pro
Translingual edit
Etymology edit
Abbreviation of English Provençal + abbreviation of English old.
Symbol edit
pro
English edit
Pronunciation edit
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /pɹəʊ/
Audio (Southern England) (file) - (General American) IPA(key): /pɹoʊ/
- Rhymes: -əʊ
Etymology 1 edit
From Late Middle English pro, from Latin prō (“on behalf of”).
Noun edit
pro (plural pros)
- An advantage of something, especially when contrasted with its disadvantages (cons).
- A person who supports a concept or principle.
- Antonym: anti
Derived terms edit
Translations edit
Preposition edit
pro
- In favor of.
- Antonym: anti
- He is pro exercise but against physical exertion, quite a conundrum.
Translations edit
Etymology 2 edit
Clipping of professional.
Noun edit
pro (plural pros)
- A professional sportsman.
- (colloquial) Professional.
- When it comes to DIY, he's a real pro.
Derived terms edit
Translations edit
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Adjective edit
pro (comparative more pro, superlative most pro)
- Professional.
- He landed a pro mentorship gig.
Derived terms edit
Etymology 3 edit
Clipping of prostitute.
Noun edit
pro (plural pros)
- (slang) A prostitute.
- 1974, "Fynn" (Sydney Hopkins), Mister God, This Is Anna
- Millie was one of the dozen or so pros who had a house at the top of the street.
- 1974, "Fynn" (Sydney Hopkins), Mister God, This Is Anna
Derived terms edit
Etymology 4 edit
Noun edit
pro (plural pros)
- (UK, slang, archaic) A proproctor.
References edit
- John Camden Hotten (1873) The Slang Dictionary
Etymology 5 edit
Clipping of prophylaxis.
Noun edit
pro (plural pros)
- (slang, historical) A chemical prophylaxis taken after sex to avoid contracting venereal disease.
See also edit
Anagrams edit
Catalan edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
pro m (plural pros)
Preposition edit
pro
Chinese edit
Etymology edit
From clipping of English professional.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
pro
Synonyms edit
See also edit
Czech edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Inherited from Old Czech pro, from Proto-Slavic *pro.
Preposition edit
pro [+accusative]
- for
- Zabili ho pro peníze. ― They killed him for his money.
Etymology 2 edit
Noun edit
pro n (indeclinable)
- pro (advantage)
Further reading edit
Esperanto edit
Pronunciation edit
Audio (file)
Preposition edit
pro
- caused by, because of, owing to, due to
- motivated by, for the sake of, on account of, for
- in exchange for
See also edit
Finnish edit
Etymology 1 edit
Learned borrowing from Latin pro or Ancient Greek πρό (pró).
Pronunciation edit
Adverb edit
pro (not comparable) (with nominative)
- instead of, rather than
- Synonym: sijaan
- Sana taipuu kusi:kusen (pro "kusin").
- The word is inflected kusi:kusen (not "kusin").
References edit
- Ruppel, Klaas, editor (2021–2023), Suomen etymologinen sanakirja [Finnish Etymological Dictionary] (Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 72)[1] (in Finnish), Kotimaisten kielten keskus, →ISSN
Further reading edit
- “1. pro”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01
Etymology 2 edit
Borrowed from English pro, from professional.
Pronunciation edit
Adjective edit
pro (not comparable) (colloquial)
Declension edit
Inflection of pro (Kotus type 21/rosé, no gradation) | |||
---|---|---|---|
nominative | pro | prot | |
genitive | pron | proiden proitten | |
partitive | prota | proita | |
illative | prohon | proihin | |
singular | plural | ||
nominative | pro | prot | |
accusative | nom. | pro | prot |
gen. | pron | ||
genitive | pron | proiden proitten | |
partitive | prota | proita | |
inessive | prossa | proissa | |
elative | prosta | proista | |
illative | prohon | proihin | |
adessive | prolla | proilla | |
ablative | prolta | proilta | |
allative | prolle | proille | |
essive | prona | proina | |
translative | proksi | proiksi | |
abessive | protta | proitta | |
instructive | — | proin | |
comitative | — | proine |
Further reading edit
- “2. pro”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish][3] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01
French edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Clipping of professionnel(le).
