A very important transformation has taken place in the proportionate number coming from different countries during the last half of the 19th century. At first the Irish and Germans were most prominent. Of later years, the Italians, Czechs, Hungarians and Russians were, as will be seen from the following table, numerously represented.
| Number. | % | |
| Austria-Hungary | 944,239 | 25·0 |
| Belgium | 16,884 | 0·44 |
| Bulgaria, Servia and Montenegro | 6,637 | 0·17 |
| Denmark | 33,968 | 0·9 |
| France | 31,419 | 0·8 |
| Germany | 176,995 | 4·6 |
| Greece | 49,962 | 1·3 |
| Holland | 18,501 | 0·48 |
| Italy | 959,768 | 25·0 |
| Norway | 103,065 | 2·7 |
| Portugal | 30,532 | 0·8 |
| Rumania | 35,185 | 0·4 |
| Russia | 658,735 | 17·0 |
| Spain | 10,243 | 0·27 |
| Sweden | 154,607 | 4·0 |
| Switzerland | 17,820 | 0·46 |
| Turkey | 10,909 | 0·3 |
| United Kingdom— | ||
| England | 155,343 | 4·0 |
| Ireland | 184,096 | 4·8 |
| Scotland | 38,842 | 1·0 |
| Wales | 6,972 | 0·18 |
| All other European countries | 216 | 0·006 |
| Total | 3,645,018 | 95 |
The following table shows the relative number of different nationalities represented in the immigration to the United States:—
| Country. | 1861–70. | 1871–80. | 1881–90. | 1891–1900. |
| Great Britain | 24·5 | 16·4 | 12·5 | 7·5 |
| Ireland | 18·8 | 15·5 | 12·5 | 10·0 |
| Germany | 34·0 | 25·5 | 27·7 | 14·0 |
| Austria-Hungary | 0·3 | 2·6 | 6·7 | 16·0 |
| Norway and Sweden | 4·7 | 7·5 | 10·8 | 8·6 |
| Russia and Poland | 0·2 | 1·9 | 5·1 | 14·0 |
| Italy | 0·5 | 2·0 | 5·9 | 18·0 |
Sex and Age.—Of all the immigrants (1871–1895), 61·25% were males and 38·75% were females.
This percentage remains fairly constant, but the proportion differs somewhat among different nationalities. The following table shows the proportions for 1905:—
| Males. | Females. | |
| Austria-Hungary | 207,034 | 77,933 |
| France | 5,574 | 3,889 |
| Germany | 21,586 | 15,357 |
| Holland | 3,082 | 1,758 |
| Italy | 216,268 | 51,273 |
| Russia | 111,795 | 66,065 |
| Sweden and Norway | 29,907 | 18,105 |
| United Kingdom— | ||
| England | 29,993 | 18,160 |
| Ireland | 18,754 | 18,890 |
| Scotland | 9,264 | 5,022 |
The immigrants were in the most vigorous period of life, few children and few old people, as shown in the following table:—
| Country of Origin. |
Under 15. | From 15 to 40. | Over 40 years. | |||
| Number. | Percent. | Number. | Percent. | Number. | Percent. | |
| Germany | 386,934 | 26·6 | 904,002 | 62·2 | 162,034 | 11·2 |
| Ireland | 92,308 | 14·1 | 515,089 | 78·6 | 48,085 | 7·3 |
| England | 151,315 | 23·5 | 420,303 | 65·2 | 73,062 | 11·3 |
| Sweden and Norway | 104,254 | 18·3 | 414,609 | 73·0 | 49,499 | 8·7 |
| Italy | 47,603 | 15·3 | 212,475 | 69·2 | 47,771 | 15·5 |
| Russia (including Poland) | 65,427 | 24·7 | 174,754 | 65·9 | 24,907 | 9·4 |
| Austria | 50,027 | 22·1 | 149,909 | 66·3 | 26,109 | 11·6 |
| Scotland | 36,192 | 24·2 | 97,819 | 65·2 | 15,858 | 10·6 |
| Hungary | 18,785 | 14·7 | 95,635 | 74·9 | 13,261 | 10·4 |
Occupation.—The immigrants are for the most part unskilled labourers. The statistics for the United States show the following figures for the years 1881–1890:—
| Males. | Females. | Total. | |
| Professional | 25,257 | 1,749 | 27,006 |
| Skilled | 514,552 | 25,859 | 540,411 |
| Miscellaneous | 1,833,325 | 245,810 | 2,079,135 |
| Not stated | 73,327 | 42,830 | 116,157 |
| Without occupation | 759,450 | 1,724,454 | 2,483,904 |
| Total | 3,205,911 | 2,040,702 | 5,246,613 |
Those “without occupation” are mostly women and children. The “miscellaneous” are day labourers. It is probable that about 20% of the adult males are “skilled.”
