kong standards. In addition to tailoring store sizes for specific countries, IKEA alters the sizes of products to accommodate cultural differences.[61] In 2015, IKEA announced it would attempt smaller store design at locations in Canada. IKEA claimed this new model would allow them to expand quickly into new markets rather than spending years opening a full-size store.[62]

In 2020, IKEA opened at Al Wahda Mall in Abu Dhabi, UAE, which at 2,137 m2 (23,002 sq ft) was one of the smallest IKEA stores in the world.[63][64][65][66] It opened at 360 Mall in Kuwait and in Harajuku, Tokyo in the same year. The size of 360 Mall store was slightly larger than Al Wahda's despite bringing similar concept, at 3,000 m2 (32,000 sq ft), located at extension of the mall.[67] As for IKEA Harajuku, the 2,500 m2 (26,910 sq ft), 7-storey store houses the chain's first and only konbini concept.[68][69] In 2021, IKEA opened another of its smallest stores at the JEM Mall in Jurong East, Singapore. Replacing liquidated department store Robinsons, IKEA Jurong is only 6,500 m2 (70,000 sq ft) across three levels and the first in Southeast Asia that did not provide the "Market Hall" warehouse in its store.[70][71] Also on the same year, IKEA opened its first small-store format in Bali, Indonesia. Replacing liquidated Giant hypermarket, IKEA Bali is dubbed as Customer Meeting Point, and eventually the smallest store so far, at 1,200 m2 (13,000 sq ft) of space.[72][73][74][75]

 
IKEA at Mall Taman Anggrek, Jakarta

In 2022, another small-size store was opened inside Livat Hammersmith, in the UK, at 4,600 m2 (50,000 sq ft),[76][77][78] followed by a 9,400 m2 (101,000 sq ft) store inside Mall Taman Anggrek, Jakarta, which was opened on 7 April 2022.[79][80][81][82][83][84][85]

Products and services edit

Furniture and homeware edit

 
A man assembling an IKEA Poäng chair

Rather than being sold pre-assembled, much of IKEA's furniture is designed to be assembled by the customer. The company claims that this helps reduce costs and use of packaging by not shipping air; the volume of a bookcase, for example, is considerably less if it is shipped unassembled rather than assembled. This is also more practical for European customers using public transport, because flat packs can be more easily carried.

IKEA contends that it has been a pioneering force in sustainable approaches to mass consumer culture.[86] Kamprad calls this "democratic design", meaning that the company applies an integrated approach to manufacturing and design (see also environmental design). In response to the explosion of human population and material expectations in the 20th and 21st centuries, the company implements economies of scale, capturing material streams and creating manufacturing processes that hold costs and resource use down, such as the extensive use of medium-density fibreboard ("MDF"), also called "particle board".

Notable items of IKEA furniture include the Poäng armchair, the Billy bookcase and the Klippan sofa, all of which have sold by the tens of millions since the late 1970s and early 1980s.[87][88]

The IKEA and LEGO brands teamed up to create a range of simple storage solutions for children and adults.[89]

In June 2021, IKEA Canada unveiled a series of 10 "Love Seats" inspired by different Pride flags, created by four LGBTQ designers.[90]

Furniture and product naming edit

IKEA products are identified by one-word (occasionally two-word) names. Most of the names are Scandinavian in origin. Although there are some exceptions, most product names are based on a special naming system developed by IKEA.[91] Company founder Kamprad was dyslexic and found that naming the furniture with proper names and words, rather than a product code, made the names easier to remember.[92]

Some of IKEA's Swedish product names have amusing or unfortunate connotations in other languages, sometimes resulting in the names being withdrawn in certain countries. Notable examples for English include the "Jerker" computer desk (discontinued as of 2013), "Fukta" plant spray, "Fartfull" workbench,[93] and "Lyckhem" (meaning bliss).

Due to several products being named after real locations, this has resulted in some locations sharing names with objects considered generally unpleasant, such as a toilet brush being named after the lake of Bolmen and a rubbish bin named after the village of Toften. In November 2021, Visit Sweden launched a jocular campaign named "Discover the Originals", which invites tourists to visit the locations which have received such unfortunate associations with such items.[94][95]

Design services edit

 
The first US Planning Studio located in Manhattan, United States, in 2019, which closed in January 2022[96]

During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, to facilitate social distancing between customers and accommodate the increased volume of customers who were booking IKEA design consultation services, IKEA stores in Saudi Arabia and Bahrain improved their design consulting process by piloting Ombori's paperless queue management system for the brand.[97]

In March 2021, IKEA launched IKEA Studio in partnership with Apple Inc., an app enabling customers to design full-scale rooms with IKEA furniture using augmented reality on an iPhone.[98]

Smart home edit

In 2016, IKEA started a move into the smart home business. The IKEA TRÅDFRI smart lighting kit was one of the first ranges signalling this change.[99] IKEA's media team has confirmed that smart home project will be a big move. They have also started a partnership with Philips Hue.[100] The wireless charging furniture, integrating wireless Qi charging into everyday furniture, is another strategy for the smart home business.[101]

A collaboration to build Sonos smart speaker technology into furniture sold by IKEA was announced in December 2017.[102] The first products resulting from the collaboration launched in August 2019.[103]

Under the product name SYMFONISK, IKEA and Sonos have made two distinct wireless speakers that integrate with existing Sonos households or can be used to start with the Sonos-ecosystem, one that's also a lamp and another that's a more traditional looking bookshelf speaker. Both products as well as accessories for the purpose of mounting the bookshelf speakers have gone on sale worldwide on 1 August.[104]

From the start, IKEA SYMFONISK can only be controlled from the Sonos app, but IKEA added support for the speakers in their own Home Smart app to be paired with scenes that control both the lights, air purifiers, smart plugs and smart blinds together with the speakers.[citation needed]

Houses and flats edit

IKEA has also expanded its product base to include flat-pack houses and apartments, in an effort to cut prices involved in a first-time buyer's home. The IKEA product, named BoKlok was launched in Sweden in 1996 in a joint venture with Skanska. Now working in the Nordic countries and in the UK, sites confirmed in England include London, Ashton-under-Lyne, Leeds, Gateshead, Warrington, Bristol and Liverpool.[105]

Solar PV systems edit

At the end of September 2013, the company announced that solar panel packages, so-called "residential kits", for houses will be sold at 17 UK stores by mid-2014. The decision followed a successful pilot project at the Lakeside IKEA store, whereby one photovoltaic system was sold almost every day. The solar CIGS panels are manufactured by Solibro, a German-based subsidiary of the Chinese company Hanergy.[106][107] By the end of 2014, IKEA began to sell Solibro's solar residential kits in the Netherlands and in Switzerland.[108] In November 2015, IKEA ended its contract with Hanergy and in April 2016 started working with Solarcentury to sell solar panels in the United Kingdom.[109] The deal would allow customers to be able to order panels online and at three stores before being expanded to all United Kingdom stores by the end of summer.[110]

Furniture rental edit

In April 2019, the company announced that it would begin test marketing a new concept, renting furniture to customers. One of the motivating factors was that inexpensive IKEA products were viewed as "disposable" and often ended up being scrapped after a few years of use. This was at a time when especially younger buyers said they wanted to minimize their impact on the environment. The company understood this view. In an interview, Jesper Brodin, the chief executive of Ingka Group (the largest franchisee of IKEA stores), commented that "climate change and unsustainable consumption are among the biggest challenges we face in society".[111] The other strategic objectives of the plan were to be more affordable and more convenient. The company said it would test the rental concept in all 30 markets by 2020, expecting it to increase the number of times a piece of furniture would be used before recycling.[112]

Restaurant and food markets edit

 
An IKEA Bistro in Hong Kong
 
Swedish Food Market
 
IKEA restaurant in Coquitlam, British Columbia, Canada
 
Swedish meatballs

The first IKEA store opened in 1958 with a small cafe that transitioned into a full-blown restaurant in 1960 that,[113] until 2011, sold branded Swedish prepared specialist foods, such as meatballs, packages of gravy, lingonberry jam, various biscuits and crackers, and salmon and fish roe spread. The new label has a variety of items including chocolates, meatballs, jams, pancakes, salmon and various drinks.[114][115]

Although the cafes primarily serve Swedish food, the menu varies based on the culture, food and location of each store.[116] With restaurants in 38 countries, the menu often incorporates local dishes, including shawarma in Saudi Arabia, poutine in Canada, macarons in France, and gelato in Italy.[117] In Indonesia, the Swedish meatballs recipe is changed to accommodate the country's halal requirements.[118] Stores in Israel sell kosher food under rabbinical supervision.[119] The kosher restaurants are separated into dairy and meat areas.[120]

In many locations, the IKEA restaurants open daily before the rest of the store and serve breakfast.[citation needed] All food products are based on Swedish recipes and traditions. Food accounts for 5% of IKEA's sales.[121]

IKEA sells plant-based meatballs made from potatoes, apples, pea protein, and oats in all of its stores.[122] According to United States journalist Avery Yale Kamila, IKEA began testing its plant-based meatballs in 2014, then launched the plant-based meatballs in 2015 and began testing vegan hot dogs in 2018.[123][124][125] In 2019, journalist James Hansen reported in Eater London that IKEA would only sell vegetarian food at Christmas time.[126]