Adjective edit
pro (plural pros)
- (informal) professional
- Il est très pro.
- He's a real pro.
Noun edit
pro m or f by sense (plural pros)
- (informal) professional
- Elle est une vraie pro.
- She's a real pro.
- (informal) a whiz, someone who is very good at something
- Nous avons affaire à un pro !
- We're dealing with a pro!
Further reading edit
- “pro”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Etymology 2 edit
From prochain.
Adjective edit
pro (plural pros)
German edit
Etymology edit
Borrowed from Latin prō (“for”).
Pronunciation edit
Audio (file)
Preposition edit
pro (+ accusative or dative)
- per, each
- Synonyms: je, für
- Samt Mehrwertsteuer ergibt sich ein Kaufpreis von rund 30 Euro pro Stück
- After VAT the price comes to around 30 euros each.
- Der durchschnittliche Pro-Kopf-Konsum von Bier in Deutschland im Jahr 2018 summierte sich auf rund 101,1 Liter.
- Average beer consumption in Germany in 2018 came to 101.1 liters per head.
Usage notes edit
- Followed by a noun in either the accusative or dative case. No semantic distinction is made between the cases here. Examples from Duden:
- pro gefahrenen / gefahrenem Kilometer ― per kilometer travelled
- pro verkauftes / verkauftem Exemplar ― for every copy sold
- When used in a Latin phrase, the ablative is used according to the rules of Latin grammar: pars pro toto or Pars pro Toto, and pro forma or pro Forma.
Derived terms edit
Further reading edit
- “pro, je, zu, jeweils, für” in Duden online
- “pro, für, dafür” in Duden online
- “pro” in Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache
Ido edit
Preposition edit
pro
Indonesian edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Learned borrowing from Latin pro.
Adjective edit
pro
- (colloquial) pro, in favor of.
- Synonym: setuju
- more.
- Synonym: lebih
Etymology 2 edit
From clipping of profesional (“professional”).
Noun edit
pro (first-person possessive proku, second-person possessive promu, third-person possessive pronya)
- Clipping of profesional (“professional”)..
Further reading edit
- “pro” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation — Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic Indonesia, 2016.
Interlingua edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Latin prō, which is the predecessor of French pour, Italian pro and Spanish para via Vulgar Latin por. See also por.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
pro
- for, to, for the sake of, not against
- Ille ha un dono pro te.
- He has a gift for you.
- Io ha votate pro iste candidato.
- I've voted for this candidate.
- Medicamento pro uso interne.
- Medication for internal use
- in place of, in exchange for, in return for
- Illa prendeva le robo pro solmente vinti euros!
- She got the dress for only twenty euros!
- (+ infinitive) to, in order to (expressing the intended purpose of an action)
- Io vole cantar pro facer te retornar.
- I want to sing to make you return.
Italian edit
Etymology 1 edit
From Latin prō (“for, on behalf of”).
Pronunciation edit
- IPA(key): /ˈprɔ/°, /pro/° (preposition)
- IPA(key): /ˈprɔ/* (noun)
- Rhymes: -ɔ
- Hyphenation: prò
- The preposition does not trigger syntactic gemination in the following word, but the noun does.
Preposition edit
pro
Related terms edit
Noun edit
pro m (invariable)
- (dated) good, benefit, advantage, weal
- 1321, Dante Alighieri, La divina commedia: Inferno, Le Monnier, published 1994, Canto II, p. 29, vv. 109-111:
- Al mondo non fur mai persone ratte ¶ a far lor pro o a fuggir lor danno, ¶ com'io, dopo cotai parole fatte.
- Never were persons in the world so swift ¶ to work their weal and to escape their woe, ¶ as I, after such words as these were uttered.
