lest
English edit
Etymology edit
c. 1200, contracted from Middle English les te (“less that”), from Old English þȳ lǣs þe (“whereby less that”), from þȳ (instrumental case of demonstrative article þæt “that”) + lǣs (“less”) + þe (“that,” relative particle). The þȳ was dropped and the remaining two words contracted into leste.[1]
Pronunciation edit
Conjunction edit
- For fear that; that not; in order to prevent something from happening; in case.
- Synonym: (informal) before
- He won't go outside, lest he be eaten by those ravenous eagles.
- 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i], page 15, column 2:
- I thought to haue told thee of it, but I fear'd / Leaſt I might anger thee.
- 1959, Anthony Burgess, Beds in the East (The Malayan Trilogy), published 1972, page 565:
- And then Robert Loo came out swiftly with the half-filled jar lest more be said.
- 1967, “I Am a Lonesome Hobo”, in Bob Dylan (music), John Wesley Harding[1]:
- Stay free from petty jealousies / Live by no man's code / And hold your judgment for yourself / Lest you wind up on this road
- 2013 July 27, “Lunacy?”, in The Economist[2], volume 408, number 8846:
- Lest any astrologer reading this result get cocky, Dr Cajochen does not believe that what he has found is directly influenced by the Moon through, say, some tidal effect. What he thinks he has discovered is an additional hand on the body’s clock-face.
- (after certain expressions denoting fear or apprehension) that (without the negative particle; introduces the reason for an emotion.)
- There was danger lest the plan become known.
- I am afraid lest I revealed too much.
- 1869 May, Anthony Trollope, “Lady Milborough as Ambassador”, in He Knew He Was Right, volume I, London: Strahan and Company, […], →OCLC, page 81:
- That you and I should be in the same house together and not able to speak to each other is in itself a misery, but this is terribly enhanced by the dread lest this state of things should be made to continue.
- 1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC:
- [M]y ward, or rather my adopted son Leo Vincey and myself have recently passed through a real African adventure, of a nature so much more marvellous than the one which you describe, that to tell the truth I am almost ashamed to submit it to you lest you should disbelieve my tale.
- 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:
- Mr. Cooke at once began a tirade against the residents of Asquith for permitting a sandy and generally disgraceful condition of the roads. So roundly did he vituperate the inn management in particular, and with such a loud flow of words, that I trembled lest he should be heard on the veranda.
Usage notes edit
- This word has become archaic for many English speakers.
- lest is usually followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood in either the present or future tense.
- For example:
- Lest they be captured, the soldiers fled from the battlefield.
- Let him attend the ceremony which commemorates the achievements of his ancestors, lest he forget.
- In the future tense, when it is differentiated from the present, it is usually combined with should:
- Let us get to the station early, lest we should miss our connection.
- For example:
Translations edit
for fear that
|
that [...] not
|
that (without the negative particle)
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “lest”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
- ^ “Lest” in John Walker, A Critical Pronouncing Dictionary […] , London: Sold by G. G. J. and J. Robinſon, Paternoſter Row; and T. Cadell, in the Strand, 1791, →OCLC, page 325.
Anagrams edit
Czech edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *lьstь, from Gothic 𐌻𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍃 (lists), from Proto-Germanic *listiz.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lest f
Declension edit
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- lest in Příruční slovník jazyka českého, 1935–1957
- lest in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého, 1960–1971, 1989
- lest in Internetová jazyková příručka
Anagrams edit
Dutch edit
Pronunciation edit
Audio (file)
Verb edit
lest
- inflection of lessen:
French edit
Etymology edit
Inherited from Old French last, lest, from Old Dutch last, from Proto-Germanic *hlastuz.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lest m (plural lests)
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- “lest”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Anagrams edit
German edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
lest
- inflection of lesen:
Hungarian edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lest
Icelandic edit
Etymology edit
From Middle Low German last.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lest f (genitive singular lestar, nominative plural lestir)
Declension edit
declension of lest
Synonyms edit
- (train, file): röð
- (railway train): járnbrautarlest
- (cargo hold): lestarrúm, vörurúm
- (ton): tonn
- (cargo, burden): byrði, farmur
Derived terms edit
- bílalest (“convoy of cars”)
- hraðlest (“high speed train”)
- járnbrautarlest (“railroad train”)
- neðanjarðarlest (“underground train”)
- rúmlest (“register ton”)
- skipalest (“convoy of ships”)
- smálest (“metric ton”)
- snarlest (“rapid transit train”)
- ulfaldalest (“convoy of camels”)
Related terms edit
- lesta (“to load, to fill with cargo”)
Norwegian Bokmål edit
Etymology 1 edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
lest
Etymology 2 edit
From Old Norse leistr, from Proto-Germanic *laistaz.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
lest m (definite singular lesten, indefinite plural lester, definite plural lestene)
- a last (a tool in the shape of a human foot, for shaping or preserving the shape of shoes)
- (clothing) the foot-part of a stocking
Alternative forms edit
- (non-standard since 2005) leist
Etymology 3 edit
Pronunciation edit
Verb edit
lest (present tense lest, past tense lest)
- form removed with the spelling reform of 2005; superseded by less
References edit
- “lest” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
Anagrams edit
Norwegian Nynorsk edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Old Norse leistr m,[1] from Proto-Germanic *laistaz m (“track, trace; footprint”), from Proto-Indo-European *lóystos, from the root *leys- (“to trace, track”). Akin to English last, Swedish läst, and German Leisten.
Alternative forms edit
Noun edit
lest m (definite singular lesten, indefinite plural lestar, definite plural lestane)
- a last (a tool in the shape of a human foot, for shaping or preserving the shape of shoes)
- (clothing) the foot-part of a stocking
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
From Old Norse lest f, from either Old English hlæst,[2] Old Frisian hlest,[2] or Middle Low German last.[1] In any case, from Proto-Germanic *hlastuz and Doublet of last m.
Noun edit
lest m (definite singular lesten, indefinite plural lester or lestar, definite plural lestene or lestane)
- (historical) An old measure of volume, about 12 to 24 barrels.
- (historical) An old measure of weight, about half up until a full dozen skippund.
- (historical, nautical) An old unit of measure on the freight capacity of a ship.
Derived terms edit
Etymology 3 edit
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb edit
lest
Etymology 4 edit
From the verb leiste (“to grow over”).
Noun edit
lest m (definite singular lesten, indefinite plural lestar, definite plural lestane)
References edit
Anagrams edit
Romanian edit
Etymology edit
Noun edit
lest n (plural lesturi)
Declension edit
Declension of lest
| singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| indefinite articulation | definite articulation | indefinite articulation | definite articulation | |
| nominative/accusative | (un) lest | lestul | (niște) lesturi | lesturile |
| genitive/dative | (unui) lest | lestului | (unor) lesturi | lesturilor |
| vocative | lestule | lesturilor | ||