-ка
Bulgarian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka and Proto-Slavic *-ьka (the latter causes palatalization of preceding velars).
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-ка • (-ka) (diminutive -чица)
- Forms diminutives of feminine nouns, including personal names:
- Forms feminine nouns (including personal names) from adjectives:
- Forms resultant or abstract nouns from verbs:
- Forms instrumental nouns from verbs:
- Forms agent nouns from verbs or participles:
- Forms feminine counter-parts to masculine agent nouns:
- друг (drug) + -ка (-ka) → дру́жка (drúžka)
- глупа́к (glupák) + -ка (-ka) → глупа́чка (glupáčka)
- жетва́р (žetvár) + -ка (-ka) → жетва́рка (žetvárka)
- селя́нин (seljánin) + -ка (-ka) → селя́нка (seljánka) (nouns in -анин/-янин lose the ending -ин)
- съсе́д (sǎséd) + -ка (-ka) → съсе́дка (sǎsédka)
- учи́тел (učítel) + -ка (-ka) → учи́телка (učítelka)
- Forms secondary animal names from earlier root-athematic forms (which often have become obsolete):
- Creates emphatic forms of certain temporal adverbs.
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
Komi-Zyrian edit
Etymology 1 edit
Possibly from Russian -ка (-ka).
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-ка • (-ka)
- (unproductive) Forms nouns denoting in-law family members;
- (unproductive) Forms nouns with a broader meaning from kinship terms;
- (archaic) Forms diminutives.
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
From Proto-Permic *kwo-.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
-ка • (-ka)
- (in compounds) dwelling
Derived terms edit
- керка (kerka)
References edit
- Bubrikh, Dmitry V. (1949) Грамматика литературного коми языка [Grammar of the literary Komi language] (in Russian), Leningrad: Zhdanov Leningrad State University, page 61
Macedonian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-ка • (-ka) f
- Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
- Appended to feminine nouns creates diminutive forms.
Derived terms edit
Russian edit
Etymology 1 edit
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Particle edit
-ка • (-ka)
Descendants edit
Etymology 2 edit
From a conflation of two suffixes Proto-Slavic *-ьka and Proto-Slavic *-ъka. The former always came to be used after velars (hence the occurrence of the Slavic first palatalization), while the latter always came to be used after -л- (hence the lack of palatalization of -л- before -ка).
Suffix edit
-ка • (-ka)
- (added to (normally feminine) nouns, forms diminutives, sometimes with a further change in meaning)
- жи́ла (žíla, “vein”) + -ка (-ka) → жи́лка (žílka, “veinlet, small vein”)
- моги́ла (mogíla, “grave”) + -ка (-ka) → моги́лка (mogílka, “small grave”)
- бума́га (bumága, “paper, document”) + -ка (-ka) → бума́жка (bumážka, “small document”)
- ку́кла (kúkla, “doll, puppet”) (genitive plural ку́кол (kúkol)) + -ка (-ka) → ку́колка (kúkolka, “small doll, pupa”)
- пчела́ (pčelá, “bee”) + -ка (-ka) → пчёлка (pčólka, “small bee”)
- вода́ (vodá, “water”) + -ка (-ka) → во́дка (vódka, “vodka”) (originally, "something diluted with water")
- (added to nouns denoting classes of people, forms the feminine equivalent; replaces the suffix -ец (-ec) if present)
- ленингра́дец (leningrádec, “resident of Leningrad”) + -ка (-ka) → ленингра́дка (leningrádka, “female resident of Leningrad”)
- (added to verbs, forms abstract nouns or nouns indicating the result of the action)
- закали́ть (zakalítʹ, “to temper, to harden”) + -ка (-ka) → зака́лка (zakálka, “tempering, hardening; training (for endurance)”)
- мочи́ть (močítʹ, “to soak, to wet”) + -ка (-ka) → мо́чка (móčka, “soaking, wetting”)
- отде́лать (otdélatʹ, “to finish, to trim”) + -ка (-ka) → отде́лка (otdélka, “finishing, trimming; finish, trim”)
- подде́лать (poddélatʹ, “to counterfeit, to fake”) + -ка (-ka) → подде́лка (poddélka, “counterfeit, imitation, fake, forgery”)
- блоки́ровать (blokírovatʹ, “to block”) + -ка (-ka) → блокиро́вка (blokiróvka, “blocking, blockage”)
- (added to verbs, forms instruments or tools)
- (added to adjectives or numerals, forms colloquial nouns with the meaning of a carrier of the adjective's or numeral's properties)
- минера́льный (minerálʹnyj, “mineral (relational)”) + -ка (-ka) → минера́лка (minerálka, “mineral water (colloquial); mineral fertilizer (colloquial)”)
- зени́тный (zenítnyj, “zenith (relational); anti-aircraft (relational)”) + -ка (-ka) → зени́тка (zenítka, “anti-aircraft gun (colloquial)”)
- полтора́ (poltorá, “one and a half”) (oblique cases полу́тора (polútora)) + -ка (-ka) → полу́торка (polútorka, “small apartment consisting of a medium-sized room and a small room (colloquial); GAZ-AA-brand truck with a 1.5-ton payload (colloquial)”)
- запрещённый (zapreščónnyj, “forbidden”) + -ка (-ka) → запрещёнка (zapreščónka, “something forbidden (colloquial)”)
Usage notes edit
• When "Ka" is used in the end of someone's name (for example: Ava-shka"), it's a way of saying cutie and it shows endearment.
Note the following properties:
- If the stress is on the ending, it is drawn onto the preceding syllable. Unstressed е may turn into ё when stressed.
- If the stress is not on the ending, it generally remains in the same place, but when added onto verbs ending in -и́ровать (-írovatʹ), the stress moves onto -ов-.
- блоки́ровать (blokírovatʹ, “to block”) + -ка (-ka) → блокиро́вка (blokiróvka, “blocking, blockage”)
- A velar may turn into a palatal as a result of the Slavic first palatalization. This is due to the *ь that was formerly present at the beginning of one variant of the suffix.
- If the noun is feminine or neuter and reducible, the unreduced stem (as found in the genitive plural) is used. This happens frequently when the suffix is added onto a noun already in diminutive form.
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
See also edit
- -то (-to)
Serbo-Croatian edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix edit
-ка (Latin spelling -ka)
- Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
See also edit
Solombala English edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Russian -ка (-ka).
Suffix edit
-ка (-ka)
Derived terms edit
References edit
- Broch, Ingvild (1996) “Solombala-English in Archangel”, in Jahr, Ernst Håkon, Broch, Ingvild, editors, Language Contact in the Arctic: Northern Pidgins and Contact Languages (Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs (TiLSM); 88)[1], reprint edition, Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, published 2011, , →ISBN, page 95 of 93–98