- pro (as in English “pros and cons”)
Etymology 2 edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
pro m (invariable)
Ladin edit
Noun edit
pro m (plural pro)
Latin edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
From Proto-Italic *pro-, from Proto-Indo-European *pro-, o-grade of *per-.[1]
The ablative is from the PIE locative. The accusative is like ante. The Late Latin accusative is from the case merger trend.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
prō (+ ablative, accusative) (accusative in Late Latin)
- for
- on behalf of, in the interest of, for the sake of
- 6th century BC, Tibur pedestal inscription (CIL I2 2658; image (page 18)):
- 𐌇𐌏𐌉𐌌𐌄𐌃𐌌𐌉𐌕𐌀𐌕𐌊𐌀𐌖𐌉𐌏𐌔[…]𐌌𐌏𐌍𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌒𐌄𐌕𐌉𐌏𐌔𐌃[𐌏]𐌍𐌏𐌌𐌐𐌓𐌏𐌅𐌉𐌋𐌄𐌏𐌃
- HOIMEDMITATKAVIOS[…]MONIOSQETIOSD[O]NOMPROFILEOD
Hoi mēd mitāt Kāvios […]monios Qetios d[ō]nom prō fileōd. - Kavios […]monios Qetios places me here as a gift on behalf of his son.
- HOIMEDMITATKAVIOS[…]MONIOSQETIOSD[O]NOMPROFILEOD
- 6th century BC, Tibur pedestal inscription (CIL I2 2658; image (page 18)):
- before, in front of
- instead of
- about
- according to
- as, like
- as befitting
Derived terms edit
- mōs prō lēge (literally “custom for law”)
- pars prō tōtō (literally “part for the whole”)
- prope
- prō fōrmā (literally “for (the sake of) form”)
- prō rata
- prō salūte Imperātōris
- prō tantō
- prōnus
- prōtinus
- quid prō quō
- semel prō semper (“once and for all”)
Descendants edit
- Late Latin: pōr (see there for further descendants)
- Sardinian: pro, po
- → English: pro
- → Finnish: pro
- → German: pro
- → Indonesian: pro
- → Portuguese: pró
References edit
- “pro”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “pro”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
- pro in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
- pro in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
- Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book[4], London: Macmillan and Co.
- to make up, stir up a fire: ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51)
- as well as I can; to the best of my ability: pro viribus or pro mea parte
- as well as I can; to the best of my ability: pro virili parte (cf. sect. V. 22.)
- to die for one's country: mortem occumbere pro patria
- to shed one's blood for one's fatherland: sanguinem suum pro patria effundere or profundere
- to sacrifice oneself for one's country: vitam profundere pro patria
- to sacrifice oneself for one's country: se morti offerre pro salute patriae
- according to circumstances: pro re (nata), pro tempore
- according to circumstances: pro tempore et pro re
- to avoid no risk in order to..: nullum periculum recusare pro
- to show gratitude (in one's acts): gratiam alicui referre (meritam, debitam) pro aliqua re
- to thank a person (in words): gratias alicui agere pro aliqua re
- to return good for evil: pro maleficiis beneficia reddere
- according to a man's deserts: ex, pro merito
- to strain every nerve, do one's utmost in a matter: pro viribus eniti et laborare, ut
- this much I can vouch for: illud pro certo affirmare licet
- to quote an argument in favour of immortality: argumentum immortalitatis afferre (not pro)
- this goes to prove what I say: hoc est a (pro) me
- the matter speaks for itself: res ipsa (pro me apud te) loquitur
- to translate literally, word for word (not verbo tenus): verbum pro verbo reddere
- to be security for some one: sponsionem facere, sponsorem esse pro aliquo
- to revenge oneself on another for a thing or on some one's behalf: ulcisci aliquem pro aliquo or pro aliqua re
- to give some one satisfaction for an injury: satisfacere alicui pro (de) iniuriis
- to tell lies: falsa (pro veris) dicere
- a religious war: bellum pro religionibus susceptum
- to sacrifice human victims: pro victimis homines immolare
- to fight for hearth and home: pro aris et focis pugnare, certare, dimicare
- to support a bill (before the people): pro lege dicere
- to go to Cilicia as pro-consul: pro consule in Ciliciam proficisci
- to give evidence on some one's behalf: testimonium dicere pro aliquo
- to state as evidence: pro testimonio dicere
- to defend a person: causam dicere pro aliquo
- to punish some one: ulcisci aliquem (pro aliqua re)
- to be on duty before the gates: stationes agere pro portis
- to make up, stir up a fire: ignem excitare (pro Mur. 25. 51)
- pro in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700[5], pre-publication website, 2005-2016
- ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “pro-”, in Online Etymology Dictionary.
