Voiceless labial–velar plosive

The voiceless labial–velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is a [k] and [p] pronounced simultaneously. To make this sound, one can say Coe but with the lips closed as if one were saying Poe; the lips are to be released at the same time as or a fraction of a second after the C of Coe. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is k͡p.

Voiceless labial–velar plosive
k͡p
IPA Number109 (101)
Audio sample
Encoding
Entity (decimal)k​͡​p
Unicode (hex)U+006B U+0361 U+0070

The voiceless labial–velar plosive is found in Vietnamese and various languages in West and Central Africa. In Yoruba it is written with a simple ⟨p⟩.

Features edit

Features of the voiceless labial–velar stop:

Occurrence edit

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Dangme[1] kpà [k͡pà] 'to roam'
Ega[2] [k͡pá] 'build a hedge to enclose a field'
Ibibio[3] kpa [k͡pɐ́] 'to die'
Igbo[4] kpọ́ [k͡pɔ́] 'call'
Kalabari[5] àkpà [àk͡pà] 'bag'
Mono[6] kpa [k͡pa] 'flee'
Nigerian Pidgin[7] [example needed] Phonemic. Found in substrate words and later loanwords from native Nigerian languages. See Languages of Nigeria.
Saramaccan[8] akpó [ak͡pó] 'arrow type' Possibly allophonic with /kʷ/, but possibly phonemic as well
Vietnamese[9] c [luk͡p˧˥] 'time' Allophone of /k/ after /u, o, ɔ/. See Vietnamese phonology
Tyap kpa [k͡pa] 'pestle'
Yoruba pápá [k͡pák͡pá] 'field'

Rounded variant edit

Voiceless labialized labial–velar plosive
k͡pʷ

Some languages, especially in Papua New Guinea and in Vanuatu, combine this voiceless labial–velar stop with a labial–velar approximant release, hence [k͡pʷ]. Thus Mwotlap (Banks Islands, north Vanuatu) has [k͡pʷɪlɣɛk] ('my father-in-law').[10]

In the Banks Islands languages which have it, the phoneme /k͡pʷ/ is written q in local orthographies. In other languages of Vanuatu further south (such as South Efate, or Lenakel), the same segment is spelled .

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Kropp Dakubu (1987:13)
  2. ^ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002:100)
  3. ^ Urua (2004:106)
  4. ^ Eme & Uba (2016:71)
  5. ^ Harry (2003:113)
  6. ^ Olson (2004:233)
  7. ^ Faraclas (1996), pp. 248–249.
  8. ^ H., McWhorter, John (2012). A grammar of Saramaccan Creole. Good, Jeff. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 9783110278262. OCLC 823841958.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Thompson (1959:458–461)
  10. ^ François (2005:117)

References edit

External links edit