-em
Albanian edit
Alternative forms edit
- -hna (Gheg)
Etymology edit
Related to më, mu, mua (“me”) and im (“my, mine”). -em is the Tosk and Standard Albanian variant of the Gheg personal suffix -na (“I, me”). The suffix -em (“I, me”) indicates the 1st person singular, mediopassive, present (same as Gheg -na). Used the same way as Greek verb suffix "-μαι/-mai" (also 1st pers., sg., mediopassive, indicative, present).
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-em
- (personal suffix) used to form the 1st person singular present tense of verbs in mediopassive voice (indicative mood).
- Forms verbs in mediopassive voice from active voice
- active bëj (“I do, make, appear”) + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive bëhem (“I become, turn into”)
- active zbeh (“I make white(er), pale(er)”) + -em → mediopassive zbehem (“I'm getting pale(er), white(er)”)
- Forms mediopassive verbs from adjectives
- adjective shkurt (“short”) + o-steem + h (mediopassive marker) + -em → mediopassive verb shkurtohem (“I become shorter”)
mediopassive personal suffixes (1st person singular) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
indicative | subjunctive | conditional | optative | admirative | |
(dëftore) | (lidhore) | (kushtore) | (dëshirore) | (habitore) | |
present | -em | (të) -em | (do të) -esha | (u) -sha / -fsha | (u) -am |
continuous present | (po) -em | (po të) -em | (po do të) -esha | (po u) -am | |
imperfect | -esha | (të) -esha | (u) -ësha | ||
continuous imperfect | (po) -esha | (po të) -esha | (po u) -ësha | ||
aorist | (u) -a / (u) -va | - | - | - | - |
perfect | j-am (+ participle) | (të) j-em (+ participle) | qof-sha (+ participle) | qenk-am (+ participle) | |
past perfect I | isha (+ participle) | (të) isha (+ participle) | (do të) isha (+ participle) | qenk-ësha (+ participle) | |
past perfect II (aorist II) | q-eshë (+ participle) | ||||
future I | k-am (për t'u + participle) | (do të) -em | |||
future perfect | k-am (për të qenë + participle) | (do të) j-em (+ participle) |
Related terms edit
Bislama edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Suffix edit
-em
- Indicates a transitive verb
- 2008, Miriam Meyerhoff, Social lives in language--sociolinguistics and multilingual speech[1], →ISBN, page 344:
- Bang i wantem mi faen from mi ovaspen.
- (please add an English translation of this quotation)
Usage notes edit
The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.
Chuukese edit
Suffix edit
-em
- (added to possessive nouns) our (exclusive)
Related terms edit
Small objects, concepts | Large objects, living things | Suffix | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | First person | ai | nei | -ei |
Second person | omw, om | noum | -om | |
Third person | an | noun | -an | |
Plural | First person | äm (exclusive) ach (inclusive) |
nöu̇m (exclusive) nöüch (inclusive) |
-em (exclusive) -ach (inclusive) |
Second person | ämi, ami | noumi | -emi | |
Third person | ar | nour | -er |
Etruscan edit
Romanization edit
-em
- Romanization of -𐌄𐌌
German edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Middle High German -em, -eme, from Proto-West Germanic *-umē.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-em
- Masculine and neuter dative suffix, used in most determiners/pronouns and in strong adjectives.
Etymology 2 edit
Through reduction of the unstressed syllable.
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): /əm/, /ɛm/
- Most or all places are locally pronounced with /əm/, but /ɛm/ is not rarely heard from outsiders.
Suffix edit
-em
- Alternative form of -heim (placename suffix)
Derived terms edit
See also edit
Etymology 3 edit
Backformation from Graphem, Morphem, Phonem.
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-em f
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
Hungarian edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Suffix edit
-em
- (personal suffix, indefinite conjugation) Forms the first-person singular present indicative of -ik verbs.
- (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Forms the definite first-person singular present indicative of verbs.
- (possessive suffix) my (first-person singular, single possession)
Usage notes edit
Person | Back vowel |
Front vowel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
én | 1st person singular | -ok | -ek | -ök |
-ik verbs (optional) | -om | -em | -öm | |
te | 2nd person singular | -sz | ||
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -asz | -esz | ||
after s, sz, z, dz | -ol | -el | -öl | |
ő maga ön |
3rd person singular | – | ||
-ik verbs | -ik | |||
mi | 1st person plural | -unk | -ünk | |
ti | 2nd person plural | -tok | -tek | -tök |
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -otok | -etek | -ötök | |
ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural | -nak | -nek | |
after two consonants or a long vowel + t | -anak | -enek | ||
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |
- (personal suffix) Variants:
Person | Back vowel | Front vowel | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | |||
én | 1st person singular | -om | -em | -öm |
te | 2nd person singular | -od | -ed | -öd |
ő maga ön |
3rd person singular or formal 2nd person singular |
-ja | -i | |
mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -itek | |
ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural or formal 2nd person plural |
-ják | -ik | |
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. |
- (personal suffix, definite conjugation) Variants:
- (possessive suffix) Variants:
- -m is added to words ending in a vowel. Final -a changes to -á-. Final -e changes to -é-.
