asses were imported into that region and Gascony. But there is evidence to show that as early as the 10th century the mules of Poitou were of excellent quality.
MULGRAVE, EARLDOM OF, a title dating from 1626, when
Edmund Sheffield, 3rd Baron Sheffield of Butterwicke, was
created earl of Mulgrave. He was succeeded by his grandson
Edmund, the 2nd earl, who was one of the nine true peers who
sat in Oliver Cromwell’s House of Lords. Edmund’s son John,
3rd earl, was created marquess of Normanby in 1694, and duke
of Buckingham and Normanby in 1703; but on the death of his
son, the 2nd duke, without heirs in 1735, the titles became extinct.
The 2nd duke devised the estates of the Sheffield family to his
mother Catherine, a natural daughter of James II., who had
married as her first husband the 3rd earl of Annesley, by whom
she had a daughter Catherine, who married William Phipps
and had a son Constantine Phipps. The latter succeeded to the
estate of Mulgrave in Yorkshire in 1743 on the death of his
grandmother, and in 1767 he was created Baron Mulgrave of
New Ross in the peerage of Ireland. His son was created a
peer of Great Britain in 1790 with the title of Baron Mulgrave
of Mulgrave; and the latter’s brother Henry, the next in succession,
who was secretary of state for foreign affairs in 1805 and
held other high government offices, was created Viscount
Normanby and earl of Mulgrave in 1812. The 2nd earl of this
creation, who like his father held several high cabinet offices,
was advanced in the peerage at the coronation of Queen Victoria,
being created marquess of Normanby in 1838.
MÜLHAUSEN (Fr. Mulhouse), a town of Germany, in Upper
Alsace, on the Ill, an affluent of the Rhine, and the Rhine-Rhone
canal, about 56 m. S. of Strassburg and 21 m. N.W. of
Basel by rail. The old town, surrounded by arms of the Ill,
has narrow and irregular streets, while to the south, on the canal,
lie the handsome villas and promenades of the new town. Most
of the older buildings have made way for factories, so that the
town-hall, dating from 1551, is an almost solitary witness to
the town’s medieval prosperity. The most important interest
of Mülhausen centres in the making of cotton goods. This
industry was introduced in 1746, and has since prospered in
the hands of several wealthy families which are closely connected
by intermarriage, and lend each other support. A large proportion
of the inhabitants of the town and the neighbourhood
is engaged in woollen and other textile manufactures, the
products of which are exported to all parts of the world. The
manufactures of machinery, especially locomotives and railway
plant, chemicals, and hardware are also important. A noteworthy
feature is the attention paid by the manufacturers to
the well-being of their workpeople. In 1853, Johann Heinrich
Dollfus (1800–1887), mayor of the town, founded the “artisans
town” (cité ouvrière) to the north-east of the old town, consisting
of about 1200 model dwellings with public bath-, wash- and bake houses,
and library. The houses were let on a system by which
the occupant became the owner after the payment of a certain
number of instalments. Of recent years, however, the operatives
have moved into the suburbs, leaving the model houses
of the “artisans’ town” to small tradesmen. A “société industrielle”
for the encouragement of original discovery and invention
among the workmen has existed since 1825, and there are various
benevolent societies. Mülhausen carries on an active trade
in grain, wine, colonial produce and timber, which is facilitated
by its river harbour. After the annexation of Alsace to Germany
in 1871 the French sympathies of the inhabitants were shown
by the extraordinary decrease in their number. The population
has since increased, amounting in 1905 94,514 of whom
about two-thirds are Roman Catholics.
Mentioned as early as 717, Mülhausen was raised to the rank of a free town of the empire in 1198, and received very extensive privileges from Rudolph of Hapsburg in 1273. It suffered considerably in the various wars of the middle ages, but generally managed to maintain its independence. In 1466 it formed an alliance with the Swiss, and this became a permanent union in 1515. By the peace of Westphalia (1648) it was recognized as an independent ally of the Swiss League. In 1797 it sought incorporation with France from motives of commercial policy, and in 1871 it passed to Germany.
