William Eugene DePuy (/dɛˈpjuː/ deh-PEW;[1] October 1, 1919 – September 9, 1992) was a United States Army general and the first commander of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. He is widely regarded as one of the principal architects of the restructuring of United States Army doctrine after the American withdrawal from Vietnam.[2]
William E. DePuy | |
|---|---|
.jpg) General William E. DePuy | |
| Born | October 1, 1919 Jamestown, North Dakota |
| Died | September 9, 1992 (aged 72) Arlington, Virginia |
| Buried | Brown Family Cemetery Albemarle County, Virginia |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Service/ | United States Army |
| Years of service | 1941–1977 |
| Rank | General |
| Service number | 0-34710 |
| Commands held | United States Army Training and Doctrine Command 1st Infantry Division 2d Battalion, 8th Infantry Regiment |
| Battles/wars | World War II Vietnam War |
| Awards | Distinguished Service Cross (2) Army Distinguished Service Medal (5) Air Force Distinguished Service Medal Silver Star (3) Legion of Merit Distinguished Flying Cross Bronze Star Medal Purple Heart (2) |
Early life and World War II edit
DePuy was born in Jamestown, North Dakota.[3] He was of French Huguenot and Scotch-Irish descent via Canada.[4] His military career began when he enlisted in the South Dakota National Guard, eventually becoming a squad leader.[5] He graduated from South Dakota State University in 1941 with a Bachelor of Science in economics,[3] and received a Reserve Officers' Training Corps commission as a second lieutenant of Infantry. His first assignment was with the 20th Infantry Regiment at Fort Leonard Wood, and during this time he walked to the Louisiana Maneuvers and back with his platoon.[5]
Shortly after the United States' entry into World War II, DePuy was assigned in 1942 as a lieutenant, at age 22, to the newly formed 90th Infantry Division. He received a field promotion to major in command of a battalion during the Normandy campaign in August 1944, at age 24. He served with the 90th Division in the fierce fighting from Utah Beach through the Battle of the Bulge. For his combat heroism he was awarded his first Distinguished Service Cross and three Silver Stars. He then served as an operations officer at division level and was promoted to lieutenant colonel in January 1945.
DePuy's service as battalion commander, regimental executive officer and division's operations officer was described as outstanding by 90th Division late commander, Major General Herbert L. Earnest. General James A. Van Fleet called DePuy's staff work as "brilliant" and added that his "inspiring and courageous leadership" of his battalion provided "some of the finest examples of infantry operations in this War".[6]
He would later reflect that "the Division learned to fight for real against the Germans in Normandy--the Germans did the instructing.. in six weeks the 90th Division lost 100% of its strength in infantry soldiers and 150% of its officers."[7]
Interbellum edit
Following World War II, DePuy attended the United States Army Command and General Staff College. After graduation, he served in myriad command and staff positions, including command of the 2d Battalion, 8th Infantry, 4th Infantry Division, and the 1st Battle Group, 30th Infantry, 3d Infantry Division, both in the Federal Republic of Germany. In 1948 he attended the Defense Language Institute for a year to learn Russian, followed in 1949 by assignment as Assistant Military Attaché, and later the acting Army Attaché in Budapest, Hungary.[3] During the Korean War, DePuy spent time convalescing after a broken leg, and then performed clandestine service for the Central Intelligence Agency in China and other Asian countries.[8] In 1953, DePuy began attendance at the Armed Forces Staff College, followed by assignment to the Office of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, where he worked on modernization of Army force structure, doctrine and training policies. In 1960, DePuy was a student at the Royal College of Defence Studies.
