HNLMS De Ruyter (1935): Difference between revisions
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|Ship aircraft=2 × [[Fokker C-11]]W [[floatplane]]s |
|Ship aircraft=2 × [[Fokker C-11]]W [[floatplane]]s |
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|Ship aircraft facilities=1 × catapult |
|Ship aircraft facilities=1 × catapult |
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|Ship notes= All of the above are from this references:<ref>{{cite web|url= |
|Ship notes= All of the above are from this references:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tracesofwar.nl/articles/2190/Hr-Ms-De-Ruyter.htm?page=2|title=Technische gegevens Hr.Ms. De Ruyter|publisher=[[TracesOfWar.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://marineschepen.nl/schepen/kruiser-de-ruyter-1936.html|title=Lichte kruiser Hr.Ms. De Ruyter|publisher=Jaime Karreman}}</ref> |
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''De Ruyter'' was designed during the [[Great Depression]], which, in addition to being a period of economic depression, was also a period in which [[pacifism]] was widespread in the Netherlands. For these reasons, the design was officially called a ''flottieljeleider'' ([[flotilla leader]]) instead of a cruiser, and every effort was made to cut costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onzevloot.weebly.com/hrms-de-ruyter-voacuteoacuter-1940.html|title= Hr.Ms. De Ruyter vóór 1940|publisher=Onze Vloot}}</ref> |
''De Ruyter'' was designed during the [[Great Depression]], which, in addition to being a period of economic depression, was also a period in which [[pacifism]] was widespread in the Netherlands. For these reasons, the design was officially called a ''flottieljeleider'' ([[flotilla leader]]) instead of a cruiser, and every effort was made to cut costs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://onzevloot.weebly.com/hrms-de-ruyter-voacuteoacuter-1940.html|title= Hr.Ms. De Ruyter vóór 1940|publisher=Onze Vloot}}</ref> |
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Its function was to aid the two existing cruisers of the {{sclass-|Java|cruiser|4}} in the defence of the [[Dutch East Indies]]; the idea was that with three cruisers, there would always be two cruisers available, even if one cruiser had to be repaired.<ref>{{cite web|url= |
Its function was to aid the two existing cruisers of the {{sclass-|Java|cruiser|4}} in the defence of the [[Dutch East Indies]]; the idea was that with three cruisers, there would always be two cruisers available, even if one cruiser had to be repaired.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tracesofwar.nl/articles/2190/Hr-Ms-De-Ruyter.htm|title= Hr.Ms. De Ruyter inleiding|publisher=[[TracesOfWar.com]]}}</ref> |
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However, due to the cost-cutting policy that went into her design, ''De Ruyter'' was not quite up to her task. Her main battery (7 × 150 mm guns) was underpowered in comparison to other light cruisers of the time (for example the [[United Kingdom|British]] {{sclass-|Leander|cruiser|4||1931}}), and the class had inadequate armour as well and lacked long range anti-aircraft guns. However, her fire control system was excellent.<ref>{{cite web|author=Visser, Jan |work=Royal Netherlands Navy Warships of World War II |url= http://www.netherlandsnavy.nl/DeRuyter1.htm |title=De Ruyter-class cruiser |access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref> |
However, due to the cost-cutting policy that went into her design, ''De Ruyter'' was not quite up to her task. Her main battery (7 × 150 mm guns) was underpowered in comparison to other light cruisers of the time (for example the [[United Kingdom|British]] {{sclass-|Leander|cruiser|4||1931}}), and the class had inadequate armour as well and lacked long range anti-aircraft guns. However, her fire control system was excellent.<ref>{{cite web|author=Visser, Jan |work=Royal Netherlands Navy Warships of World War II |url= http://www.netherlandsnavy.nl/DeRuyter1.htm |title=De Ruyter-class cruiser |access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref> |
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[[File:HNLMS De Ruyter.jpg|A port side view of ''De Ruyter'' at anchor, shortly before her loss in the Battle of the Java Sea.|thumb|left]] |
[[File:HNLMS De Ruyter.jpg|A port side view of ''De Ruyter'' at anchor, shortly before her loss in the Battle of the Java Sea.|thumb|left]] |