See A. Metzger, La République de Mulhouse 717–1798 (Basel, 1884); Schall, Das Arbeiterquartier von Mülhausen (Berlin, 1877); Herkner, Die ober-elsässische Baumwollindustrie und ihre Arbeiter (Strassburg, 1887); and E. Tourmer, Mülhausen im 16. Jahrhundert (Illyach, 1895.
MÜLHEIM-AM-RHEIN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian
Rhine province, on the right bank of the Rhine, 2 m. below
Cologne, of which it is practically a suburb, and on the main
lines of railway Cologne-Düsseldorf and Cologne-Elberfeld.
Pop. (1905), 50,807. There are important manufactures of silk,
ribbons, velvet, sailcloth, tobacco, vinegar, yarn and chemicals,
in addition to rolling-mills, boiler works, telegraph works,
breweries, tanneries and a ship-building yard. Mülheim also
carries on a brisk trade by rail and river.
Of ancient foundation, Mülheim received municipal rights in 1322. Its industrial prosperity is in great part due to the influx of Protestants expelled from Cologne at the beginning of the 17th century. In 1784 the town suffered severely from an inundation caused by the rapid breaking-up of the ice on the Upper Rhine.
MÜLHEIM-AN-DER-RUHR, a town of Germany, in the
Prussian Rhine province, on the Ruhr, an affluent of the Rhine, about 7 m. W. from Essen and at the intersection of several
railways. Pop. (1905), 93, 598. It has a parish church dating
from the 12th century. Like most of the towns in this district,
Mülheim finds its chief industry in iron-working, and contains
numerous blast-furnaces, rolling-mills, foundries and engine-works;
it also carries on manufactures of leather, wool, cotton,
calico, tobacco, paper, beer, and other miscellaneous goods.
An enormous traffic, by river and rail, is carried on in coal, and
there is also a considerable trade in timber and colonial produce.
In the neighbourhood are important sandstone quarries, glass-works,
and a carpet manufactory. Mülheim was formerly
included in the duchy of Berg, and became a town in 1508. In
1815 it passed to Prussia.
MULJI, KURSENDAS (1832–1875), Indian journalist and
social reformer, was born on the 25th of July 1832, of a family belonging to the Bhatia or trading caste of western India. Being
repudiated by his family on account of his views on widow
remarriage, he became a vernacular schoolmaster, and started
a weekly paper in Gujarati called The Satya Prakash. In
this he attacked the immoralities of the Maharajas or hereditary
high priests of the Vallabhacharya sect of Vaishnavism to which
the Bhatias belong. In a suit for libel brought against him
in the High Court at Bombay in 1862, he won a victory on the
main issue. After a visit to England on business in connexion
with the cotton trade, which was not successful and brought on
him excommunication from his caste, he was appointed in 1874
to administer a native state in Kathiawar during the minority
of the chief; and there he died in August 1875.
See History of the Sect of Maharajas or Wallabhacharyas of Western India (1865).
MULL, the largest island of the Inner Hebrides, Argyllshire,
Scotland. Pop. (1901), 4334. It is bounded on the W. and S.
by the Atlantic, on the N. and N.E. by the Sound of Mull, and
on the E. and S.E. by the Firth of Lorne. It has an area of
about 367 sq. m., its greatest length being 27 m. and its greatest
breadth 20 m. The coast is much indented, the principal sea-lochs
being Loch Mingary, Loch Cuan, Loch Tua, Loch-na-Keal,
Loch Scridain, Loch Buy, Loch Spelve and Loch Don. Among
several freshwater lakes Loch Frisa, Loch Ba and Loch Uisg
are the chief. The principal mountains are Ben More (3185 ft.),
Ben Buy (2354 ft.) and Ben Creach (2289 ft.). In the basaltic
cliffs near Carsaig are numerous arches and caverns. The
prevailing rocks are igneous (generally basaltic, gabbro in the
mountains in the south-east, granite in the Ross). The valleys
are filled up with lava flows and volcanic ashes of Miocene
age. At a few places there are gneissose rocks, chalk, sandstone
lias and quartz porphyry. Sheep and cattle are raised, and
barley, oats and potatoes grown. Owing to the damp climate
the island is better suited for grazing than for cultivation.