Småland edit

Every store has a children's play area, named Småland (Swedish for small lands; it is also the Swedish province of Småland where founder Kamprad was born). Parents drop off their children at a gate to the playground, and pick them up after they arrive at another entrance. In some stores, parents are given free pagers by the on-site staff, which the staff can use to summon parents whose children need them earlier than expected; in others, staff summon parents through announcements over the in-store public address system or by calling them on their mobile phones.[127] The largest Småland play area is located at the IKEA store in Navi Mumbai, India.[128] Some of these were closed down due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Other ventures edit

 
A MEGA Family Shopping Centre in Russia

Until 28 September 2023, IKEA owned & operated the MEGA Family Shopping Centre chain in Russia. Its operations have since been sold to Gazprombank.[129]

On 8 August 2008, IKEA UK launched a virtual mobile phone network called IKEA Family Mobile, which ran on T-Mobile.[130] At launch it was the cheapest pay-as-you-go network in the UK.[131][132] In June 2015 the network announced that its services would cease to operate from 31 August 2015.[133]

As of 2012, IKEA has a joint venture with TCL to provide Uppleva integrated HDTV and entertainment system products.[134][135]

In mid-August 2012, the company announced that it would establish a chain of 100 economy hotels in Europe but, unlike its few existing hotels in Scandinavia, they would not carry the IKEA name, nor would they use IKEA furniture and furnishings – they would be operated by an unnamed international group of hoteliers.[136] As of 30 April 2018, however, the company owned only a single hotel, the IKEA Hotell in Älmhult, Sweden.

It was previously planning to open another one, in New Haven, Connecticut, United States, after converting the historic Pirelli Building. The company received approval for the concept from the city's planning commission in mid-November 2018; the building was to include 165 rooms and the property would offer 129 dedicated parking spaces. Research in April 2019 provided no indication that the hotel had been completed as of that time.[137][138] The building was then sold to Connecticut architect and developer Becker + Becker for $1.2 million.[139] Opening in 2022 under Hotel Marcel, it is managed by Charlestowne Hotels and became part of Hilton's Tapestry Collection.[140][141]

From 2016 to 2018, IKEA sold a commuter belt-driven bicycle, the Sladda.[142]

In September 2017, IKEA announced they would be acquiring the UD company TaskRabbit. The deal, completed later that year, has TaskRabbit operating as an independent company.[143]

In March 2020, IKEA announced that it had partnered with Pizza Hut Hong Kong on a joint venture. IKEA launched a new side table called SÄVA. The table, designed to resemble a pizza saver, would be boxed in packaging resembling a pizza box, and the building instructions included a suggestion to order a Swedish meatball pizza from Pizza Hut, which would contain the same meatballs served in IKEA restaurants.[144][145]

In April 2020, IKEA acquired AI imaging startup Geomagical Labs.[146][147]

In July 2020, IKEA opened a concept store in the Harajuku district of Tokyo, Japan, where it launched its first ever apparel line.[148]

Ingka Centres, IKEA's malls division, announced in December 2021 that it would open two malls, anchored by IKEA stores, in Gurugram and Noida in India at a cost of around 9,000 crore (US$1.1 billion). Both malls are expected to open by 2025.[149]

In 2016, IKEA Canada partnered with the Setsuné Indigenous Fashion Incubator, co-founded by Sage Paul, to design and produce the collection ÅTERSTÄLLA, which means to restore, heal, or redecorate, and it was made entirely from salvaged Ikea textiles, reflecting the traditional Indigenous value to "use everything."[150]

Corporate structure edit

IKEA ownership chart
 
Flowchart showing the structure and ownership of IKEA companies. Parent companies are at the top of the chart.
Provides services to | Is the parent of | Provides funding to

IKEA is owned and operated by a complicated array of not-for-profit and for-profit corporations. The corporate structure is divided into two main parts: operations and franchising.

INGKA Holding B.V., based in the Netherlands, owns the Ingka Group, which takes care of the centres, retails, customer fulfillment, and all the other services related to IKEA products. The IKEA brand is owned and managed by Inter IKEA Systems B.V., based in the Netherlands, owned by Inter IKEA Holding B.V. Inter IKEA Holding is also in charge of design, manufacturing and supply of IKEA products.

Inter IKEA Systems is owned by Inter IKEA Holding BV, a company registered in the Netherlands, formerly registered in Luxembourg (under the name Inter IKEA Holding SA). Inter IKEA Holding, in turn, is owned by the Interogo Foundation, based in Liechtenstein.[151][152] In 2016, the INGKA Holding sold its design, manufacturing and logistics subsidiaries to Inter IKEA Holding.[153]

In June 2013, Ingvar Kamprad resigned from the board of Inter IKEA Holding SA and his youngest son Mathias Kamprad replaced Per Ludvigsson as the chairman of the holding company. Following his decision to step down, the 87-year-old founder explained, "I see this as a good time for me to leave the board of Inter IKEA Group. By that we are also taking another step in the generation shift that has been ongoing for some years."[154] After the 2016 company restructure, Inter IKEA Holding SA no longer exists, having reincorporated in the Netherlands. Mathias Kamprad became a board member of the Inter IKEA Group and the Interogo Foundation.[155] Mathias and his two older brothers, who also have leadership roles at IKEA, work on the corporation's overall vision and long-term strategy.[154]

Control by Kamprad edit

 
The late Ingvar Kamprad, founder of IKEA

Along with helping IKEA make a non-taxable profit, IKEA's complicated corporate structure allowed Kamprad to maintain tight control over the operations of INGKA Holding, and thus the operation of most IKEA stores. The INGKA Foundation's five-person executive committee was chaired by Kamprad. It appoints a board of INGKA Holding, approves any changes to INGKA Holding's bylaws, and has the right to preempt new share issues. If a member of the executive committee quits or dies, the other four members appoint their replacement.

In Kamprad's absence, the foundation's bylaws include specific provisions requiring it to continue operating the INGKA Holding group and specifying that shares can be sold only to another foundation with the same objectives as the INGKA Foundation.[151]

Financial information edit

 
IKEA Concept Center in Delft – the head office of Inter IKEA Systems B.V. which owns the IKEA trademark and concept

The net profit of IKEA Group (which does not include Inter IKEA systems) in fiscal year 2009 (after paying franchise fees to Inter IKEA systems) was €2.538 billion on sales of €21.846 billion. Because INGKA Holding is owned by the non-profit INGKA Foundation, none of this profit is taxed. The foundation's nonprofit status also means that the Kamprad family cannot reap these profits directly, but the Kamprads do collect a portion of IKEA sales profits through the franchising relationship between INGKA Holding and Inter IKEA Systems.

As a franchisee, the Ingka Group pays 3% of royalties to Inter IKEA Systems.[18][17] Inter IKEA Systems collected €631 million of franchise fees in 2004 but reported pre-tax profits of only €225 million in 2004. One of the major pre-tax expenses that Inter IKEA systems reported was €590 million of "other operating charges". IKEA has refused to explain these charges, but Inter IKEA Systems appears to make large payments to I.I. Holding, another Luxembourg-registered group that, according to The Economist, "is almost certain to be controlled by the Kamprad family". I.I. Holding made a profit of €328 million in 2004.

In 2004, the Inter IKEA group of companies and I.I. Holding reported combined profits of €553m and paid €19m in taxes, or approximately 3.5 percent.[151]

Public Eye, a non-profit organisation in Switzerland that promotes corporate responsibility, has formally criticised IKEA for its tax avoidance strategies. In 2007, the organisation nominated IKEA for one of its Public Eye "awards", which highlight corporate irresponsibility.[156]

In February 2016, the Greens / EFA group in the European Parliament issued a report entitled IKEA: Flat Pack Tax Avoidance on the tax planning strategies of IKEA and their possible use to avoid tax in several European countries. The report was sent to Pierre Moscovici, the European Commissioner for Economic and Financial Affairs, Taxation and Customs, and Margrethe Vestager, the European Commissioner for Competition, expressing the hope that it would be of use to them in their respective roles "to advance the fight for tax justice in Europe".[18][157]

Manufacturing, logistics, and labour edit

Although IKEA originated in Sweden, their household products and furniture products are manufactured in many different countries, in order to achieve cost efficiency. For most of its products, the final assembly is performed by the end-user (consumer).

Swedwood, an IKEA subsidiary, produces all of the company's wood-based products, with the largest Swedwood factory located in Southern Poland. According to the subsidiary, over 16,000 employees across 50 sites in 10 countries manufacture the 100 million pieces of furniture that IKEA sells annually. IKEA furniture uses the hardwood alternative particle board. Hultsfred, a factory in southern Sweden, is the company's sole supplier.