Immigration to Other Countries.—In no other country is immigration conducted on so important a scale as in the United States. The statistics are very imperfect. The main figures have already been given in the table of emigration. Australia has an annual immigration of about 250,000, mostly of British origin. This is offset by a very heavy emigration, which sometimes exceeds the immigration in certain of the states. The immigration to Canada for the year 1905 was put down as 146,266, but a portion of this consisted of immigrants passing through to the United States. Brazil has had a large immigration (in 1895 equal to 169,524, but in 1904 only 12,447). The Argentine is credited with an immigration in 1905 of 177,117, and Uruguay with an immigration in 1903 of 6247. In all the South American immigration the countries principally represented are those of southern Europe, especially Italy. The majority of the immigrants are adult males and farm labourers.
Balance of Emigration and Immigration.—Even in the case of emigration from Europe to countries beyond the seas there is some return movement. Emigrants who have been successful in business return in order to end their days in the old country. Those who have not succeeded return in order to be cared for by friends and relatives, or simply from home-sickness. Thus, for Great Britain and Ireland, while the emigration of persons of British and Irish origin was, in 1905, 262,077, the immigration of persons of the same category was 122,712, leaving a net emigration of only 139,365. In the United States’ statistics we cannot distinguish in the outgoing passenger movement emigrants from other persons. But if for a period of years we take the total inward passenger movement and subtract from it the total outward passenger movement, we ought to have the net immigration. By this method we arrive at the conclusion that while the gross immigration during the five years 1901–1905 was 3,833,076, the net immigration was only 1,779,976, showing an outward movement of 273,134, or about 7·12% of the total number of immigrants.
Temporary Emigration.—In many European countries there is not only emigration beyond seas, but a very considerable movement to neighbouring countries in search of work, and generally with the intention of returning. Thus in Italy, the “permanent” emigration (i.e. to countries beyond seas) numbered, in 1905, 447,083; the “temporary” emigration to European or Mediterranean countries amounted to 279,248. This temporary emigration is strongest in the spring, and consists principally of adult males (agriculturists, farm and day labourers, bricklayers and masons) in search of work. It resembles somewhat the movement of Irish labourers into Great Britain at harvest time. It is notorious that the Italians who emigrate to the United States largely return.
Effects of Emigration.—There are two views with regard to emigration: one unfavourable, viz., that it is a drain on population, reducing its economic strength and disturbing social and political relations; the second looking upon it as a relief from over-population and a congested labour market. As a matter of fact, emigration has not succeeded in diminishing the population of Europe, which, on the contrary, doubled during the 19th century. The one great exception is Ireland, where population declined from 8,175,124 in 1841 to 4,458,745 in 1901. From 1851 to 1901 the total emigration from Ireland was 3,881,246 or 72·5% of the average population. Emigration, by carrying off the young men and women, also reduced the Irish marriage and birth-rates, which were almost the lowest in Europe. But hitherto the countries of strongest emigration (England, Germany, &c.) have shown practically undiminished birth and marriage-rates and a steady growth in population.
The intensity of emigration is measured not by the absolute number of emigrants, but by the number of emigrants to the total population. Its, effect is shown by comparing the number of emigrants with the excess of births over deaths per 1000 of the
population. This is shown in the following table (1905):—
