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User:Kevin McE/sandbox/Monarchs list

< User:Kevin McE‎ | sandbox

Current monarchs who are head of state over sovereign states are listed below. After the exceptional case of the Queen of the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth realms, whose reign extends over sixteen territories, they are listed alphabetically by name of their realm. (these two sentences replacing Entries below are listed beside their respective dominions, which are organised alphabetically. These monarchs reign as head of state in their respective sovereign states). Monarchs reigning over a constituent division, cultural or traditional polity are listed under constituent monarchs. For current claimants to abolished thrones, see pretenders.

Monarchs edit

Legend
Key Description
Monarch Name of monarch, preceded by title, with link to list of predecessors.
Realm The state, or wider area, over which the monarch reigns. Where the name of the realm is italicised, the link to the country can be accessed via the flag, and the name of the realm links to an article about the monarchy of that realm.
Since Date of assumption of throne; coronation date listed in footnotes.
House Name of royal family, with information on bloodline.
Type Form of monarchy, with information on role of the monarch within government.
Succession Method or pattern of succession, with link to current line of succession.
Standard Heraldry attributed to the relevant monarch or monarchy.
N/A Denotes where specific field is not applicable.
— Denotes where data is not available.
Monarch Realm Since House Type Succession Standard Ref(s)
HM Queen Elizabeth II[fn 1][fn 2] [2][3]  Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981[fn 3] Windsor[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary N/A [4]
 Australia 6 February 1952   [5]
 Bahamas 10 July 1973[fn 3] N/A [6]
 Barbados 30 November 1966[fn 3]   [7]
 Belize 21 September 1981[fn 3] N/A [8]
 Canada 6 February 1952   [9]
 Grenada 7 February 1974[fn 3] N/A [10]
 Jamaica 6 August 1962[fn 3]   [11]
  New Zealand[fn 5] 6 February 1952   [12]
  Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975[fn 6] N/A [13]
  Saint Kitts and Nevis 19 September 1983[fn 3] N/A [14]
  Saint Lucia 22 February 1979[fn 3] N/A [15]
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1979[fn 3] N/A [16]
  Solomon Islands 7 July 1978[fn 3] N/A [17]
  Tuvalu 1 October 1978[fn 3] N/A [18]
  United Kingdom[fn 7] 6 February 1952  
 [fn 8]
HE Joan Enric Vives Sicília[fn 9]   Andorra 12 May 2003 N/A Constitutional Ex officio N/A [19][20]
HE François Hollande[fn 9]   Andorra 15 May 2012 N/A Constitutional Ex officio N/A [19][20]
HM King Hamad ibn Isa   Bahrain 6 March 1999[fn 10] Al Khalifah[fn 11] Mixed Hereditary   [21]
HM King Albert II   Belgium 9 August 1993 Belgium[fn 4] Constitutional Hereditary Personal Standard of Albert II, King of the Belgians [25]
HM King Jigme Khesar Namgyel   Bhutan 14 December 2006[fn 12] Wangchuck Constitutional Hereditary [27]
HM Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah   Brunei 4 October 1967[fn 13] Bolkiah Absolute Hereditary [28]
HM King Norodom Sihamoni   Cambodia 14 October 2004[fn 14] Norodom[fn 15] Constitutional Hereditary and elective[fn 16]   [30]
HM Queen Margrethe II   Denmark 14 January 1972 Glücksburg[fn 17] Constitutional Hereditary   [34]
HIM Emperor Akihito[fn 18]   Japan 7 January 1989[fn 19] [not named][fn 20] Constitutional Hereditary   [36]
HM King Abdullah II   Jordan 7 February 1999[fn 21] Hāshim Constitutional Hereditary[fn 22]   [42][43]
HH Emir Sabah al-Ahmad   Kuwait 29 January 2006 Al Sabah[fn 11] Constitutional Hereditary and elective[fn 23] — [47]
HM King Letsie III   Lesotho 7 February 1996[fn 24] Moshesh Constitutional Hereditary and elective   [48][49]
HSH Prince Hans-Adam II   Liechtenstein 13 November 1989[fn 25] Liechtenstein Constitutional Hereditary   [51]
HRH Grand Duke Henri   Luxembourg 7 October 2000[fn 26] Luxembourg-Nassau[fn 27] Constitutional Hereditary align="center" align="center" | [53]