Distribution centre efficiency and flexibility have been one of IKEA's ongoing priorities and thus it has implemented automated, robotic warehouse systems and warehouse management systems (WMS). Such systems facilitate a merger of the traditional retail and mail order sales channels into an omni-channel fulfillment model.[158] In 2020, Ikea was noted by Supply Chain magazine as having one of the most automated warehouse systems in the world.[159]

2021 supply chain problems edit

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, IKEA has been facing major supply chain issues since 2021, which could extend into 2022. Jon Abrahamsson, the chief executive of Inter IKEA has stated that the main issue is shipping products from China, as a "quarter" of IKEA products are made there.[160] A variety of reasons led to supply shortages, including consumption shocks. In addition, factories were unable to produce raw materials and workers even after they began receiving orders.[161][48]

Labour practices edit

During the 1980s, IKEA kept its costs down by using production facilities in East Germany. A portion of the workforce at those factories consisted of political prisoners. This fact, revealed in a report by Ernst & Young commissioned by the company, resulted from the intermingling of criminals and political dissidents in the state-owned production facilities IKEA contracted with, a practice which was generally known in West Germany. IKEA was one of a number of companies, including West German firms, which benefited from this practice. The investigation resulted from attempts by former political prisoners to obtain compensation. In November 2012, IKEA admitted being aware at the time of the possibility of use of forced labour and failing to exercise sufficient control to identify and avoid it. A summary of the Ernst & Young report was released on 16 November 2012.[162]

In 2018, Ikea was accused of union busting when employees sought to organize, using such tactics as captive audience meetings.[163][164]

IKEA was named one of the 100 Best Companies for Working Mothers in 2004 and 2005 by Working Mothers magazine.[165] It ranked 80 in Fortune's 200 Best Companies to Work For in 2006 and in October 2008, IKEA Canada LP was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc.[166]

Environmental initiatives edit

 
Yellow IKEA recyclable shopping bag
 
LED lamp display at an IKEA in Hong Kong

Umbrella initiatives edit

After initial environmental issues like the highly publicized formaldehyde scandals in the early 1980s and 1992,[167][168][169] IKEA took a proactive stance on environmental issues and tried to prevent future incidents through a variety of measures.[170] In 1990, IKEA invited Karl-Henrik Robèrt, founder of the Natural Step, to address its board of directors. Robert's system conditions for sustainability provided a strategic approach to improving the company's environmental performance. In 1990, IKEA adopted the Natural Step framework as the basis for its environmental plan.[171] This led to the development of an Environmental Action Plan, which was adopted in 1992. The plan focused on structural change, allowing IKEA to "maximize the impact of resources invested and reduce the energy necessary to address isolated issues."[171] The environmental measures taken include the following:

  1. Replacing polyvinylchloride (PVC) in wallpapers, home textiles, shower curtains, lampshades and furniture—PVC has been eliminated from packaging and is being phased out in electric cables;
  2. Minimizing the use of formaldehyde in its products, including textiles;
  3. Eliminating acid-curing lacquers;
  4. Producing a model of chair (OGLA) made from 100% post-consumer plastic waste;
  5. Introducing a series of air-inflatable furniture products into the product line. Such products reduce the use of raw materials for framing and stuffing and reduce transportation weight and volume to about 15% of that of conventional furniture;
  6. Reducing the use of chromium for metal surface treatment;
  7. Limiting the use of substances such as cadmium, lead, PCB, PCP, and Azo pigments;
  8. Using wood from responsibly managed forests that replant and maintain biological diversity;
  9. Using only recyclable materials for flat packaging and "pure" (non-mixed) materials for packaging to assist in recycling.[171]
  10. Introducing rental bicycles with trailers for customers in Denmark.[172]

In 2000, IKEA [173] introduced its code of conduct for suppliers that covers social, safety, and environmental questions. Today IKEA has around 60 auditors who perform hundreds of supplier audits every year. The main purpose of these audits is to make sure that the IKEA suppliers follow the law in each country where they are based. Most IKEA suppliers fulfil the law today with exceptions for some special issues, one being excessive working hours in Asia, in countries such as China and India.[citation needed]

As of March 2018, IKEA has signed on with 25 other companies to participate in the British Retail Consortium's Better Retail Better World initiative, which challenges companies to meet objectives outlined by the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.[174]

Product life cycle edit

To make IKEA a more sustainable company, a product life cycle was created. For the idea stage, products should be flat-packed so that more items can be shipped at once; products should also be easier to dismantle and recycle. Raw materials are used, and since wood and cotton are two of IKEA's most important manufacturing products, the company works with environmentally friendly forests and cotton, whereby the excessive use of chemicals and water is avoided.[175]

IKEA stores recycle waste and many run on renewable energy. All employees are trained in environmental and social responsibility, while public transit is one of the priorities when the location of stores is considered. Also, the coffee and chocolate served at IKEA stores is UTZ Certified.[176]

The last stage of the life cycle is the end of life. Most IKEA stores recycle light bulbs and drained batteries, and the company is also exploring the recycling of sofas and other home furnishing products.

Energy sources edit

In August 2008, IKEA announced that it had created IKEA GreenTech, a €50 million venture capital fund. Located in Lund (a university town in Sweden), it will invest in 8–10 companies in the coming five years with focus on solar panels, alternative light sources, product materials, energy efficiency and water saving and purification. The aim is to commercialise green technologies for sale in IKEA stores within 3–4 years.[177][178]

On 17 February 2011, IKEA announced its plans to develop a wind farm in Dalarna County, Sweden, furthering its goal of using only renewable energy to fuel its operations.[179] As of June 2012,[needs update] 17 United States IKEA stores are powered by solar panels, with 22 additional installations in progress,[180] and IKEA owns the 165 MW Cameron Wind farm in Cameron County on the South Texas coast[181] and a 42 MW coastal wind farm in Finland.[182]

In September 2019, IKEA announced that they would be investing $2.8 billion in renewable energy infrastructure. The company is targeting making their entire supply chain climate positive by 2030.[183]

Sourcing of wood edit

IKEA is the world's largest buyer and retailer of wood.[184] In 2015, IKEA claimed to use 1% of the world's supply of timber.[185]

According to IKEA's 2021 Sustainability Report, 99.5% of all wood that the company uses is either recycled or meets the standards of the Forest Stewardship Council. IKEA states that "[a]ll wood used for IKEA products must meet our critical requirements that ensure it's not (e.g.) sourced from illegally harvested forests [...]".[186] However, despite these claims, IKEA has been involved in unsustainable and most likely illegal logging of wood in multiple Eastern European countries in recent years; see Criticism of IKEA.

IKEA owns about 136,000 acres of forest in the US and about 450,000 acres in Europe.[187][188]

On 14 January 2021, IKEA announced that Ingka Investments had acquired approximately 10,840 acres (4,386 hectares) near the Altamaha River Basin in the U.S. state of Georgia from The Conservation Fund. The acquisition comes with the agreement "to protect the land from fragmentation, restore the longleaf pine forest, and safe-guard the habitat of the gopher tortoise."[189][190]

IKEA is reported to be the largest private landowner in Romania since 2015.[184]

Use of wood edit

In 2011, the company examined its wood consumption and noticed that almost half of its global pine and spruce consumption was for the fabrication of pallets. The company consequently started a transition to the use of paper pallets and the "Optiledge system".[191] The OptiLedge product is totally recyclable, made from 100% virgin high-impact copolymer polypropylene (PP) plastic. The system is a "unit load alternative to the use of a pallet. The system consists of the OptiLedge (usually used in pairs), aligned and strapped to the bottom carton to form a base layer upon which to stack more products. Corner boards are used when strapping to minimize the potential for package compression." The conversion began in Germany and Japan, before its introduction into the rest of Europe and North America.[192] The system has been marketed to other companies, and IKEA has formed the OptiLedge company to manage and sell the product.[193]

Packaging and bags edit

Since March 2013, IKEA has stopped providing plastic bags to customers, but offers reusable bags for sale.[194] The IKEA restaurants also only offer reusable plates, knives, forks, spoons, etc. Toilets in some IKEA WC-rooms have been outfitted with dual-function flushers. IKEA has recycling bins for compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), energy-saving bulbs, and batteries.

In 2001, IKEA was one of the first companies to operate its own cross-border goods trains through several countries in Europe.[195]

Electric vehicles edit

IKEA has expanded its sustainability plan in the UK to include electric car charge points for customers at all locations by the end of 2013.[196][needs update] The effort will include Nissan and Ecotricity and promise to deliver an 80% charge in 30 minutes.[197]

From 2016, IKEA has only sold energy-efficient LED lightbulbs, lamps and light fixtures. LED lightbulbs use as little as 15% of the power of a regular incandescent light bulb.[198]

Donations made by IKEA edit

The INGKA Foundation is officially dedicated to promoting "innovations in architecture and interior design".[151] The net worth of the foundation exceeded the net worth of the much better known Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (now the largest private foundation in the world) for a period.[199] However, most of the Group's profit is spent on investment.

IKEA is involved in several international charitable causes, particularly in partnership with UNICEF, including:

  • In the wake of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, IKEA Australia agreed to match dollar for dollar co-workers' donations and donated all sales of the IKEA Blue Bag to the cause.
  • After the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, IKEA gave 500,000 blankets to the relief effort in the region.[200]
  • IKEA has provided furniture for over 100 "bridge schools" in Liberia.[201]
  • Following the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China, IKEA Beijing sold an alligator toy for 40 yuan (US$5.83, €3.70) with all income going to the children in the earthquake struck area.
  • In 2013, IKEA donated more than $2.6 million to UNICEF to help children and families affected by Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines.