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In the [[Battle of the Java Sea]] on 27 February, ''De Ruyter'' was the flagship of the Dutch Rear-Admiral [[Karel Doorman]], with his flag captain [[Eugène Lacomblé]] (who had previously served on board the ship as a lieutenant). Off the north coast off [[Java (island)|Java]] on the evening of the 27th the remains of the [[American-British-Dutch-Australian Command|ABDA]] fleet was surprised by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese]] [[heavy cruiser]]s {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Nachi||2}} and {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Haguro||2}}. Several minutes after the Dutch cruiser ''[[HNLMS Java (1921)|Java]]'' had been torpedoed and sunk, ''De Ruyter'' was hit by a single [[Type 93 torpedo]] fired by ''Haguro'' at about 23:40 and was set on fire; the torpedo also disabled the ship's electrical systems and left the crew unable to combat the fire or the flooding.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cox, Jeffrey R. |url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/endofbattleofjavasea.aspx |title=A Turn Too Far: Reconstructing the End of the Battle of the Java Sea |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> The ''De Ruyter'' sank at about 02:30 the next morning with the loss of 367 men, including Admiral Doorman and Captain Lacomblé.<ref>{{cite web|url= |
In the [[Battle of the Java Sea]] on 27 February, ''De Ruyter'' was the flagship of the Dutch Rear-Admiral [[Karel Doorman]], with his flag captain [[Eugène Lacomblé]] (who had previously served on board the ship as a lieutenant). Off the north coast off [[Java (island)|Java]] on the evening of the 27th the remains of the [[American-British-Dutch-Australian Command|ABDA]] fleet was surprised by the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese]] [[heavy cruiser]]s {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Nachi||2}} and {{Ship|Japanese cruiser|Haguro||2}}. Several minutes after the Dutch cruiser ''[[HNLMS Java (1921)|Java]]'' had been torpedoed and sunk, ''De Ruyter'' was hit by a single [[Type 93 torpedo]] fired by ''Haguro'' at about 23:40 and was set on fire; the torpedo also disabled the ship's electrical systems and left the crew unable to combat the fire or the flooding.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cox, Jeffrey R. |url=http://www.militaryhistoryonline.com/wwii/articles/endofbattleofjavasea.aspx |title=A Turn Too Far: Reconstructing the End of the Battle of the Java Sea |access-date=19 March 2018}}</ref> The ''De Ruyter'' sank at about 02:30 the next morning with the loss of 367 men, including Admiral Doorman and Captain Lacomblé.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tracesofwar.nl/articles/2190/Hr-Ms-De-Ruyter.htm?page=4|title=Hr.Ms. De Ruyter en de Slag in de Javazee|publisher=[[TracesOfWar.com]]}}</ref> |
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==Wreck== |
==Wreck== |
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Revision as of 19:19, 2 May 2021
.jpg) HNLMS De Ruyter
| |
| History | |
|---|---|
 Netherlands | |
| Name | De Ruyter |
| Builder | Wilton-Fijenoord, Schiedam |
| Laid down | 16 September 1933 |
| Launched | 11 March 1935 |
| Commissioned | 3 October 1936 |
| Fate | Sunk by torpedo in the Java Sea 28 February 1942 |
| General characteristics | |
| Type | Light cruiser |
| Displacement | 6,545 long tons (6,650 t) (standard) |
| Length | 170.9 m (560 ft 8 in) |
| Beam | 15.7 m (51 ft 6 in) |
| Draft | 5.1 m (16 ft 9 in) |
| Installed power | 66,000 shp (49,000 kW) |
| Propulsion |
|
| Speed | 32 kn (59 km/h; 37 mph) |
| Range | 6,800 nmi (12,600 km; 7,800 mi) at 12 kn (22 km/h; 14 mph) |
| Complement | 435 max |
| Armament |
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| Armor | |
| Aircraft carried | 2 × Fokker C-11W floatplanes |
| Aviation facilities | 1 × catapult |
| Notes | All of the above are from this references:[1][2] |
HNLMS De Ruyter (Dutch: Hr.Ms. De Ruyter) was a unique light cruiser of the Royal Netherlands Navy. She was originally designed as a 5,000-long-ton (5,100 t) ship with a lighter armament due to financial problems and the pacifist movement. Later in the design stage, an extra gun turret was added and the armor was improved. She was the seventh ship of the Dutch Navy to be named after Admiral Michiel Adriaenszoon de Ruyter.
De Ruyter was laid down on 16 September 1933 at the Wilton-Fijenoord dockyard in Schiedam and commissioned on 3 October 1936, commanded by Captain A. C. van der Sande Lacoste. She was sunk in the Battle of the Java Sea in 1942.