HM King Abdul Halim[fn 28]   Malaysia 13 December 2011[fn 29] Kedah Constitutional Hereditary and rotational[fn 30]   [60]
HSH Prince Albert II   Monaco 6 April 2005[fn 31] Grimaldi Constitutional Hereditary   [64]
HM King Mohammed VI   Morocco 23 July 1999[fn 32] Alawi Constitutional Hereditary   [66]
HM Queen Beatrix   Netherlands 30 April 1980 Orange-Nassau[fn 33] Constitutional Hereditary   [69]
HM King Harald V   Norway 17 January 1991[fn 34] Glücksburg[fn 17] Constitutional Hereditary   [70]
HM Sultan Qaboos bin Said   Oman 23 July 1970 Al Bu Sa‘īd Absolute Hereditary   [71][72]
HH Emir Hamad bin Khalifa   Qatar 27 June 1995 Al Thani Absolute[fn 35] Hereditary N/A [74]
CTHM King Abdullah bin Abdul‘aziz   Saudi Arabia 1 August 2005[fn 36] Al Saud Absolute Hereditary and elective[fn 37]   [78]
HM King Juan Carlos I   Spain 22 November 1975[fn 38] Bourbon Constitutional Hereditary   [79]
HM King Mswati III   Swaziland 25 April 1986 Dlamini Absolute Hereditary and elective[fn 39]   [82]
HM King Carl XVI Gustaf   Sweden 15 September 1973[fn 40] Bernadotte Constitutional Hereditary   [84]
HM King Bhumibol Adulyadej[fn 41]   Thailand 9 June 1946[fn 42] Chakri Constitutional Hereditary   [90]
HM King Tupou VI   Tonga 18 March 2012 Tupou[fn 43] Constitutional Hereditary   [92]
HH President Khalifa bin Zayed   United Arab Emirates 3 November 2004 Al Nahyan[fn 44] Mixed[fn 45] Elective and hereditary[fn 46]   [96]
HH Pope Benedict XVI[fn 47]   Vatican City 19 April 2005[fn 48] N/A Absolute Ex officio   [98][99]
  1. ^ Elizabeth II is currently queen regnant of sixteen separate Commonwealth realms, and has previously reigned as queen of sixteen other countries, which have since abolished the monarchy.
  2. ^ Coronation took place 2 June 1953.[1]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Elizabeth II previously reigned over this country as Queen of the United Kingdom, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
  4. ^ a b The royal family of Belgium and the House of Windsor are both lines of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha,[23] which is a branch of the House of Wettin.[24]
  5. ^ The monarchical Realm of New Zealand includes the Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau and the Ross Dependency as well as New Zealand itself]]
  6. ^ Elizabeth II previously reigned over Papua New Guinea as Queen of Australia, from 6 February 1952 until the nation's independence and the creation of a separate crown.
  7. ^ The monarch of the United Kingdom is also head of state in the three crown dependencies and fourteen British Overseas Territories, which are not part of the United Kingdom itself.]]
  8. ^ Lower flag is for use in Scotland only.
  9. ^ a b The president of France and the bishop of Urgell each hold the position of co-prince of Andorra, but there is no personal title attached to the role.
  10. ^ Hamad ibn Isa reigned as Amir of the State of Bahrain until 14 February 2002, when he assumed the new title of King of Bahrain under a new Constitution.[21]
  11. ^ a b A clan of the Utub tribe.[22]
  12. ^ Coronation took place 6 November 2008.[26]
  13. ^ Coronation took place 1 August 1968.[28]
  14. ^ Coronation took place 29 October 2004.[29]
  15. ^ A branch of the Varman dynasty. The surname "Norodom" is used by the descendants of Norodom I.[30][31]
  16. ^ The king is selected for life by the Royal Council of the Throne from amongst the male descendants of kings Ang Duong, Norodom, and Sisowath.[32]
  17. ^ a b Officially the House of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, which is a branch of the House of Oldenburg. [33]
  18. ^ "Akihito" is the current emperor's given name, but it is not his regnal name, and he is never referred to as this in Japanese. The era of Akihito's reign bears the name "Heisei", and according to custom he will be renamed "Emperor Heisei" following his death.[35]
  19. ^ Coronation took place 12 November 1990.[36]
  20. ^ The Japanese emperor does not have a family name.[37][38] The use of the name "Yamato" for the household derives from the ancient Yamato Court.[39] It is used often as a name for the imperial dynasty, but has no official basis.