IKEA also supports American Forests to restore forests and reduce pollution.[202][203]

On 3 March 2022, IKEA announced €20 million donation to UNHCR for relief support of Ukrainians who suffer from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[204][205]

IKEA donated €10 million to Doctors Without Borders for its work in Syria in response to the 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake.[206]

IKEA Social Initiative edit

In September 2005, IKEA Social Initiative was formed to manage the company's social involvement on a global level. IKEA Social Initiative is headed by Marianne Barner.[207]

The main partners of IKEA Social Initiative are UNICEF[208] and Save the Children.[209]

On 23 February 2009, at the ECOSOC event in New York, UNICEF announced that IKEA Social Initiative has become the agency's largest corporate partner, with total commitments of more than US$180 million (£281,079,000).[210][211]

Examples of involvements:

  • The IKEA Social Initiative contributes €1 (£1.73) to UNICEF and Save the Children from each soft toy sold during the holiday seasons, raising a total of €16.7 million (£28.91 million) so far.[212] In 2013, an IKEA soft toy, Lufsig, created a storm and sold out in Hong Kong and in Southern China because it had been misnamed in Chinese.[213]
  • The IKEA Social Initiative provided soft toys to children in Burma after Cyclone Nargis.[214]
  • Starting in June 2009, for every Sunnan solar-powered lamp sold in IKEA stores worldwide, IKEA Social Initiative will donate one Sunnan with the help of UNICEF.[215]
  • In September 2011,[216] the IKEA Foundation pledged to donate $62 million to help Somali refugees in Kenya.[22]
  • According to The Economist, however, IKEA's charitable giving is meager, "barely a rounding error in the foundation's assets".[22]

In 2009, Sweden's largest television station, SVT, revealed that IKEA's money—the three per cent collection from each store—does not actually go to a charitable foundation in the Netherlands, as IKEA has said. Inter IKEA is owned by a foundation in Liechtenstein, called Interogo, which has amassed $12 billion (£18 billion), and is controlled by the Kamprad family.[22]

Marketing edit

Catalogue edit

IKEA used to publish an annual catalogue, first published in Swedish in 1951.[217] It is considered to be the main marketing tool of the company, consuming 70% of its annual marketing budget.[218] The catalogue is distributed both in stores and by mail,[219] with most of it being produced by IKEA Communications AB in IKEA's hometown of Älmhult, Sweden.[220] At its peak in 2016, 200 million copies of the catalogue were distributed in 32 languages to more than 50 markets.[221] In December 2020, IKEA announced that they would cease publication of both the print and digital versions of the catalogue, with the 2021 edition (released in 2020) being the final edition.[222]

IKEA Family edit

 
The IKEA Family card, issued in Canada, c. 2012

In common with some other retailers, IKEA launched a loyalty card called "IKEA Family". The card is free of charge and can be used to obtain discounts on certain products found in-store. It is available worldwide. In conjunction with the card, IKEA also publishes and sells a printed quarterly magazine titled IKEA Family Live which supplements the card and catalogue. The magazine is already printed in thirteen languages and an English edition for the United Kingdom was launched in February 2007. It is expected to have a subscription of over 500,000.[223]

IKEA Place app edit

On 12 September 2017, IKEA announced the augmented reality app, IKEA Place, following by Apple's release of its ARkit technology and iOS 11.[224] IKEA Place helps consumers to visualize true to scale IKEA products into real environment.[225]

Advertising edit

In 1994, IKEA ran a commercial in the United States, titled Dining Room, widely thought to be the first to feature a homosexual couple; it aired for several weeks before being withdrawn after calls for a boycott and a bomb threat directed at IKEA stores.[226] Other IKEA commercials appeal to the wider LGBTQ community, one featuring a transgender woman.[227]

 
German-Turkish advertisement in Berlin-Neukölln

In 2002, the inaugural television component of the "Unböring" campaign, titled Lamp, went on to win several awards, including a Grand Clio,[228] Golds at the London International Awards[229] and the ANDY Awards,[230] and the Grand Prix at the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival,[231] the most prestigious awards ceremony in the advertising community.

A debate ensued between Fraser Patterson, Chief Executive of Onis, and Andrew McGuinness, partner at Beattie McGuinness Bungay (BMB), the advertising and PR agency that was awarded the £12 million IKEA account.[232][233] The essence of the debate was that BMB claimed to be unaware of Onis's campaign as Onis was not an advertising agency. Onis's argument was that its advertising could be seen in prominent landmarks throughout London, having been already accredited, showing concern about the impact IKEA's campaign would have on the originality of its own. BMB and IKEA subsequently agreed to provide Onis with a feature page on the IKEA campaign site linking through to Onis's website for a period of one year.

In 2008, IKEA paired up with the makers of video game The Sims 2 to make a stuff pack called IKEA Home Stuff, featuring many IKEA products. It was released on 24 June 2008 in North America and 26 June 2008 in Europe. It is the second stuff pack with a major brand, the first being The Sims 2 H&M Fashion Stuff.

IKEA took over the title sponsorship of Philadelphia's annual Thanksgiving Day parade in 2008, replacing Boscov's, which filed for bankruptcy in August 2008.

In November 2008, a subway train decorated in IKEA style was introduced in Novosibirsk, Russia.[234] Four cars were turned into a mobile showroom of the Swedish design. The redesigned train, which features colourful seats and fancy curtains, carried passengers until 6 June 2009.

 
IKEA marketing campaign in the Paris Métro

In March 2010, IKEA developed an event in four important Métro stations in Paris, in which furniture collections are displayed in high-traffic spots, giving potential customers a chance to check out the brand's products. The Métro walls were also filled with prints that showcase IKEA interiors.

In September 2017, IKEA launched the "IKEA Human Catalogue" campaign, in which memory champion Yanjaa Wintersoul memorized all 328 pages of the catalogue in minute detail in just a week before its launch. To prove the legitimacy and accuracy of the campaign, live demonstrations were held at press conferences in IKEA stores across Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand as well as a Facebook Live event held at the Facebook Singapore headquarters and talk show demonstrations in the US with Steve Harvey among others.[235] The advertising campaign was hugely successful winning numerous industry awards including the Webby award 2018 for best social media campaign,[236] an Ogilvy award and is currently a contender for the Cannes Lions 2018.[237]

In 2020, IKEA conducted a "Buy Back Friday" campaign with a message to present a new life to old furniture instead of offering customers to buy new items for Black Friday.[238]

In June 2021, IKEA said it had suspended adverts on GB News because of concerns the channel's content would go against their aim to be inclusive. In a statement IKEA said: "We have safeguards in place to prevent our advertising from appearing on platforms that are not in line with our humanistic values. We are in the process of investigating how this may have occurred to ensure it won't happen again in future, and have suspended paid display advertising in the meantime."[239]

Criticisms edit

Environmental edit

IKEA has been criticized about unsustainable sourcing of wood from protected forests, certain unsafe product lines, negative effects on communities, as well as other issues.

The group is responsible for approximately 1% of world commercial-product wood consumption, making it the largest individual user of wood in the world.[184][240] IKEA claims to use 99.5% recycled or FSC-certified wood.[186] However, IKEA has been shown to be involved in unsustainable and most likely illegal logging of old-growth and protected forests in multiple Eastern European countries in recent years.[184][241][242]

Investments edit

In the 1980s under the rule of the genocidal Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceaușescu, Romania's secret police, the Securitate, received six-figure payments from IKEA.[243][244] According to declassified files at the National College for Studying the Securitate Archives, IKEA agreed to overcharge for products made in Romania and some of the overpayment funds were deposited into an account controlled by the Securitate.[245]

Tax avoidance edit

IKEA has avoided millions of euros in taxes[246] performing some intrincated mechanisms[247] and it was noted by the EU back in 2017. The main countries where they operated their business using tax loopholes were the Netherlands, Luxembourg and Belgium.

In popular culture edit

In 2018, the company's plush toy shark "Blåhaj" was widely used in an internet meme,[248][249][250] with social media users posting humorous photos of it in their homes.[251]

The song "IKEA" was released by Jonathan Coulton on the album Smoking Monkey in 2003.