Design
De Ruyter was designed during the Great Depression, which, in addition to being a period of economic depression, was also a period in which pacifism was widespread in the Netherlands. For these reasons, the design was officially called a flottieljeleider (flotilla leader) instead of a cruiser, and every effort was made to cut costs.[3]
Its function was to aid the two existing cruisers of the Template:Sclass- in the defence of the Dutch East Indies; the idea was that with three cruisers, there would always be two cruisers available, even if one cruiser had to be repaired.[4]
However, due to the cost-cutting policy that went into her design, De Ruyter was not quite up to her task. Her main battery (7 × 150 mm guns) was underpowered in comparison to other light cruisers of the time (for example the British Template:Sclass-), and the class had inadequate armour as well and lacked long range anti-aircraft guns. However, her fire control system was excellent.[5]
Service history
During World War II, De Ruyter saw repeated action in the Dutch East Indies in fruitless attempts to ward off the Japanese invasion. She was damaged by air attack in the Battle of Bali Sea on 4 February 1942, but not seriously. She fought in the Battle of Badung Strait on 18 February.[6]
In the Battle of the Java Sea on 27 February, De Ruyter was the flagship of the Dutch Rear-Admiral Karel Doorman, with his flag captain Eugène Lacomblé (who had previously served on board the ship as a lieutenant). Off the north coast off Java on the evening of the 27th the remains of the ABDA fleet was surprised by the Japanese heavy cruisers Nachi and Haguro. Several minutes after the Dutch cruiser Java had been torpedoed and sunk, De Ruyter was hit by a single Type 93 torpedo fired by Haguro at about 23:40 and was set on fire; the torpedo also disabled the ship's electrical systems and left the crew unable to combat the fire or the flooding.[7] The De Ruyter sank at about 02:30 the next morning with the loss of 367 men, including Admiral Doorman and Captain Lacomblé.[8]
Wreck
The wreck of De Ruyter was discovered by specialist wreck divers on 1 December 2002 and declared a war grave, with the ship's two bells—one now in the Kloosterkerk in the Hague—being recovered. The wreck of HNLMS Java, was also found the same day by the same divers. The same dive group then found HNLMS Kortenaer on 12 August 2004.[9]
In 2016 it was discovered that the wrecks of De Ruyter and Java, and much of Kortenaer had disappeared from the seabed, although their imprints on the ocean floor remained. Over 100 ships and submarines of various countries sank during the war in the seas around Indonesia, Singapore and Malaysia; many are designated as war graves. There is known to be illegal scavenging of these wrecks, often using explosives; the Netherlands Defence Ministry suggested that De Ruyter, Java, and Kortenaer may have been illegally salvaged.[10] In February 2017 a report was issued confirming the salvaging of the three wrecks.[11][12]
References in text
- ^ "Technische gegevens Hr.Ms. De Ruyter". TracesOfWar.com.
- ^ "Lichte kruiser Hr.Ms. De Ruyter". Jaime Karreman.
- ^ "Hr.Ms. De Ruyter vóór 1940". Onze Vloot.
- ^ "Hr.Ms. De Ruyter inleiding". TracesOfWar.com.
- ^ Visser, Jan. "De Ruyter-class cruiser". Royal Netherlands Navy Warships of World War II. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
- ^ "Lichte kruiser de Ruyter (1936)". Jaime Karreman.
- ^ Cox, Jeffrey R. "A Turn Too Far: Reconstructing the End of the Battle of the Java Sea". Retrieved 19 March 2018.
- ^ "Hr.Ms. De Ruyter en de Slag in de Javazee". TracesOfWar.com.
- ^ PacificWrecks.com. "Kevin Denlay - Shipwreck Explorer and SCUBA Diver". Pacific Wrecks. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
- ^ Oliver Holmes and agencies (16 November 2016). "Mystery as wrecks of three Dutch WWII ships vanish from Java seabed". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 November 2016.
- ^ https://www.maritiem-erfgoed.nl/sites/default/files/field_attachments/report_verification_mission_feb_2017_java_seapublic_210217.pdf
- ^ Hoare, James. "Java Sea Shipwrecks of World War 2: One of the men who found them reflects on their loss | All About History". Historyanswers.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
References
- van Oosten, Franz Christiaan. "Her Netherlands Majesty's Ship De Ruyter." In Profile Warship, edited by Anthony Preston, 73-96. Windsor: Profile Publishing, 1974. ISSN 1754-4459. OCLC 249170765.
- Teitler, G. (1984). De strijd om de slagkruisers. Dieren: De Bataafsche Leeuw. ISBN 978-9067070287.
- Legemaate, H.J.; Mulder, A.J.J. (1999). Hr. Ms. Kruiser 'De Ruyter' 1933-1942. Purmerend: Asia Maior. ISBN 978-9074861151.
- Karremann, Jaime (February 27, 2017). "Lichte kruiser Hr.Ms. De Ruyter (1936))" (in Dutch). marineschepen.nl. Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
External links
5°58′55″S 112°3′57″E / 5.98194°S 112.06583°E