  21. ^ Formally enthroned on 9 June 1999.[40]
  22. ^ Succession is based upon primogeniture. However, the reigning king may also select his successor from among eligible princes.[41]
  23. ^ The heir is appointed by the reigning emir, and the nomination must also be approved by a majority of members in the National Assembly.[44] The throne is also traditionally alternated between the two main branches of the Al Sabah family: the Al Salem and Al Jaber.[45][46] The current emir is of the Al Jaber branch.
  24. ^ Coronation took place 31 October 1997. Has previously reigned as king from 12 November 1990 until 25 January 1995.[48]
  25. ^ Formally enthroned on 15 August 1990.[50] Prior to his accession, Hans-Adam had served as prince regent since 26 August 1984.[51] On 15 August 2004, the prince formally appointed his son Prince Alois as regent, in preparation for his succession to the throne, but remained head of state in accordance with the constitution.[52]
  26. ^ Prior to formal enthronement, Henri had served as prince regent since 4 March 1998.[53]
  27. ^ The royal family of Luxembourg are members of the House of Nassau-Weilburg,[54] descended from the House of Nassau and the Parma branch of the House of Bourbon.
  28. ^ Official title: Yang di-Pertuan Agong. It roughly translates as "Supreme Head of State", and is commonly rendered in English as "King".[55]
  29. ^ Elected in October 2011. Coronation took place 13 December.[56] Abdul Halim has previously reigned as king from 21 September 1970 to 20 September 1975;[57] he is the first sultan to hold the throne twice.[58]
  30. ^ The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is elected to a five-year term by and from amongst the nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states, who form the Council of Rulers. The position has to date been, by informal agreement, systematically rotated between the nine; the order was originally based on seniority.[59]
  31. ^ Albert II was formally enthroned as prince in a two-part ceremony, in accordance with tradition, on 12 July and 19 November 2005.[61][62] He had previously been serving as regent since 31 March 2005.[63]
  32. ^ Coronation took place 30 July 1999.[65]
  33. ^ The Dutch royal family is descended from the Houses of Nassau and Lippe.[67][68]
  34. ^ Formally enthroned on 21 January 1991, and consecrated on 23 June 1991. Prior to his accession, Harald had served as prince regent since 1 June 1990.[70]
  35. ^ Monarchy is constitutional by law, but remains absolute in practice.[73]
  36. ^ Coronation took place 3 August 2005.[75] Abdullah previously served as prince regent from 1 January 1996 until 21 February 1996.[76]
  37. ^ Succession is determined by consensus within the House of Saud as to who will be Crown Prince. This consensus may change depending on the Crown Prince's actions.[77]
  38. ^ Formally enthroned on 27 November 1975. Juan Carlos was formally recognised by his father, the Count of Barcelona, as the sole head of the Spanish Royal Household on 14 May 1977.[79]
  39. ^ Succession is subject to customary law, and does not follow primogeniture. A council of elders selects who among the reigning king's wives will be mother of the next king. This woman will succeed as Ndlovukati upon her son's ascension to throne, and will rule alongside him for the duration of his reign. The king's first two wives are considered ineligible.[80][81]
  40. ^ Formally enthroned on 19 September 1973.[83]
  41. ^ Name is also written as Phumiphon Adunyadet. He is also styled Rama IX,[85] and is publicly acclaimed "the Great".[86][87] Thais refer to him as "Nai Luang" or "Phra Chao Yu Hua".[88]
  42. ^ Coronation took place 5 May 1950.[89]
  43. ^ A line of the Tuʻi Kanokupolu dynasty.[91][92]
  44. ^ The Al Nahyan are a branch of the Al Falahi, a clan of the Yas tribe.[93]
  45. ^ The Prime Minister is the head of the government. However, with the consent of the Supreme Council, the office is appointed by the President, who retains considerable power.[94]
  46. ^ According to the Constitution, the President of the United Arab Emirates is elected by the Federal Supreme Council from among the individual rulers of the seven emirates.[94] However, by informal agreement the Presidency is always passed to the head of the Al Nahyan clan, the Emir of Abu Dhabi (see constituent monarchs), which makes it a de facto hereditary position. In addition, the appointed Prime Minister has always been the head of the Al Maktoum clan and Emir of Dubai.[95]
  47. ^ As Sovereign of the Vatican City, by virtue of being Bishop of Rome.
