Wikipedia

Wali (Islamic legal guardian)

This article is about the Islamic legal concept of Wali. For Saints in Islam, see Wali. For the administrative title, see Wāli. For the town and commune of Mauritania, see Waly Diantang, Mauritania. For use of Waliullah as a given name, see Waliullah (name).

Walī (Arabic: ولي, plural ʾawliyāʾ أولياء) is an Arabic word primarily meaning primarily "ally", from whnce other related meanings with Islamic cultural tones derive, such as "ally of God" or "holy man/saint",[1] etc.[2] "Wali" can also mean a "legal guardian", or ruler;[3] someone who has "Wilayah" (authority or guardianship) over somebody else, and in fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) is often "an authorized agent of the bride in concluding a marriage contract (Islamic Law)",[2]

Traditionally, girls and women in Saudi Arabia, have been forbidden by law from travelling, obtaining a passport, conducting official business, obtaining employment, concluding a marriage contract, or undergoing certain medical procedures without permission from their guardian, who must be an adult Muslim male.[4] However in 2019 these guardian restrictions on adult women in Saudi Arabia were lifted from traveling, undergoing certain medical procedures, obtaining passports, employment.[5][6]

In the Islamic Republic of Iran, the Supreme Leader of the government is a wali al-faqih (guardian jurist), under the principle advanced by the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini that "in the absence of an infallible Imam", Islam gives a just and capable Islamic jurist "universal" or "absolute" authority over all people, including adult males.[7]

Scriptural basis edit

At least according to the traditional interpretation of the Saudi religious establishment, the concept of guardianship of women is interpreted from Sura 4 verse 34 of the Quran, which states,

  • “Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because God has given the one more [strength] than the other, and because they support them from their means.”[8]

Wali as agent of the bride edit

Most Muslim scholars have held that in order for the nikah (marriage) of an adult woman to be valid, there must be consent not only of the bride and groom but also of the bride's wali mujbir, her male guardian.[citation needed] This view is held by most Muslim scholars and schools of fiqh, but the Hanafi school holds that the wali's permission is not necessary for the Nikah.[9]

The wali is typically the father or, failing that, another male relative, and failing that a qadi (Islamic judge). This order of succession of who may serve as a wali is often spelled out by jurists,[10] such as in this list written by Ibn Abd al-Wahhab: if the father is otherwise unavailable guardianship should be assigned

first to the woman's brother, then to the paternal grandfather than to the woman's son.... [then it] passes to the tribe of the brother, unless it is low/base/despicable, ... [then the] paternal uncle takes over, followed by his son, then other relatives in paternal relationships. ... Maternal relative only have a claim to marriage guardianship if there are not paternal relatives. ... the sultan or political leader may serve as the marriage guardian ... only if he is a just man .... Thus the critical factor in selecting an alternative marriage guardian is the man's adherence to justice, not his political position.[11]

Types edit

The Hanafi school of Islamic law is unique among Sunni madhhab (school of jurisprudence) in recognizing the validity of a marriage where the woman acts on her own behalf and is not represented by a male wali.[9][12][13]

At least in the Hanafi school of fiqh, there is a distinction between a Wali ijbar and a wali ikhtiyar. A wali ikhtiyar does "not have the authority to force", and cannot arrange a marriage without the bride's permission. The marriage requires "a verbal answer" from the potential bride to go ahead.[14]

According to the founder of the Maliki school of fiqh, Malik ibn Anas, there are two kinds of custody or guardianship – khassa (specific) and `amma (general). Specific guardianship belongs to the patriarchal lineage – father, grandfather, etc. (explained above). General guardianship "was connected completely with Islam, and every Muslim male". An example of `amma guardianship is where a Muslim man arranges a marriage for a woman who does "not have a father, or other male family members".[14]

The founder of the Hanbali school, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, believed that the wali ijbar was the right of the father or, if there was no father of a judge (similar to Malik's position), with other imams that the role of a wali ikhtiyar "could be taken by all kinds of wali", not necessarily a relative on the father's side of the family.[14]

Before marriage edit

Before a woman is married, a mahram, (close male relative, usually brother or father) should be present whenever the woman meets with someone of the opposite sex and for other issues. (This at least is the opinion of many conservative Muslims such as Ustadha Nasari, who points to Quranic verse Al-Tauba, 9:71 where "awliya", (plural of wali) is translated as "protector".[citation needed]

Husbands as "guardians" of wives edit

While a husband or a mahram can not be a wali, of their wife, they do have "protector" status over them, and are sometimes referred to as "guardians" of their wives and families in English language sources.[15][16]

According to Human Rights Watch, as of mid-2023, some Muslim countries do not allow women to "leave their homes without permission from their husband or other guardian without facing possible sanction" -- namely, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Oman, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Jordan, and Syria.[17]

Yemen edit

In Yemen, as of 2005, women are not legally permitted a passport without the approval of their wali, but are allowed to travel without permission once they have a passport. However, law enforcement often disregard this freedom and "restrict a woman's right to travel if her guardian disapproves and reports her to the authorities."[18] In 2013, according to Rothna Begum, of Human Rights Watch, women could not leave their house without her husband's permission, with a few emergency exceptions, such as taking care of ailing parents.