Luxembourgish edit
Etymology edit
From Latin.
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
pro
Middle English edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
pro
Descendants edit
- English: pro
References edit
- “prō, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2019-07-10.
Occitan edit
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
pro
Old French edit
Etymology 1 edit
Preposition edit
pro
- (very early Old French) Alternative form of por
Etymology 2 edit
From Late Latin prōde. Doublet of preu.
Alternative forms edit
Noun edit
pro oblique singular, m (nominative singular pro)
- profit, advantage
- ca. 1050, Vie de Saint Alexis :
- Bons fut li sècles al tens ancienur, si ert créḍance, dunt or n'i a nul prut. Tut est muḍez, perdut aḍ sa colur.
- Good was the time of the ancients, as there was trust, in which nowadays there is no profit. Everything has changed and has lost its color.
- Bons fut li sècles al tens ancienur, si ert créḍance, dunt or n'i a nul prut. Tut est muḍez, perdut aḍ sa colur.
- 11th century, Chanson de Roland, 221-222 :
- E dist al Rei : « Ja mar crerez bricun, / Ne mei ne altre, se de vostre prod nun. [...] »
- (Ganelon speaks to Charlemaigne) And he said to the king, "You should never believe a madman: [believe] neither me nor anyone else, unless it is of your advantage. [...]"
- E dist al Rei : « Ja mar crerez bricun, / Ne mei ne altre, se de vostre prod nun. [...] »
Descendants edit
- French: prou (in the idiom peu ou prou)
Old Spanish edit
Etymology edit
From Late Latin prōde (“useful”), perhaps via Old Occitan pro.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
pro f (usually uncountable)
- usefulness, advantage, benefit
- c. 1200, Almerich, Fazienda de Ultramar, f. 5v:
- Andat ⁊ matemoſle. Echemoſle en aq̃l pozo. E ueremos que prol aura so suenno. […]
- “Go and let us kill him. Let us throw him into that pit, and we shall see of what use his dream is to him! […] ”
- 1140 – 1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mio Cid 1374:
- Bien casariemos con sus fijas pora huebos de pro
- We would do well marrying his daughters, out of need for [our own] benefit.
- Bien casariemos con sus fijas pora huebos de pro
- 1140 – 1207, Anonymous, Cantar de mío Cid 1913:
- Andar le qiero amyo çid en toda pro
- I want to always support the Cid.
- (literally, “I want to walk for my Cid in every advantage.”)
- Andar le qiero amyo çid en toda pro
Related terms edit
Portuguese edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Contraction of pra o.
Pronunciation edit
- Hyphenation: pro
Contraction edit
pro (feminine pra, masculine plural pros, feminine plural pras)
- (colloquial) Contraction of pra o (“for/to the (masculine singular)”).
- Ana foi pros Estados Unidos, num foi? (=para os)
- Ana went to the United States, didn't she?
Sardinian edit
Alternative forms edit
Etymology edit
Pronunciation edit
Preposition edit
pro
Spanish edit
Pronunciation edit
Etymology 1 edit
Inherited from Old Spanish pro, from Late Latin prōde (“useful”).
Noun edit
pro m (plural pros)
Derived terms edit
Etymology 2 edit
A recent Latinism, borrowed from Latin prō; see above. Doublet of por.
Preposition edit
pro
Usage notes edit
Etymology 3 edit
A very recent anglicism, borrowed from English pro.
Noun edit
pro m or f by sense (plural pros)
- pro (professional)
- Ella es toda una pro.
- She's a real pro.
Adjective edit
pro m or f (masculine and feminine plural pro or pros)
- pro (professional)
- Los atletas pro llegaron ayer, los otros vienen hoy.
- The pro athletes arrived yesterday, the rest are coming today.
- 2016, Club de la Lucha, 2016-01-12 Entrevista The Fight Cub Torre Del Mar:https://www.clubdelalucha.es/blog/entrevistas/entrevista-the-fight-cub-torre-del-mar
- Hemos tenido luchadores pro y neo pero en este momento no están activos.
- We've had pro and newbie fighters, but right now they're not active.
- Hemos tenido luchadores pro y neo pero en este momento no están activos.
Further reading edit
- “pro”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Volapük edit
Preposition edit
pro