IKEA stores have been featured in many works of fiction. Some examples include:

  • The 1986 Swedish crime comedy film Jönssonligan dyker upp igen features a failed robbery of the IKEA store at Kungens Kurva by the eponymous gang.[252]
  • The 2009 American film 500 Days of Summer features the main characters flirting around the showroom of an IKEA store. It was filmed on-location at an IKEA store. One of the tracks from the film's score is entitled "Ikea" to reflect the scene.[253]
  • IKEA Heights, a 2009 comedic melodrama web series, was filmed without permission in an IKEA store.[254]
  • The 2014 novel The Extraordinary Journey of the Fakir Who Got Trapped in an Ikea Wardrobe by French author Romain Puertolas features a trip to an IKEA store in Paris, France.[255]
  • The 2014 horror comedy novel Horrorstör is set in a haunted store called ORSK, modelled on IKEA, and the novel is designed to look like the IKEA catalogue.[256]
  • The SCP Foundation, an online collaborative writing project documenting fictional anomalies features an entry (numbered SCP-3008) originating in 2017 about an IKEA store which is notably bigger on the inside than its exterior implies, and from which escaping is difficult.[257][258] The interior of this store is populated by entities dressed in IKEA staff attire, resembling highly deformed, faceless humanoids, which are normally passive during the "day" (when the lights are switched on) but become aggressive during the "night" (when the lights are switched off).
  • A number of survival horror video games have been created based on SCP-3008.[259]
  • The 2021 children's picture book Bears Out of The Box features IKEA's Fabler Bjorn doll, who is trying to venture outside the store.[260][261][262]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Ceased operations in 1986, re-opened in 2006
  2. ^ Then British Hong Kong
  3. ^ a b Then part of Czechoslovakia
  4. ^ Then part of Yugoslavia
  5. ^ Ceased operations in 2022[53]