- -am is added to some back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -om is added to the other back-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -em is added to unrounded (and some rounded) front-vowel words ending in a consonant
- -öm is added to most rounded front-vowel words ending in a consonant
Declension edit
(possessive suffix):
Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | -em | — |
accusative | -emet | — |
dative | -emnek | — |
instrumental | -emmel | — |
causal-final | -emért | — |
translative | -emmé | — |
terminative | -emig | — |
essive-formal | -emként | — |
essive-modal | -emül | — |
inessive | -emben | — |
superessive | -emen | — |
adessive | -emnél | — |
illative | -embe | — |
sublative | -emre | — |
allative | -emhez | — |
elative | -emből | — |
delative | -emről | — |
ablative | -emtől | — |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
-emé | — |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
-eméi | — |
Etymology 2 edit
Suffix edit
-em
- (noun-forming suffix) Added to a noun or a verb to form a noun. A final single -l may become long -ll-.
Usage notes edit
- (noun-forming suffix) Variants:
- -am is added to back-vowel words
- -em is added to front-vowel words
Declension edit
Inflection (stem in -e-, front unrounded harmony) | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
nominative | -em | -emek |
accusative | -emet | -emeket |
dative | -emnek | -emeknek |
instrumental | -emmel | -emekkel |
causal-final | -emért | -emekért |
translative | -emmé | -emekké |
terminative | -emig | -emekig |
essive-formal | -emként | -emekként |
essive-modal | -emül | -emekül |
inessive | -emben | -emekben |
superessive | -emen | -emeken |
adessive | -emnél | -emeknél |
illative | -embe | -emekbe |
sublative | -emre | -emekre |
allative | -emhez | -emekhez |
elative | -emből | -emekből |
delative | -emről | -emekről |
ablative | -emtől | -emektől |
non-attributive possessive - singular |
-emé | -emeké |
non-attributive possessive - plural |
-eméi | -emekéi |
Possessive forms of -em | ||
---|---|---|
possessor | single possession | multiple possessions |
1st person sing. | -emem | -emeim |
2nd person sing. | -emed | -emeid |
3rd person sing. | -eme | -emei |
1st person plural | -emünk | -emeink |
2nd person plural | -emetek | -emeitek |
3rd person plural | -emük | -emeik |
Derived terms edit
See also edit
Latin edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
See -ēs (suffix forming third-declension feminine abstract nouns).
Suffix edit
-em f
Etymology 2 edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix edit
-em
- first-person singular present active subjunctive of -ō (first conjugation)
Etymology 3 edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Suffix edit
-em
- accusative singular of -s
Old Irish edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Proto-Celtic *-mū, from Proto-Indo-European *-mō.[1]
Suffix edit
-em m
- Forms occupational nouns.
Inflection edit
Masculine n-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | -em | -emainL | -emain |
Vocative | -em | -emainL | -emnaH |
Accusative | -emainN | -emainL | -emnaH |
Genitive | -eman | -emanL | -emanN |
Dative | -emainL, -emL | -emnaib | -emnaib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
From Proto-Celtic *-īmā, a verbal noun suffix for -ī- verbs in Celtic. Cognate with Welsh -i, from Proto-Brythonic *-iβ̃.
Suffix edit
-em f
- Forms verbal nouns of class A II weak verbs with roots ending in dentals.
Inflection edit
Feminine ā-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | -emL | — | — |
Vocative | -emL | — | — |
Accusative | -imN | — | — |
Genitive | -meH | — | — |
Dative | -imL | — | — |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Alternative forms edit
- -am (after a broad consonant)
Derived terms edit
Descendants edit
References edit
- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*karafyo-(mon)-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 189-190
Pijin edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Suffix edit
-em
- Indicates a transitive verb
Usage notes edit
The suffix to be used is determined by vowel harmony. If the last vowel in the stem is a, e, or o (or a diphthong ending in one of those), then the suffix is -em. Otherwise, use -im or -um.
Vlax Romani edit
Etymology edit
Suffix edit
-em
- Attaches to the perfective stem to form the first-person singular past tense.
Volapük edit
Suffix edit
-em
- An inanimate collective morpheme for a group of things
Derived terms edit
Welsh edit
Pronunciation edit
Suffix edit
-em
- (literary) verb suffix for the first-person plural imperfect/conditional