  48. ^ Inauguration took place 24 April 2005.[97]
  1. ^ Government of the United Kingdom. "Accession and Coronation". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  2. ^ Government of the United Kingdom. "The House of Windsor". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  3. ^ Government of the United Kingdom. "The Queen and the Commonwealth". Official website of the British Monarchy. The Royal Household. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  4. ^ Constitution of Antigua and Barbuda, Art. 68.
  5. ^ Constitution of Australia, Art. 61.
  6. ^ Constitution of the Bahamas, Art. 71.
  7. ^ Constitution of Barbados, Art. 63.
  8. ^ Constitution of Belize, Art. 36.
  9. ^ Constitution of Canada, Art. 9.
  10. ^ Constitution of Grenada, Art. 57.
  11. ^ Constitution of Jamaica, Art. 68.
  12. ^ Constitution Act 1986: Part 1.
  13. ^ Constitution of Papua New Guinea, Art. 82.
  14. ^ Constitution of Saint Kitts and Nevis, Art. 51.
  15. ^ Constitution of Saint Lucia, Art. 59.
  16. ^ Constitution of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Art. 50.
  17. ^ Constitution of Solomon Islands, Art. 1.
  18. ^ Constitution of Tuvalu, Art. 48.
  19. ^ a b Government of Andorra (23 December 2009). "Recepció de Nadal del copríncep episcopal Joan-Enric Vives". Portal web del Govern d’Andorra (in Catalan). Government of Andorra. Retrieved 7 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  20. ^ a b Constitution of Andorra, Ch. 3.
  21. ^ a b "The Kingdom of Bahrain: The Constitutional Changes". The Estimate. The International Estimate, Inc. 22 February 2002. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  22. ^ Alghanim, Salwa (1998). The reign of Mubarak al-Sabah: Shaikh of Kuwait, 1896-1915. I.B.Tauris. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-86064-350-7.
  23. ^ "The Belgian Monarchy" (PDF). Government of Belgium, Chancellery of the Prime Minister. p. 11. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  24. ^ Herzogliche Hauptverwaltung. "The House of Wettin". Das Herzogliche Haus Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha. The Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha's Family Foundation. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  25. ^ Government of Belgium. "King Albert II". The Belgian Monarchy. Federal Public Service; Chancery of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  26. ^ Denyer, Simon (7 November 2008). "Bhutan's Dragon King shows he is man of the people". Reuters. Thomson Reuters. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  27. ^ Staff writers (15 December 2006). "Bhutanese king steps down early". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 13 November 2011.
  28. ^ a b Government of Brunei. "Prime Minister". The Royal Ark. Office of the Prime Minister. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  29. ^ Chandara, L., Samean, Y., Vachonn, M., Plaut, E., Botumroath, L. and Soenthrith, S. (2004). "King Norodom Sihamoni's coronation: a special supplement to the Cambodia Daily". The Cambodia Daily. Retrieved 15 November 2011. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ^ a b Government of Cambodia. "The Monarchy". Royal Embassy of Cambodia in the United Kingdom. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
  31. ^ Corfield, Justin J. (2009). The history of Cambodia. ABC-CLIO. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-313-35722-0.
  32. ^ Constitution of Cambodia, Art. 14.
  33. ^ Adams Woods, Frederick (2009). Mental and Moral Heredity in Royalty. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 225. ISBN 978-1-115-33425-9.
  34. ^ Government of Denmark. "Her Majesty The Queen of Denmark". The Danish Monarchy. Royal Court of Denmark. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  35. ^ Embassy of Japan in Pakistan (7 December 2007). "National Day of Japan to be celebrated" (Press release). Government of Japan. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  36. ^ a b Government of Japan. "Their Majesties the Emperor and Empress". Imperial Household Agency. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  37. ^ Skya, Walter (2009). Japan's holy war: the ideology of radical Shintō ultranationalism. Duke University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-8223-4423-0.
  38. ^ National Committee of Japanese Historians (1990). Historical studies in Japan. Vol. VII. Brill Publishers. p. 151. ISBN 978-4-634-65040-4.
  39. ^ Seagrave, Sterling (2001). The Yamato Dynasty: The Secret History of Japan's Imperial Family. Broadway Books. pp. 4–10. ISBN 978-0-7679-0497-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  40. ^ MEDEA Institute. "Abdullah II (Jordan)". Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  41. ^ Constitution of Jordan, Art. 28.