References edit

  1. ^ Hitti, Natasha (2 August 2018). "IKEA celebrates 75th anniversary with vintage furniture collections". Dezeen. Archived from the original on 12 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  2. ^ "IKEA's number of stores worldwide from 2013 to 2020". statista.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  3. ^ "IKEA Has a New CEO". Fortune. 24 May 2017. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  4. ^ "IKEA finalizing its biggest overhaul in decades". Reuters. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
  5. ^ Ringstrom, Anna (18 January 2022). "IKEA's climate footprint shrinks from pre-pandemic level despite record sales". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  6. ^ "Inter IKEA Systems B.V." OpenCorporates. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  7. ^ "Privacy statement for inter.ikea.com". inter.ikea.com. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2023.
  8. ^ "Topic: Ikea". www.statista.com. Archived from the original on 16 June 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  9. ^ Loeb, Walter. "IKEA Is A World-Wide Wonder". Forbes. Archived from the original on 22 November 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  10. ^ "How IKEA creator Ingvar Kamprad built the world's largest furniture retailer – and a $39 billion fortune". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  11. ^ Zuvela, Maja (8 January 2008). "IKEA mulls joint venture with Bosnia furniture maker". Reuters. Archived from the original on 31 October 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  12. ^ "Profiles of 50 major furniture retailers worldwide – Market Research – Report by CSIL". www.worldfurnitureonline.com. CSILMilano Research and Studies. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2017.
  13. ^ "The story behind Ikea's 'quirky' product names". The Times of India. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 10 August 2018.
  14. ^ "Ingvar Kamprad and IKEA". Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA, 02163. 1996
  15. ^ "IKEA Faits et chiffres 2018". Archived from the original on 20 October 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2021.
  16. ^ Ringstrom, Anna; Dowsett, Sonya (10 October 2018). "New stores and online growth help IKEA fend off rivals". Reuters. Archived from the original on 23 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
  17. ^ a b "Who Owns IKEA? IKEA Business Model In A Nutshell". FourWeekMBA. 24 August 2018. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  18. ^ a b c Greens-EFA letter to Commissioners Vestager and Moscovici – IKEA report, 12 February 2016 Archived 16 January 2017 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  19. ^ "About the IKEA group – IKEA". www.ikea.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2018. Retrieved 19 November 2020.
  20. ^ "FAQ – IKEA store – IKEA". m.ikea.com. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  21. ^ "IKEA Highlights 2016". Inter IKEA Systems B.v. Archived from the original on 17 June 2017. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  22. ^ a b c d Collins, Lauren (26 September 2011). "House Perfect". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  23. ^ a b Ciment, Shoshy. "Here's what the first Ikea store ever looked like when it opened in Sweden more than 60 years ago". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  24. ^ "IKEA GRAND OPENING". The Chronicle Herald. 14 July 1976. pp. 24–25.
  25. ^ a b Siegfried, Patrick (1 October 2014). Business Cases: Internationalisation Strategies in Global Player Companies. Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft München. ISBN 978-3-96091-353-5. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  26. ^ "Ikea blijft groeien". De Standaard. 10 September 2015. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  27. ^ "How IKEA Leveraged The Art Of Listening To Global Dominance". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  28. ^ Finch, Julia (31 May 2002). "Democratic by design". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2 August 2020. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  29. ^ "1980s – IKEA". www.ikea.com. Archived from the original on 30 April 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2016.
  30. ^ Publishing, Bloomsbury (6 June 2011). Business: The Ultimate Resource. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4081-5646-9. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2020.
  31. ^ "IKEA is now open for business in India: Here's what it offers". The Economic Times. 10 August 2018. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  32. ^ "IKEA Retail India moves the opening date to 9th of August, 2018". IKEA. Archived from the original on 26 January 2022. Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  33. ^ "IKEA Stores - Furniture & Home Furnishing Store". www.ikea.com. Retrieved 26 April 2023.
  34. ^ ""Ikea Opens World's Largest Outlet in Pasay", ABS-CBN News, November 25 2021". Archived from the original on 13 December 2021. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
  35. ^ "World's biggest IKEA store opens in PH on Nov. 25". CNN Philippines. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  36. ^ Venzon, Cliff (25 November 2021). "Ikea opens first outlet in Philippines – its largest globally". Nikkei Asia. Archived from the original on 25 November 2021. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  37. ^ Fenol, Jessica (25 November 2021). "IKEA Pasay City opens to public on Nov. 25 with 'no booking, no shopping' policy". ABS-CBN News. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2021.
  38. ^ Ringstrom, Anna (15 June 2022). "IKEA puts Russian factories up for sale, plans job cuts". Reuters. Archived from the original on 16 June 2022. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  39. ^ "Источник: IKEA не планирует продавать бизнес в России и хочет вернуться в течение двух лет" (in Russian). TASS. 24 August 2022. Archived from the original on 27 August 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
  40. ^ "IKEA уволила 10 тыс. сотрудников в России". banki.ru (in Russian). 13 October 2022. Archived from the original on 14 October 2022. Retrieved 14 October 2022.
  41. ^ "Газпромбанк купил торговые центры «Мега» у экс-владельца IKEA в России". RBK. 28 September 2023.
  42. ^ "Ikea to reopen 19 stores during UK lockdown". TheGuardian.com. 22 May 2020. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  43. ^ "IKEA reopens in Ottawa during COVID-19 pandemic". 26 May 2020. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  44. ^ "Ikea to stop printing catalogue after 'successful career' that spanned 70 years". TheGuardian.com. 7 December 2020. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  45. ^ Valinsky, Jordan (7 December 2020). "Ikea is killing off its catalog after 70 years". CNN Business. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 18 June 2022.
  46. ^ "Ikea is hiking its prices by nearly 10% as the supply chain crisis continues to disrupt its operations". Archived from the original on 3 July 2022. Retrieved 3 July 2022.
  47. ^ Laura He. "Ikea is considering closing another store in China". CNN. Archived from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  48. ^ a b "Ikea warns stock shortages to last into next year". BBC News. 15 October 2021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2022. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
  49. ^ S.A.S, Editorial La República. ""Abrimos el Ikea más grande de América Latina para recibir a 4.800 clientes cada día"". Diario La República (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 September 2023.
  50. ^ "IKEA elige Chile para su desembarco en Sudamérica". August 2022. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  51. ^ "Primera tienda de Ikea en Colombia ya tiene fecha... En famoso centro comercial". 13 September 2021. Archived from the original on 14 July 2022. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  52. ^ IKEA Franchising. "IKEA opens new store in Santiago Chile". About.ikea.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 11 August 2022.
  53. ^ Chopping, Dominic (3 March 2022). "IKEA Closes All 17 Stores in Russia". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  54. ^ "The IKEA logo – history and design". www.ikea.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  55. ^ "The Nudge – How IKEA's Store Layout Design Influences Your Spending – Thoughts on Wayfinding". Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  56. ^ Layton, Josh (28 May 2020). "Ikea breaks silence on future of Coventry site". CoventryLive. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 4 August 2020.
  57. ^ "IKEA – press room – press release". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2015.
  58. ^ Wijers-Hasegawa, Yumi (25 April 2006). "Sweden's IKEA back in Japan after 20-year hiatus". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  59. ^ Hultman, Jens; Johansson, Ulf; Wispeler, Aylin; Wolf, Leonie. "Exploring store format development and its influence on sore image and store clientele- the case of IKEA's development of an inner-city store format". The International Journal of Retail, Distribution and Consumer Research. 27(3) (2007): 227–240. Retrieved 11 May 2020.
  60. ^ Thibaud, Andre. "IKEA in China: Big furniture retail adapts to the Chinese market". Daxueconsulting. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 14 May 2020.
  61. ^ Schwab, Katharine (10 August 2018). "How Ikea quietly tweaks its design around the world". Fast Company. Archived from the original on 29 October 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
  62. ^ "Ikea coming to Kitchener – Kitchener-Waterloo – CBC News". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  63. ^ Issacs, Derek (6 September 2020). "Al Wahda IKEA now has an opening date". Abu Dhabi World Online. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  64. ^ "The new Ikea store in Al Wahda Mall Abu Dhabi is now open". What's On. 18 November 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  65. ^ "Inside Ikea Al Wahda Mall: an exclusive look inside Abu Dhabi's latest store". The National. 11 November 2020. Archived from the original on 1 June 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  66. ^ "IKEA OPENS DOORS TO THE SECOND STORE IN ABU DHABI IN AL WAHDA MALL". Al-Futtaim. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  67. ^ "DISCOVER IKEA 360". bazaar.town | The ultimate guide to Kuwait. Archived from the original on 9 September 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  68. ^ "First IKEA Convenience Store Opens in Tokyo! Compact IKEA in Harajuku and Shibuya | LIVE JAPAN travel guide". LIVE JAPAN. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  69. ^ "IKEA Harajuku – Central Tokyo's First Ever Ikea Store!". FUN! JAPAN International. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  70. ^ "6 things to look out for when the new 3-storey IKEA at Jem opens on Apr 29". CNA Lifestyle. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  71. ^ "First look: IKEA Jurong opening on April 29, 2021 with cashless concept". mothership.sg. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
  72. ^ Fimela.com (19 November 2021). "IKEA Buka di Bali, Jadi Gerai Terkecil dan Artsy di Indonesia". fimela.com (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  73. ^ "Akomodasi UMKM Lokal, IKEA Bali Resmi Dibuka, Visual Toko Gabungkan Budaya Swedia dan Bali". Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  74. ^ "Makin Mudah Dijangkau, IKEA Kini Hadir di Bali". Archived from the original on 18 November 2021. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  75. ^ Afriyadi, Achmad Dwi. "Buka Cabang di Bali, IKEA Juga Jualan Produk Lokal". detikfinance (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 10 May 2022.
  76. ^ "First look: Ikea opens first city centre shopping mall in west London". www.retailgazette.co.uk. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 28 February 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  77. ^ "IKEA Are Opening A Brand New Store In Hammersmith This Year". Secret London. 24 February 2022. Archived from the original on 24 January 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  78. ^ "Boost for Hammersmith as IKEA opens new store in new-look mall". LBHF. 25 February 2022. Archived from the original on 6 March 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  79. ^ "Ikea to open first mall store in Indonesia". Inside Retail. 3 November 2021. Archived from the original on 25 June 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  80. ^ "IKEA Indonesia Resmi Bangun Konsep Toko Baru di Mall Taman Anggrek". IKEA Indonesia (in Indonesian). 28 October 2021. Archived from the original on 9 August 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  81. ^ "IKEA Buka Gerai Baru di Mal Taman Anggrek, Hadirkan Konsep City Store Pertama". kumparan (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 10 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  82. ^ "Buka Gerai Baru di Mall Taman Anggrek, Ini Dia Jam Operasional IKEA Cabang Ke-6 – iDEA". idea.grid.id (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  83. ^ Times, I. D. N.; Murdianto, Muhammad Tarmizi. "IKEA Indonesia Buka City Store Pertama di Mal Taman Anggrek". IDN Times (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  84. ^ "9 Potret IKEA Mall Taman Anggrek, Luasnya 9.400 Meter Persegi". MSN (in Indonesian). Archived from the original on 11 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  85. ^ "IKEA Buka City Store Pertama di Mal Taman Anggrek | Ekonomi". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). 7 April 2022. Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 11 April 2022.
  86. ^ "The IKEA Group approach to sustainability (2011)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 August 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
  87. ^ "The 12 most popular IKEA products of all time". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  88. ^ Fortini, Amanda (12 September 2016). "Ikea Forever". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 2 October 2017.
  89. ^ "IKEA x LEGO Collaboration Releases Storage Boxes That Are Also Toys". My Modern Met. 1 September 2020. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  90. ^ "IKEA unveils LGBTQ-themed sofas – and the internet has thoughts on its 'bisexual couch'". CNN. 30 June 2021. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  91. ^ Lars Petrus. "The IKEA Dictionary". Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  92. ^ Henley, Jon (4 February 2008). "Do you speak Ikea?". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  93. ^ 'Fartfull' workbench, 'Jerker' desk: Is Ikea hiding a grin? Chicago Sun-Times, 17 August 2004