Saudi Arabia edit

Main article: Women's rights in Saudi Arabia § Male guardians
See also: Chaperone (social)

Human Rights Watch (HRW) documented the Saudi implementation of the wali, mahram and mu'arif system in 2016. HRW stated that "in Saudi Arabia, a woman's life is controlled by a man from birth until death. Every Saudi woman must have a male guardian, normally a father or husband, but in some cases a brother or even a son, who has the power to make a range of critical decisions on her behalf."[19] So that women could "not apply for a passport without male guardian approval and require permission to travel outside the country."[19]

In the 2010s, Saudi women organised an anti male-guardianship campaign.[20][21] Changes were gradually made so that by 2016 women were allowed "to secure their own ID cards" and divorced and widowed women are allowed family cards, and the requirement "that a woman bring a male relative to identify them in court" has been removed.[19] In 2019, women were granted "the right to travel without a male relative’s permission, to receive equal treatment in the workplace and to obtain family documents from the government", but still lacked the right "to marry or live on their own" without a male wali's permission,[6] until 2021 where Saudi women gained the right to live independently without permission from a male guardian.[22][23] This came as a development of an earlier ruling that affirmed the legality of the independence of an adult woman in a separate house.[24]

Wali as guardian of children and incapacitated adults edit

Nigeria edit

Some definitions of Guardian in Sunni Islam at least in Islamic Nigeria:

  • For Children: "The main role of a legal guardian under the Shari’a is to act in the child’s best interests when the child’s parents cannot do so. Legal guardians are usually relatives such as an aunt, uncle, or grandparent. This may be due to death, incapacitation, or incarceration for a crime."
  • Incapacitated adults: "In some situations, adults with severe handicaps may need a legal guardian to care for them and act on their behalf. This is known as an adult guardianship."[25]

Hedaya edit

Another source (Sohaira Siddiqui) states that Hedaya (a 12th-century legal manual of Hanafi fiqh by Burhan al-Din al-Marghinan), "states that there are three forms of guardianship:

  1. Guardianship for contracting marriage;
  2. Guardianship of minor persons for custody and education; and
  3. Guardianship of the property of minors.[26]

Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist edit

Further information: Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist and Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist

In Shia Islam, Islamic Jurists (faqīh, pl. fuqahā') often take on the duty of wali. Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, (Persian: ولایت فقیه, Vilayat-e Faqih; Arabic: ولاية الفقيه, Wilayat al-Faqih), is a doctrine in Twelver Shi'i Islam asserting that Islam gives Islamic jurists custodianship over people, "in the absence of an infallible Imam", (i.e. after the 12th Imam had gone into Occultation in 874 CE).[7] Prior to the Iranian Revolution this referred to guardianship of non-litigious matters (al-omour al-hesbiah)[27] including religious endowments (Waqf),[28] judicial matters,[29] those deemed incapable of looking after their own interests — minors, widows, and the insane",[30] and property for which no specific person is responsible.

Islamic Republic of Iran edit

With the establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran which institutionalized the teachings of the republic's founder Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, most references to Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist referred to Wilayat al-amma or Wilayat al-Mutlaqa ("universal" or "absolute" authority), the idea that a faqīh should have guardianship over all issues for which Prophet of Islam and Shi'a Imam have responsibility, including how people are governed. This idea of guardianship forms the basis of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran which calls for a Vali-ye faqih ("Guardian Jurist" -- using Persian Vali-ye faqih instead of Arabic wali al-faqih), to serve as the Supreme Leader of the government.[31][32] In the context of Iran, (the only country where this theory is being practiced), Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist is often referred to as "rule by the jurisprudent", "rule of the Islamic jurist", or "Governance of the Jurist".[33]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Robert S. Kramer; Richard A. Lobban Jr.; Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Sudan. Historical Dictionaries of Africa (4 ed.). Lanham, Maryland, US: Scarecrow Press, an imprint of Rowman & Littlefield. p. 361. ISBN 978-0-8108-6180-0. Retrieved 2 May 2015. QUBBA. The Arabic name for the tomb of a holy man... A qubba is usually erected over the grave of a holy man identified variously as wali (saint), faki, or shaykh since, according to folk Islam, this is where his baraka [blessings] is believed to be strongest...
  2. ^ a b Hans Wehr, [Arab-English Dictionary] p. 1289
  3. ^ Hans Wehr, Arabic English Dictionary p.1100
  4. ^ World Report 2013 – Saudi Arabia. Human Rights Watch. 9 January 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-01-09. Retrieved 22 February 2014. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  5. ^ "Saudi Arabia: Important Advances for Saudi Women". Human Rights Watch. 2 August 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  6. ^ a b Hubbard, Ben; Yee, Vivian (2 August 2019). "Saudi Arabia Extends New Rights to Women in Blow to Oppressive System". The New York Times. New York Times. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  7. ^ a b "What is Wilayat al-Faqih?". Al-Islam.org. 20 January 2013. Retrieved 2017-02-13.
  8. ^ "II. Human Rights Violations Resulting from Male Guardianship and Sex Segregation". Human Rights Watch. 2008. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  9. ^ a b Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013-10-15). Islamic Law and Society in the Sudan. Routledge. p. 105. ISBN 9781134540358.
  10. ^ Sahih Muslim, The Book of Marriage (Kitab Al-Nikah), Book 008, Number 3303.
  11. ^ DeLong-Bas, Natana J. (2004). Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad (First ed.). New York: Oxford University Press, US. p. 142. ISBN 0-19-516991-3.
  12. ^ Al-Hibri, Azizah Y. (2005). "The Nature of Islamic Marriage". In Witte, John; Eliza Ellison (eds.). Covenant Marriage in Comparative Perspective. William B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 204. ISBN 9780802829931. Retrieved 13 February 2017.
  13. ^ Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (2012). Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age: Religious Authority and Internal ... Cambridge University Press. p. 188. ISBN 9781107096455. Retrieved 26 November 2020.
  14. ^ a b c Hasyim, Syafiq (2006). Understanding Women in Islam: An Indonesian Perspective. Equinox Publishing. pp. 104+. ISBN 9789793780191. Retrieved 16 February 2017.
  15. ^ Caryle Murphy (Dec 9, 2014). "Laws of Men: In Saudi Arabia, women are still assigned male 'guardians'". The GroundTruth Project. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
  16. ^ "Part 2: The Duties of Men". Al-Islam.org. Retrieved 2017-02-19.
  17. ^ "Trapped; How Male Guardianship Policies Restrict Women's Travel and Mobility in the Middle East and North Africa Women's Mobility within the Country". Human Rights Watch. 18 July 2023. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  18. ^ Nazir, Sameena; Tomppert, Leigh (2005-01-01). Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa: Citizenship and Justice. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 341. ISBN 9780742549920.
  19. ^ a b c "Boxed In — Women and Saudi Arabia's Male Guardianship System". Human Rights Watch. 2016-07-16. Archived from the original on 2016-08-26. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
  20. ^ Hawari, Walaa (2011-11-14). "Women intensify campaign against legal guardian". Arab News. Archived from the original on 2012-01-17. Retrieved 2012-01-25.
  21. ^ "Thousands of Saudis sign petition to end male guardianship of women". The Guardian. 2016-09-26. Archived from the original on 2018-06-24. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
  22. ^ "Saudi women allowed to live alone without permission from male guardian". The Independent. 2021-06-11. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  23. ^ "Women in Saudi Arabia to be allowed to live, travel without male guardian". The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  24. ^ "Saudi Arabia's historic ruling for woman living independently without permission". Al Arabiya English. 2020-07-15. Retrieved 2021-06-21.
  25. ^ OMAR, MOHMED LAWAL (March 11–15, 2019). "CUSTODY AND GUARDIANSHIP OF CHILDREN: SHARI'A PERSPECTIVE" (PDF). national judicial institute of Nigeria. THE NATIONAL JUDICIAL INSTITUTE, ABUJA. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  26. ^ Siddiqui, Sohaira (14 August 2021). "Overturning Islamic Law: Right of Guardianship of a Minor". Islamic Law Blog. Retrieved 1 August 2022.
  27. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 13, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2006.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  28. ^ http://english.awqaf.ir/ ["site cannot be reached"]
  29. ^ Interview: Hamid al-Bayati (May 2003) Archived December 9, 2006, at the Wayback Machine
  30. ^ Abrahamian, Khomeinism, 1993: p.19
  31. ^ Taking Stock of a Quarter Century of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Wilfried Buchta, Harvard Law School, June 2005, pp. 5–6
  32. ^ Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, section 8 Archived November 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Article 109 states an essential qualification of "the Leader" is "scholarship, as required for performing the functions of mufti in different fields of fiqh"
  33. ^ MATSUNAGA, Yasuyuki (2009). "Revisiting Ayatollah Khomeini's Doctrine of Wilayat al-Faqıh (Velayat-e Faqıh)". Orient. XLIV: 84. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
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