  42. ^ Government of Jordan. "His Majesty King Abdullah II". Abdullah II Official Website. The Royal Hashemite Court. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  43. ^ Government of Jordan. "The Hashemites: Introduction". Office of King Hussein I. The Royal Hashemite Court. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  44. ^ Constitution of Kuwait, Art. 4.
  45. ^ Cordesman, Anthony H (2007). Gulf military forces in an era of asymmetric wars. Vol. 2. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 111. ISBN 978-0-275-99250-7.: "The royal family, Al Sabah, has two branches—Al Jaber and Al Salem—and has traditionally alternated in ruling Kuwait. This tradition, however, has changed following the death of Jaber Al Sabah [1977–2006]."
  46. ^ Political Risk Yearbook, 1998. Political Risk Services. 1998. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-85271-371-3.: "The two branches of the Al-Sabah family, the Jabers and the Salems, have traditionally alternated their rule, one providing the emir and the other the crown prince (also serving as prime minister)."
  47. ^ Government of Kuwait. "H.H. Amir Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah". Diwan of the Almiri Court. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  48. ^ a b Government of Lesotho. "His Majesty King Letsie III". The Lesotho Monarchy. Archived from the original on 26 June 2009. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  49. ^ Olivier, J. "Basotho in Lesotho". Sesotho Online. Sesotho Online. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  50. ^ Leistra, Netty. "Furstentum Liechtenstein". Netty's Royalty Page. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  51. ^ a b Government of Liechtenstein. "Prince Hans-Adam II". Portal of the Principality of Liechtenstein. Government Spokesperson’s Office. Archived from the original on 29 June 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  52. ^ Image Liechtenstein. "The Principality of Liechtenstein" (PDF). Portal of the Principality of Liechtenstein. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
  53. ^ a b Government of Luxembourg. "Grand Duke Henri". Press and Information Service. Retrieved 11 November 2010.
  54. ^ "Droits de Succession: Ordre successoral" (in French). Grand Ducal Court of Luxembourg. Retrieved 28 December 2012.
  55. ^ Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit. "The Yang di-Pertuan Agong". myGovernment. Government of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  56. ^ Staff writers (13 December 2011). "Malaysia crowns 84-year-old sultan". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group Ltd. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  57. ^ National Library of Malaysia. "Yang di-Pertuan Agong V". Government of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 January 2011.
  58. ^ "Sultan of Kedah to be next Yang di-Pertuan Agong, for second time". The Malaysian Insider. Bernama. 14 October 2011. Archived from the original on 12 December 2011. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  59. ^ National Library of Malaysia. "Election of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong and Timbalan Yang di-Pertuan Agong". Government of Malaysia. Retrieved 4 December 2011.
  60. ^ National Library of Malaysia. "Yang di-Pertuan Agong XIV". Government of Malaysia. Retrieved 5 January 2011.
  61. ^ Agence France-Presse (20 November 2005). "Prince Albert's Monaco enthronement complete". ABC News Online. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  62. ^ "Biography". Prince's Palace of Monaco. 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2011.
  63. ^ Sector, Charlotte (6 April 2005). "Playboy Prince Fulfills His Destiny". ABC News. ABC News Internet Ventures. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  64. ^ "The House of Grimaldi". Infinite Public Relations. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  65. ^ Staff writers (24 July 1999). "Mohammed VI takes Moroccan throne". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  66. ^ Laurenson, John (11 March 2006). "The most powerful man in Morocco". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 15 November 2011.
  67. ^ Government of the Netherlands. "Orange and Nassau". The Dutch Royal House. Government Information Service. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  68. ^ Steinberg, Glenn A. "The Former Ruling House of Lippe, 1939-1945". European Royalty during World War II. The College of New Jersey. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  69. ^ Government of the Netherlands. "The Queen of the Netherlands". The Dutch Royal House. Government Information Service. Archived from the original on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  70. ^ a b Government of Norway. "His Majesty King Harald". Official website of the Royal House of Norway. Royal Court of Norway. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  71. ^ Sultan Qaboos Centre for Islamic Culture. "About H.M the Sultan". Government of Oman, Diwan of the Royal Court. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  72. ^ Nyrop, Richard F (2008). Area Handbook for the Persian Gulf States. Wildside Press LLC. p. 341. ISBN 978-1-4344-6210-7.
  73. ^ World and Its Peoples: Arabian Peninsula. Marshall Cavendish. 2006. p. 64. ISBN 978-0-7614-7571-2.