  94. ^ Leslie Katz (10 December 2021). "Sweden reclaims Ikea product names: 'Bolmen, more than a toilet brush'". CNET. Archived from the original on 20 February 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  95. ^ posted by (20 December 2021). "Lake Toiletbrush and the Curse of Ikea's Product Names". Kottke.org. Archived from the original on 23 January 2022. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
  96. ^ "IKEA U.S. to relocate Upper East Side planning studio". www.ikea.com. Archived from the original on 4 May 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  97. ^ "How did IKEA Improve Customer Experience by Going Paperless?". CEOWORLD magazine. 26 August 2021. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  98. ^ "IKEA's fancy new AR app lets you design entire rooms". Wired UK. ISSN 1357-0978. Archived from the original on 8 September 2021. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  99. ^ "Ikea Tradfri Smart Lighting Kit". CNET. Archived from the original on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2017.
  100. ^ "Ikea Trådfri & Hue work together NOW!". Smart Home Geeks. 11 August 2017. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  101. ^ "Wireless Charging – IKEA". www.ikea.com. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 17 October 2017.
  102. ^ Tepper, Fitz (6 December 2017). "Sonos and Ikea are collaborating on sound products for the home". TechCrunch. Oath Inc. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  103. ^ Roettgers, Janko (6 December 2017). "Sonos Teams Up With Ikea for Smart Home Audio". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  104. ^ "Symfonisk is here, Ikea and Sonos rethink the way we use sound and light". www.ikea.com. Archived from the original on 5 August 2019. Retrieved 5 August 2019.
  105. ^ Wainwright, Martin (2 February 2005). "Buying a house? Pick up a flatpack at Ikea". guardian.co.uk. London. Archived from the original on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 5 May 2010.
  106. ^ "Ikea to sell solar panels in UK stores". The Guardian. Reuters. 30 September 2013. Archived from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  107. ^ Lobello, Carmel (1 October 2013). "The latest appliance from IKEA: Solar power panels". The Week Newspaper. Archived from the original on 4 October 2013. Retrieved 1 October 2013.
  108. ^ "The Solibro CIGS Technology". Solibro GmbH. Archived from the original on 1 April 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2017. Residential kit for IKEA in the Netherlands and Switzerland
  109. ^ Stoker, Liam (25 April 2016). "Solarcentury lands IKEA 'Solar Shops' contract". solarpowerportal.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 April 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
  110. ^ "Ikea to start selling solar panels in U.K. stores". Newsweek. 25 April 2016. Archived from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 14 November 2016.
  111. ^ "IKEA to test furniture rental in 30 markets as a greener alternative to flat-pack fare". Financial Post. 6 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019. IKEA to test furniture rental in 30 markets as a greener alternative to flat-pack fare, Young consumers say they want to minimize their impact on the environment
  112. ^ "IKEA to test furniture rental in 30 countries". Thomson Reuters. 6 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019. KAARST, Germany (Reuters), IKEA wants to roll out furniture rental to all its main markets in a bid to appeal to its increasingly environmentally conscious and transient customers.
  113. ^ "Restaurants that make customers happy". IKEA Museum. Archived from the original on 1 July 2022. Retrieved 20 June 2022.
  114. ^ Trask, Bailey. "Short Order: Ikea Restaurant". Columbus Monthly. Archived from the original on 8 August 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  115. ^ "Ikea store takes shape in Oak Creek: Here's how it looks from the air—Slideshow – Milwaukee – Milwaukee Business Journal". www.bizjournals.com. Archived from the original on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  116. ^ "What, no meatballs? How Ikea caters to different global tastes". The Economic Times. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 5 January 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  117. ^ Ciment, Shoshy. "IKEA food courts have different menus across the world. Take a look at 11 cuisines you can get outside the US". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 20 June 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  118. ^ "IKEA Opens First Showroom in India Today". India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News | India.com. 9 August 2018. Archived from the original on 10 August 2018. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  119. ^ "Badatz Beit Yosef Restaurant Listing". Badatz.com. Archived from the original on 16 April 2015. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
  120. ^ Immergluck, Ira Tolchin. "Courting ultra-Orthodox consumers, IKEA turns to kosher inspiration". www.timesofisrael.com. Archived from the original on 1 December 2019. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  121. ^ "IKEA to start serving salad grown at its stores". Reuters. 4 April 2019. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  122. ^ "Ikea's new meatless meatballs are coming to Europe in August". 27 February 2020. Archived from the original on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 27 February 2020.
  123. ^ "Customers want vegan food, and national restaurants are responding". Press Herald. 9 May 2018. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  124. ^ Kamila, Avery Yale (25 June 2014). "Chipotle, IKEA mainstreaming meatless meals". Press Herald. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  125. ^ Edwards, Jess (19 February 2018). "Vegetarian hot dogs might be coming to Ikea". Cosmopolitan. Archived from the original on 15 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  126. ^ Hansen, James (25 October 2019). "Ikea Shelves Meat for Christmas". Eater London. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022. Retrieved 15 June 2022.
  127. ^ Higgins, Michelle (10 June 2009). "A Cheap Date, With Child Care by Ikea". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 23 November 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2017.
  128. ^ Dec 18, B. B. Nayak / TNN / Updated. "IKEA in Navi Mumbai: IKEA opens store in Navi Mumbai | Navi Mumbai News – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 18 December 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  129. ^ "Gazprombank buys Russia MEGA shopping centres from IKEA affiliated business". yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  130. ^ Milmo, Dan (4 August 2014). "Ikea launches ready-made mobile phone service". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 19 March 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2014.
  131. ^ "T-Mobile signs Ikea MVNO". 4 August 2008. Archived from the original on 8 August 2008. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  132. ^ "T-Mobile " the network behind IKEA Family Mobile, the UK's newest mobile service". 3 August 2008. Archived from the original on 29 January 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2009.
  133. ^ "Coms Mobile / Your Family Mobile closure on 31st August 2015" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 September 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  134. ^ Ringstrom, Anna (17 April 2012). "IKEA moves into consumer electronics with China venture". Thomson Reuters. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 July 2017.
  135. ^ Nordstom, Louise (17 April 2012). "IKEA to sell TVs integrated in its furniture". Bloomberg L.P. The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 27 April 2012.
  136. ^ "IKEA to launch chain of budget hotels in Europe". NY Daily News. New York. 16 August 2012. Archived from the original on 26 May 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  137. ^ "Is IKEA about to open its first hotel outside of Sweden?". Telegraph. 30 April 2018. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2019. Is IKEA about to open its first hotel outside of Sweden?
  138. ^ "Pirelli Hotel Plan Survives Surprise Attack". Independent. 15 November 2018. Archived from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2019. The approved plans call for a 165-room hotel, 129 dedicated parking spaces, 200 square feet of bicycle storage in the bottom of the IKEA sign, stormwater management, and landscaping improvements, a reconfiguration of IKEA's existing 1,241-space surface lot, and the repair and cleaning up of the building's facade. The proposal does not call for any changes to be made to the building's exterior.
  139. ^ "360 State Builder Buys IKEA Hotel Site". New Haven Independent. 6 January 2020. Archived from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  140. ^ "How an Iconic Brutalist Building Became One of the Most Sustainable Hotels in the U.S." Buildings. 16 February 2022. Archived from the original on 13 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  141. ^ "Hotel Marcel opening: Look inside the country's first net-zero energy hotel". www.boston.com. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.
  142. ^ Small, Andrew (5 June 2018). "Rest In Peace, Ikea Bike". www.bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 8 August 2022. Retrieved 20 July 2022.
  143. ^ Staff Writer (28 September 2017). "No assembly required? Ikea to buy services site TaskRabbit". The Boston Globe. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 28 September 2017.
  144. ^ Allen, Kelly (11 March 2020). "IKEA and Pizza Hut Collabed to Make a Table Inspired by the Stands in Pizza Boxes". House Beautiful. Archived from the original on 17 March 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
  145. ^ Lindsay, Jessica (18 March 2020). "Ikea and Pizza Hut team up to create three-legged table that looks just like the 'saver' in your pizza box and meatball pizza". Metro. Archived from the original on 19 March 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2013.
  146. ^ Kompella, Kashyap. "IKEA Acquires Geomagical Labs: Top Takeaways For Retailers And Startups". Forbes. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  147. ^ "Ikea acquires AI imaging startup Geomagical Labs to supercharge room visualisations". TechCrunch. 2 April 2020. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 17 April 2020.
  148. ^ Steen, Emma (21 July 2020). "Ikea is releasing its first-ever apparel line in Harajuku". Time Out. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  149. ^ Jamkhandikar, Shilpa; Monnappa, Chandini (8 December 2021). "IKEA malls business to invest around $1.2 bln in India – executive". Reuters. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  150. ^ Braun, Jennifer (6 June 2017). "Ikea Canada partners with Indigenous Fashion Incubator". FASHION Network.
  151. ^ a b c d "Flat-pack accounting". The Economist. 11 May 2006. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  152. ^ "Our owner". Inter IKEA Group. 1 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  153. ^ "IKEA finalizing its biggest overhaul in decades". Reuters. 15 April 2016. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
  154. ^ a b Gina Chon (5 June 2013). "IKEA's new chairman likes PAX wardrobes, and that's about all we know". Quartz. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. Retrieved 6 June 2013.
  155. ^ "Ingvar Kamprads son bort från maktposition". Dagens Industri. 17 October 2016. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.
  156. ^ "Berne Declaration Public Eye Awards, 2007 Nominations". Erklärung von Bern. Archived from the original on 9 April 2014.
  157. ^ "• Gross profit of IKEA worldwide 2009–2018 | Statista". Archived from the original on 15 December 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2017.
  158. ^ "State-of-the-art distribution center for IKEA". ssi-schaefer.com. 15 June 2018. Archived from the original on 16 April 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  159. ^ Pierce, Freddie (7 March 2020). "The Top 10 Automated Warehouses". Supplychaindigital.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2021. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  160. ^ Ringstrom, Anna (14 October 2021). "IKEA expects supply chain disruptions into 2022 as it fights 'perfect storm'". Archived from the original on 6 February 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
  161. ^ Panwar, Rajat; Pinkse, Jonatan; De Marchi, Valentina (February 2022). "The Future of Global Supply Chains in a Post-COVID-19 World". California Management Review. 64 (2): 5–23. doi:10.1177/00081256211073355. ISSN 0008-1256. S2CID 246777087.
  162. ^ Nicholas Kulish; Julia Werdigier (16 November 2012). "Ikea Admits Forced Labor Was Used in 1980s". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2012.
  163. ^ Cain, Áine (3 October 2018). "Unions are accusing IKEA of cracking down on Massachusetts workers in a series of 'captive-audience' meetings featuring fear-mongering PowerPoints". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  164. ^ Ringstrom, Anna (27 September 2018). "Unions accuse IKEA of undermining workers' rights in three markets". Reuters. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2022.
  165. ^ "IKEA Named to Working Mother Magazine's '100 Best Companies for Working Mothers' for Second Consecutive Year". www.businesswire.com. 21 September 2004. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  166. ^ "Reasons for Selection, 2009 Canada's Top 100 Employers Competition". Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 14 January 2009.
  167. ^ "Ikea and formaldehyde". unknown (2003 to 6 February 2004). Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  168. ^ "Formaldehyde and other VOC's". ikeafans.com. February 1998. Archived from the original on 25 June 2013. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
  169. ^ Grayson, Jennifer (26 January 2011). "Eco Etiquette: Should I Freak Out About Formaldehyde In Baby Furniture?". HuffPost. Archived from the original on 22 September 2020. Retrieved 27 April 2020.
  170. ^ See Bartlett, Dessain, Sjöman (2006) – Ikea's Global Sourcing Challenge: Indian Rugs and Child Labour (A) in Harvard Business School
  171. ^ a b c Owens, Heidi (1998) Ikea: A Natural Step Case Study. Archived 25 November 2005 at the Wayback Machine Oregon Natural Step Network. Retrieved on: 6 April 2008.
  172. ^ Sherwood Stranieri (17 July 2008). "IKEA Bikes (no, they're not made of plywood)". Using Bicycles. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
  173. ^ admin (21 November 2023). "Unveiling the Elegance: Transform Your Space with IKEA Bedroom Furniture Sets". Decor Mastery. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
  174. ^ "Better Retail, Better World". brc.org.uk. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  175. ^ "IKEA Group Sustainability Strategy 2016" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  176. ^ "From store to farm – traceability in action at IKEA – UTZ.org". UTZ.org. Archived from the original on 17 August 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2016.
  177. ^ "Ikea Sets its Sights on the Sun". Futurethinktank.com (futurethink's innovation weblog). 7 August 2008. Archived from the original on 10 July 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  178. ^ "IKEA GreenTech". Green VC. 10 August 2008. Archived from the original on 30 April 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  179. ^ "IKEA building its own personal wind farm". CNET. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  180. ^ "Ikea U.S. Solar Plans near 89% with Two More Installations Proposed; Distribution Centers in Perryville, MD and Westampton, NJ Will Be among Country's Largest Projects". Business Wire. 12 June 2012. Archived from the original on 12 July 2014.
  181. ^ Handy, Ryan Maye (27 July 2017). "Sea change: Gulf Coast wind farms become vital to Texas energy mix". Houston Chronicle. Archived from the original on 9 November 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2017.
  182. ^ "Ajos vindpark överlämnad till kund". www.vindkraftsnyheter.se. 6 October 2017. Archived from the original on 16 October 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2017.
  183. ^ Quito, Anne (21 September 2019). "IKEA is investing $2.8 billion in renewable energy infrastructure". Quartz. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  184. ^ a b c d Sammon, Alexander; Renault, Marion; Renault, Marion; Cummins, Eleanor; Cummins, Eleanor; Lee, Kevin; Lee, Kevin; Shapiro, Walter; Shapiro, Walter; Beyerstein, Lindsay; Beyerstein, Lindsay; Haas, Lidija; Haas, Lidija (16 February 2022). "Ikea's Race for the Last of Europe's Old-Growth Forest". The New Republic (published 6 February 2022). Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  185. ^ "Making Solid Wood". ikea.com. 26 February 2015. Archived from the original on 19 April 2015.
  186. ^ a b "IKEA Sustainability Report FY21" (PDF). ikea.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 May 2022. Retrieved 6 August 2022.
  187. ^ Takahashi, Paul (22 November 2019). "Ikea acquires 42,000 acres of forestland in East Texas". Mysa. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 26 November 2019.
  188. ^ Alaa Elassar (31 January 2021). "Ikea bought 11,000 acres of forest in Georgia to protect it from development". CNN The Good Stuff. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2021.
  189. ^ "Ingka Investments acquires forestland in United States from The Conservation Fund". www.ikea.com. Archived from the original on 31 January 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  190. ^ Elassar, Alaa (31 January 2021). "Ikea bought 11,000 acres of forest in Georgia to protect it from development". www.cnn.com. Archived from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2021.
  191. ^ "IKEA Phases Out Wood Pallets". Packaging Revolution. 3 November 2011. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  192. ^ "The OptiLedge Offers Efficiencies for International Shipments". Packaging Revolution. 8 December 2011. Archived from the original on 21 October 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  193. ^ "OptiLedge". Inter IKEA Systems B.V. 2012. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  194. ^ IKEA to do away with disposable shopping bags Archived 28 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine (Jan 2013)
  195. ^ "Banverket – press release". Cision Wire. 29 June 2001. Archived from the original on 31 July 2012.
  196. ^ Briggs, Fiona. "Ikea becomes first retailer to install electric vehicle rapid chargers at all UK stores". Retail Times. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  197. ^ Murray, James (12 November 2013). "IKEA promises rapid rollout of electric car chargers". Business Green. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2013.
  198. ^ "Make a difference without leaving your home". IKEA UK. Archived from the original on 1 January 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
  199. ^ "Foundation Fact Sheet". Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. Archived from the original on 26 February 2013. Retrieved 9 March 2007.
  200. ^ "Quake children at greater risk after rain, snowfall: UN". Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
  201. ^ "IKEA donates 9,000 tables for Liberia's schools and health centres". Unicef.org. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  202. ^ "Plant Trees". IKEA. 12 June 2006. Archived from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  203. ^ "American Forests". American Forests. Archived from the original on 1 November 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2010.
  204. ^ Amiah Taylor (7 March 2022). "Google transforms Poland office into help center for Ukrainian refugees". Fortune. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  205. ^ Justin Klawans (3 March 2022). Swedish Company IKEA Is Latest Global Brand to Donate to Ukrainian Relief. Newsweek. Archived from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 9 February 2022.
  206. ^ Beaty, Thalia (11 February 2023). "Fundraisers for Syria, Turkey earthquake try to deliver aid". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 12 February 2023. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  207. ^ "Social initiatives". IKEA Museum. Archived from the original on 5 July 2022. Retrieved 1 June 2022.
  208. ^ "UNICEF's corporate partnerships". Unicef.org. Archived from the original on 25 February 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
  209. ^ "IKEA and IKEA Foundation | Save the Children International". Archived from the original on 16 August 2009.
  210. ^ UNICEF (23 February 2009) IKEA social initiative adds $48 million to UNICEF's child health programme Archived 10 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  211. ^ Reuters India (23 February 2009) Ikea gives UNICEF $48 mln to fight India child labour Archived 18 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  212. ^ "UNICEF: IKEA Soft Toy campaign raises €5.4 million for education projects". Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 27 May 2016.
  213. ^ McBain, Sophie (10 December 2013). "How Lufsig the cuddly wolf became a Hong Kong protest symbol – A short lesson in the art of mistranslating names into Chinese." Archived 30 November 2016 at the Wayback Machine The New Statesman.
  214. ^ "Save the Children: Ikea Provides Soft Toys to Children in Cyclone-Affected Myanmar". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015.
  215. ^ "Reuters / PR Newswire: Sunny News: IKEA and UNICEF Lighten Up Children's Lives in the Developing World". 21 July 2009. Archived from the original on 22 January 2010.
  216. ^ UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency (Thailand) (2 September 2011). "Ikea Foundation gives UNHCR US$62 million for Somali refugees in Kenya | UNHCR: The UN Refugee Agency (Thailand)". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  217. ^ "IKEA History". Archived from the original on 30 March 2010. Retrieved 22 March 2010.
  218. ^ "IKEA Reinvents the Catalog". Archived from the original on 16 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  219. ^ "IKEA FAQ". Archived from the original on 8 February 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  220. ^ "2003 IKEA Catalogue printable facts" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 February 2005.
  221. ^ "After 70 years, IKEA turning the page on the Catalog". www.ikea.com. 2020. Archived from the original on 13 December 2020. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  222. ^ Ringstrom, Anna (7 December 2020). "IKEA turns the page on catalogue after seven decades". Reuters. Archived from the original on 2 January 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2021.
  223. ^ Daniel Farey-Jones. "Ikea to introduce UK magazine in February". Archived from the original on 30 November 2007.
  224. ^ Pardes, Arielle (20 September 2017). "Ikea's New App Flaunts What You'll Love Most About AR". Wired. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  225. ^ Regan, Jack (29 August 2017). "Apple teases the future of augmented reality apps". CNNMoney. Archived from the original on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  226. ^ "Dining Room Table Ikea advertisement". AdRespect Advertising Education Program. 1994. Archived from the original on 26 September 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  227. ^ "Redecorate Your Life IKEA advertisement". AdRespect Advertising Education Program. 1999. Archived from the original on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  228. ^ Eastwood, Allison; "MINI missing but "Lamp" shines at Clios Archived 14 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine", Boards, 22 May 2003. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  229. ^ "Archive: 2003 Winners, London International Awards". 2008.liaawards.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  230. ^ "Archive: 2003 Winners, ANDY Awards". Andyawards.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  231. ^ Mutel, Glen; "Surprise at Cannes as 'lamp' wins Grand Prix Archived 9 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine", Campaign, 27 June 2003. Retrieved 22 April 2010.
  232. ^ "Ikea campaign attracts copycat claims". Mad.co.uk. 21 September 2007. Archived from the original on 11 May 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  233. ^ "Ikea's new marketing campaign 'remarkably similar' to strategy used by Scots-led firm". Sunday Herald. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 10 June 2009.
  234. ^ "IKEA в метро" (in Russian). metkere.com. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  235. ^ "IKEA Human Catalogue". ikeahumancatalogue.com. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  236. ^ "The IKEA Human Catalogue | The Webby Awards". Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  237. ^ "20 ad campaigns tipped to win at Cannes Lions – AdNews". Archived from the original on 17 June 2018. Retrieved 17 June 2018.
  238. ^ "IKEA Black Friday 2020". www.ikea.com. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  239. ^ "Brands pull ads from GB News TV channel over content concerns". Archived from the original on 15 June 2021. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  240. ^ IKEA Group Sustainability Report FY13 Archived 7 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine, Page 23. Retrieved 13 February 2014
  241. ^ Fiona Harvey (23 June 2020). "Timber from unsustainable logging allegedly being sold in EU as ethical". www.theguardian.com (published 16 July 2021). Archived from the original on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  242. ^ Jane Dalton (23 June 2020). "Ikea sold children's furniture 'made of illegally-logged Russian wood'". www.independent.co.uk. Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 22 July 2022.
  243. ^ Rosca, Matei (4 July 2014). "Ikea funds went to Romanian secret police in communist era". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  244. ^ "Ikea paid millions to Romania's communist secret police in 1980s". South China Morning Post. 7 July 2014. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  245. ^ "Programmable Search Engine". cse.google.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  246. ^ "IKEA report: IKEA avoided €1 billion in taxes by using the European taxation system to its own benefit | European Greens". Archived from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 October 2023.
  247. ^ Boffey, Daniel (18 December 2017). "EU investigates Ikea after Dutch deals reduce tax bill by €1bn". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 15 November 2023.
  248. ^ Samson, Anna. "A toy shark from IKEA has blown up on TikTok as creators say it provides them with a unique kind of comfort and community". Insider. Archived from the original on 10 August 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  249. ^ Yap, Mae Yen (20 January 2020). "Someone created a Twitter account of the IKEA shark going about life and it's adorable". Mashable SEA. Archived from the original on 30 October 2021. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  250. ^ "People Around the world are obsessed with this Plush Shark from IKEA". My Modern Met. 26 October 2018. Archived from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  251. ^ "People are rearranging IKEA Shark plushies to make them do human things". mothership.sg. Archived from the original on 18 July 2022. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
  252. ^ Mikael Ekman (director) (24 October 1986). Jönssonligan dyker upp igen (in Swedish). Sweden: Svensk Filmindustri, Nordisk Film.
  253. ^ "Eight surprising facts about 500 Days of Summer". New Zealand Herald. 19 July 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 28 April 2020.
  254. ^ Neil, Dan (8 September 2009). "Virality erupts at IKEA in Burbank". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  255. ^ Daniel Hahn. "The Extraordinary Journey Of The Fakir Who Got Trapped In An Ikea Wardrobe By Romain Puertolas (Trs by Sam Taylor) – book review". The Independent. Archived from the original on 17 December 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  256. ^ Hibberd, James (5 August 2015). "Fox orders pilot about an Ikea-like store selling haunted furniture". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on 19 July 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.
  257. ^ Beschizza, Rob (29 June 2017). "Brilliant short story about being trapped in an infinite IKEA". Boing Boing. Archived from the original on 4 August 2017. Retrieved 5 August 2017.
  258. ^ "SCP-3008". SCP Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  259. ^ "Steam Workshop :: SCP 3008". Steam Community. Archived from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
  260. ^ "BEARS OUT OF THE BOX – Stefan Cebo – EuropeBooks" (in Italian). 23 January 2021. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  261. ^ BEARS OUT OF THE BOX Pocket Book – January 22, 2021. Europa Ediciones. 22 January 2021. ISBN 979-12-201-0410-4. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
  262. ^ "Bears out of the Box". www.goodreads.com. Archived from the original on 21 April 2023. Retrieved 16 July 2022.

External links edit