Tojol-ab'al is a Mayan language spoken in Chiapas, Mexico by the Tojolabal people. Tojol-ab'al is spoken, principally in the departments of the Chiapanecan Colonia of Las Margaritas, by about 70,000 people.[1] It is related to the Chuj language.
| Tojol-ab'al | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Mexico |
| Region | Southeast Chiapas |
| Ethnicity | Tojolabal |
Native speakers | 67,000 (2020 census)[1] |
Mayan
| |
| Latin | |
| Official status | |
Official language in |  Mexico |
| Regulated by | Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | toj |
| Glottolog | tojo1241 |
| ELP | Tojolabal |
The name Tojolabal derives from the phrase [tohol aˈbal], meaning "right language". Nineteenth-century documents sometimes refer to the language and its speakers as "Chaneabal" (meaning "four languages", possibly a reference to the four Mayan languages – Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Tojolabal, and Chuj—spoken in the Chiapas highlands and nearby lowlands along the Guatemala border).
Anthropologist Carlos Lenkersdorf has claimed several linguistic and cultural features of the Tojolabal, primarily the language's ergativity, show that they do not give cognitive weight to the distinctions subject/object, active/passive. This he interprets as being evidence in favor of the controversial Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
The official Writing Standard of the Tojol-ab’al Language (In Tojol-ab’al: Skujlayub'il Sts'ijb'ajel K'umal Tojol-ab'al, Spanish: Norma de Escritura de la Lengua Tojol-ab’al) was published in 2011 by the Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas, used for indigenous education. It established an official alphabet, grammar rules and other linguistic aspects.[2]
Tojol-abʼal-language programming is carried by the National Institute of Indigenous Peoples radio station XEVFS, broadcasting from Las Margaritas.
Alphabet edit
According to the Writing Standard, the alphabet in Tojol-ab’al is officially known as Tsome sat ts'ijb'anel (sign set), it's is integrated by 28 letters, 23 consonants and 5 vowels,[3] the order and their denomination in Tojol-ab’al are the following:
| Niwak
(Majuscule) |
Ch'inik
(Minuscule) |
Sb'i'ile'
(Name) |
|---|---|---|
| A | a | Aj |
| B | b | Bej |
| B' | b' | B'ej |
| CH | ch | Chej |
| CH' | ch' | Ch'ej |
| D | d | Dej |
| E | e | Ej |
| G | g | Gej |
| I | i | il |
| J | j | Jej |
| K | k | Kej |
| K' | k' | K'ej |
| L | l | Lej |
| M | m | Mej |
| N | n | Nej |
| O | o | Oj |
| P | p | Pej |
| R | r | Rej |
| S | s | Sej |
| T | t | Tej |
| T' | t' | T'ej |
| TS | ts | TSej |
| TS' | ts' | TS'ej |
| U | u | Uj |
| W | w | Wej |
| X | x | Xej |
| Y | y | Yej |
| ' | ' | Skajnub'il |
| - | - | Ch'in sjisanil |
Sample Text[4][5] edit
English edit
Article 1 edit
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
Article 2 edit
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
Tojolab'al edit
Artikulo 1. edit
Spetsanal ja swinkil ja lu’um k’inali junxta wax jul schonjel, sok ja sijpanub’ali, ja yuj ojni b’ob’ sk’u’luk ja jas sk’ana-i ja b’as lekilali, ja yuj ja ay sk’ujoli sok ay spensari t’ilan oj yilsb’aje lek sok ja smoj jumasa.
Artikulo 2. edit
Spetsanal ja swinkil ja lu’um k’inali, ojni b’ob’ sk’uluk ja jas wax sk’ana-i sok sijpanub’alni ja jastal wax yala ja b’a ju’un iti, mini ma’ mas lek oj iljuk a’ma tuktukiluk ja yelawi, sok a’ma winikuk ma ixuk, cha a’nima tuktukiluk ja sk’umali, cha ja’chni ja jas wax sk’ani, sok ja spensari, ma jas tuk, ja b’a niwan chonab’ b’a’yi sok ja tsome b’a kulani, cha ja’chni a’mani me’y lek stak’in sok a’nima chikan jastal jul schonjel.
Cha ja’chni spetsanal ja swinkil ja lu’um k’inali junxtani oj ilxuka a’ma tuktukiluk ja spensari sok ja sju’unil ja jas oj b’ob’ sk’uluki, ma ama tuktukiluk niwak chonab’ ja b’a’yi, cha a’ma jauk ja b’a slujmal b’a kulani, cha a’nima jun niwan chonab’ sijpanub’alxa ma jun slujmal b’a ay k’eluman ke titoni ay b’a sk’ab’ b’a jun niwan chonab’, ma oj kaltik jun niwan chonab’ b’a mito sijpanub’aluk.
Phonology edit
Consonants edit
| Labial | Alveolar | Post-alv./ Palatal |
Velar | Glottal | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | |||||
| Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ts | tʃ | k | ʔ |
| ejective | tʼ | tsʼ | tʃʼ | kʼ | |||
| implosive | ɓ | ||||||
| Fricative | s | ʃ | h | ||||
| Tap | ɾ | ||||||
| Approximant | w | l | j | ||||
- [ɾ] is mostly heard from Spanish loanwords.[6]
- Voiced stop sounds [b, d, ɡ] are also heard from Spanish loanwords.[7]
Vowels edit
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i iː | u uː | |
| Mid | e eː | o oː | |
| Open | a aː |
References edit
- ^ a b Lenguas indígenas y hablantes de 3 años y más, 2020 INEGI. Censo de Población y Vivienda 2020.
- ^ "Norma de Escritura de la Lengua Tojol-ab'al".
- ^ "SKUJLAYUB'IL STS'IJB'AJEL K'UMAL TOJOL-AB'AL, NORMA DE ESCRITURA DE LA LENGUA TOJOL-AB'AL: Alfabeto" (PDF).
- ^ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights - Tojol-a'b'al".
- ^ Nations, United. "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. Retrieved 2023-12-03.
- ^ del Prado, Alejandro Curiel Ramírez (2017). Tojolabal. Judith Aissen, Nora C. England, and Roberto Zavala Maldonado, The Mayan Languages: Routledge: London and New York. pp. 570–609.
- ^ Douglass, Celia M.; Supple, Julia (1949). Tojolabal (Mayan): Phonemes and verb morphology. International Journal of American Linguistics 15: University of Chicago Press. pp. 168–74.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
- Lenkersdorf, Carlos (1996). Los hombres verdaderos. Voces y testimonios tojolabales. Lengua y sociedad, naturaleza cite y cultura, artes y comunidad cósmica. Mexico City: Siglo XXI. ISBN 968-23-1998-6.
External links edit
- Tojolabʼal Collection of Jill Brody at the Archive of the Indigenous Languages of Latin America, including audio recordings. Access is restricted but available to researchers by request.