  74. ^ Government of Qatar. "H.H. The Amir's Biography". Diwan of the Amiri Court. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  75. ^ JPostPedia. "Abdullah of Saudi Arabia". The Jerusalem Post. Inter Media Ltd. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  76. ^ "Obituary for King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud". The Times Online. Times Newspapers Ltd. 1 August 2005. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2010. {{cite news}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; 29 June 2011 suggested (help)
  77. ^ Cordesman, Anthony H (2009). Saudi Arabia: national security in a troubled region. ABC-CLIO. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-313-38076-1.: "In October 2006, King Abdullah issued a new succession law that amended the 1992 Basic Law and formalized the process by creating the Allegiance Commission. The new law both defines how a king will choose among possible candidates and provides a formal way for developing a consensus to choose the king's successor. The Allegiance Commission will select a king and crown prince upon the death or incapacitation of either. This commission expands the role of the ruling family in the selection process. ... It is composed of some 35 sons and grandsons of the late founder of the Kingdom, Abd al-Aziz al-Saud, who will vote in secret ballots on who could and could not be eligible to be future kings and crown princes."
  78. ^ Frontline (1 August 2005). "The House of Saud". Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 12 April 2010.
  79. ^ a b Government of Spain. "His Majesty the King Juan Carlos". The Royal Household of His Majesty the King. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  80. ^ Marwick, Brian Allan (1940). The Swazi: an ethnographic account of the natives of the Swaziland Protectorate. Cambridge University Press. pp. 5–75.
  81. ^ Rubin, N.N. (28 July 2009). "The Swazi Law of Succession: A Restatement". Journal of African Law. 9 (2). Cambridge University Press: 90–113. doi:10.1017/S0021855300001108.
  82. ^ Simelane, H.S. (2005), "Swaziland: Mswati III, Reign of", in Shillington, Kevin (ed.), Encyclopedia of African history, vol. 3, Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 1528–30, 9781579584559
  83. ^ Government of Sweden (19 September 1973). "Kungl Maj:ts kungörelse (1973:702)". Department of Justice. Retrieved 12 June 2010.
  84. ^ Government of Sweden. "H.M. King Carl XVI Gustaf". Sveriges Kungahus (in Swedish). Information and Press Department. Retrieved 7 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  85. ^ "The Bond between His Majesty the King and the People". Father of the Land. National News Bureau of Thailand. 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  86. ^ Cummins, Peter (5 December 2004). "His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej The Great: Monarch of Peace and Unity". Chiangmai Mail. Chiangmai Mail Publishing Co. Ltd. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  87. ^ Jones, Constance (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism. Infobase Publishing. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  88. ^ USA International Business Publications (2007). Thailand Country Study Guide. International Business Publications. p. 43. ISBN 978-1-4330-4919-4. {{cite book}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  89. ^ "His Majesty the King Ascends the Throne". Father of the Land. National News Bureau of Thailand. 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
  90. ^ "The Illustrious Chakri Family". Mahidol University. Retrieved 28 April 2010.
  91. ^ Government of Tonga (28 July 2008). "Geneology of King Tupou VI". Office of the Lord Chamberlain. Archived from the original on 24 August 2010. Retrieved 9 December 2010.
  92. ^ a b Government of Tonga. "Tu'i Kanokupolu". Palace Office. Retrieved 12 November 2011.
  93. ^ Shoup, John A (2009). Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: A-J. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 323. ISBN 978-0-313-34444-2. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help). "The Al Nahyan ... are a branch of the Al Bu Falah tribe of the Bani Yas confederation, and although they have been a small section of the tribe, the Al Nahyan have traditionally provided the paramount shaykh for the confederation."
  94. ^ a b Constitution of the United Arab Emirates, Art. 51 & 54.
  95. ^ Noack, Sascha (2007). Doing Business in Dubai and the United Arab Emirates. GRIN Verlag. p. 16. ISBN 978-3-638-79766-5.
  96. ^ Rosenthal, Laurie (12 June 2006). "Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan". The Nation. Katrina vanden Heuvel.
  97. ^ Office of Liturgical Celebrations (24 April 2005). "Santa Messa Imposizione del Pallio..." Holy See. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
  98. ^ "The Holy Father: Benedict XVI" (in Italian). Holy See. Retrieved 12 April 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  99. ^ Temperman, Jeroen (2010). State-religion relationships and human rights law: towards a right to religiously neutral governance. Brill Publishers. p. 17. ISBN 978-90-04-18148-9.
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