DePuy met Marjory Kennedy Walker of Salem, Virginia, a Far East specialist who served with both the Office of Strategic Services and the Central Intelligence Agency,[9] and they were married in June 1951. A son, William E DePuy Jr. was born in July 1952, and daughters Joslin and Daphne in July 1953 and 1954, respectively.[5]
Vietnam War edit
First deployed to Vietnam in 1964, DePuy served as Chief of Staff of Operations for Military Assistance Command, Vietnam, and in March 1966 he assumed command of the 1st Infantry Division ("the Big Red One").[3] During his time as commander, he established a scholarship fund for the children of 1st Infantry Division soldiers killed in Vietnam, which eventually became the 1st Infantry Division Foundation.[10] Also during his time as commander, he became known as having an "ax-swinging" style of officer management; having fired as many as 56 officers under him, including seven battalion commanders and many more majors, captains and sergeants major. This led Army chief of staff General Harold K. Johnson to say, "If every division commander relieved people like DePuy, I'd soon be out of lieutenant colonels and majors. He just eats them up like peanuts." DePuy later explained to an interviewer that his experience in World War II had informed him of the importance of good leadership in war as he had "fought in Normandy with three battalion commanders who should have been relieved in peacetime." He firmly believed that command was a privilege to be earned, not a right.[11]
Post-Vietnam activities edit
DePuy is perhaps best remembered for his efforts while he was the first commander of the United States Army Training and Doctrine Command from 1973 to 1977. DePuy outlined his strategic worldview in a June 1973 speech at Fort Polk, Louisiana, in which he claimed that a war in Europe against the Soviet Union would need to be fought quickly and decisively with a qualitatively superior army to negate the Soviets' advantage in manpower.[12] In another speech that year, he emphasized the need for realistic training in highly maneuverable combined arms formations with tanks playing a leading role on the battlefield.[12] DePuy initially developed these views from his World War II experience against a German Army trained in blitzkrieg, and his review of Israeli fighting during the 1973 Yom Kippur War reconfirmed his beliefs.[12]
DePuy supervised the Army's effort to learn lessons from the Yom Kippur War, and one of the lessons learned was that "in clashes of massed armor… both sides sustained devastating losses, approaching 50% in less than two weeks of combat… these statistics are of serious import for US Army commanders."[7] This period of study resulted in TRADOC's first publication, a 1976 revision of the Army's FM 100-5 Operations, which promoted an attrition-based doctrine called "Active Defense".[13] Its effect was:[7]
- to attempt defence of the FRG in a series of retrograde battles
- Army maneuver doctrine required a complete revision
- The previous mobilization programmes would not be useful
- Training proficiency must be far higher
- Training itself must be far more realistic
In theory Active Defense was supposed to compensate for:[7]
- a 1:2 numerical disadvantage
- the relatively poor quality equipment
- the unwillingness of NATO to use WMD
The 1976 version of Operations was the first in the series to incorporate force ratios as a decision-making tool. The manual heavily emphasized the favorability of defending with a ratio of 3:1, mentioning it in five varying forms of application at both the tactical and the operational levels of war, similar to the argument advanced in Lanchester's Laws. The Active Defense doctrine assumed the enemy would adhere to a doctrine of a massed penetration at a single point.[14]
DePuy had noticed over the course of his career that the officer corps of the Army lacked intellectual rigour. One of his signal achievements was to raise the level of his graduates and his recruits, so that the Army now could solve complicated problems because it had intelligent people. Then once the core group had their solution, they would "ram it down the Army's throat."[7] The 1976 version of Operations approached warfare in a “scientific” manner, for which it received abundant criticism. The manual alarmed traditionalists with its abundant use of graphs and charts, associated with operations research analysts, aimed at illustrating the lethality of the battlefield. Many military professionals associated the manual and its quantitative approach with SecDef Robert McNamara’s quantitative management of Vietnam, which they blamed for losing the war.[14]
DePuy's doctrine did not survive contact with war games and so his successor, Donn A. Starry, was left rethink a new one.[7]
DePuy retired from active duty in July 1977,[3] and settled in Highfield, Virginia.[5] He died on September 9, 1992, of Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,[15] and his wife died on March 15, 2002.[9]
Decorations edit
DePuy's awards included two Distinguished Service Crosses, five Army Distinguished Service Medals, the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal, three Silver Stars, the Legion of Merit, the Distinguished Flying Cross, the Bronze Star Medal, two Purple Hearts, and Air Medal with "V" device.[5] His foreign decorations include the Commander of the French Legion of Honor, the Knight's Cross of the German Order of Merit, the Vietnam Cross of Gallantry, and the Republic of Korea Order of National Security Merit First Class.[3]
- Badges
 Combat Infantryman Badge
|
 Basic Army Aviator Badge
|
- Decorations
  |
Distinguished Service Cross with bronze oak leaf cluster |
 |
Army Distinguished Service Medal with four bronze oak leaf clusters |
|
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal |
 |
Silver Star with two bronze oak leaf clusters |
|
Legion of Merit |
|
Distinguished Flying Cross |
|
Bronze Star Medal |
 |
Purple Heart with bronze oak leaf cluster |
  |
Air Medal with V device |
- Unit Award
 |
Army Meritorious Unit Commendation with bronze oak leaf cluster |
- Service Medals
|
American Defense Service Medal |
|
American Campaign Medal |
   |
European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with Arrowhead device and three bronze campaign stars |
|
World War II Victory Medal |
|
Army of Occupation Medal |
 |
National Defense Service Medal with service star |
|
Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal |
  |
Vietnam Service Medal with silver and bronze campaign stars |
- Foreign Awards
|
Legion of Honour (Commander) |
|
National Order of Vietnam (Knight) |
|
Vietnam Gallantry Cross with Palm |
|
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany, Knight Commander's Cross |
|
Badge of Honour of the Bundeswehr (Gold) |
|
South Korean Order of National Security Merit (First Class) |
|
Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation |
|
Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal Unit Citation |
|
Vietnam Campaign Medal |
References edit
- ^ Haig Jr., Alexander M. (1992). Inner Circles: How America Changed the World: a Memoir. New York: Warner Books. p. 156. ISBN 9780446515719. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ^ Selected Papers of General William E. DePuy
- ^ a b c d e f "South Dakota State University bio". Archived from the original on 2007-07-11. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
- ^ Brownlee & Mullen. Changing An Army: An Oral History of General William E. Depuy, Retired
- ^ a b c d e General Maxwell R. Thurman, Lieutenant General Orwin C. Talbott, General Paul F. Gorman (2007-03-28). "In Tribute to General William E. DePuy". United States Army Command and General Staff College. Archived from the original on 2007-06-09. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Gole, Henry G. (2008). General William E. DePuy: Preparing the Army for Modern War (in Norwegian). Lexington, Kentucky: The University press of Kentucky. p. 63. ISBN 9780813138930.
- ^ a b c d e f Suprin, John (25 October 2012). "Yom Kippur War & The Development of U.S. Military Doctrine". The Dole Institute of Politics. YouTube.
- ^ Brownlee, Romie L.; Mullen, William J. III (1979). Changing An Army: An Oral History of General William E. DePuy, USA, Retired (PDF). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. pp. 105–106.
- ^ a b "In Memoriam" (PDF). The O.S.S. Society Inc. April 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-08-03. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
- ^ "1st Infantry Division: Scholarship Fund". U.S. Army. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
- ^ Ricks, Thomas E. (2012). The Generals: American Military Command from World War II to Today. New York: Penguin Press. pp. 242–244. ISBN 9781594204043. Retrieved 23 September 2020.
- ^ a b c Bronfeld, Saul (2007). "Fighting Outnumbered: The Impact of the Yom Kippur War on the U.S. Army". The Journal of Military History. 71 (2): 465–498. doi:10.1353/jmh.2007.0096. ISSN 1543-7795. S2CID 159609515. Retrieved 26 June 2022.
- ^ Long, Jeffrey W. (7 June 1991). "The Evolution of U.S. Army Doctrine: From Active Defense to AirLand Battle and Beyond" (PDF).. Master's thesis.
- ^ a b Christian, MAJ Joshua T. (23 May 2019). An Examination of Force Ratios (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College.
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army.
- ^ Gole, H. (2008). General William E. DePuy: Preparing the Army for Modern War. University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-7301-6. Retrieved 2014-11-30.
This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Army
Further reading edit
- Bronfeld, Saul (April 2007). "Fighting Outnumbered: The Impact of the Yom Kippur War on the U.S. Army". The Journal of Military History. 71 (2): 465–498. doi:10.1353/jmh.2007.0096. JSTOR 4138276. S2CID 159609515.
- Brownlee, Romie L.; Mullen III, William J., eds. (1986). Changing an Army: An Oral History of General William E. DePuy, USA Retired (PDF). Carlisle, Pa. and Washington, D.C.: United States Military Institute and United States Army Center of Military History. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-02. Retrieved 2017-04-12.
- DePuy, William E. (1994). Gilmore, Donald L.; Conway, Carolyn D. (eds.). Selected Papers of General William E. DePuy, First Commander, U.S. Army Training and Doctrine Command, 1 July 1973 (PDF). Compiled by Colonel Richard M. Swain. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College.
- Gole, Henry G. (2008). General William E. DePuy: Preparing the Army for Modern War. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-81-312500-8.
- Herbert, Paul H. (July 1988). Deciding What has to be Done: General William E. DePuy and the 1976 Edition of FM 100–5 Operations (PDF). Leavenworth Papers no. 16. Fort Leavenworth, Kans.: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College. ISSN 0195-3451.
- Romjue, John L. (June 1984). From Active Defense to AirLand Battle: The Development of Army Doctrine, 1973–1982. Fort Monroe, Va.: Historical Office, United States Army Training and Doctrine Command. OCLC 11717199.
- Trauschweizer, Ingo (2008). The Cold War U.S. Army: Building Deterrence for Limited War. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-7006-1578-0.
External links edit
- The short film STAFF FILM REPORT 66-13A (1966) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive.