Mutiny: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Content deleted Content added
I suppose technically a Mutiny is against the law of any organization, but this Hyper Link is utterly horrible, it fails at NPOV, why on earth is this here. As an example for the Kurdish Workers Party you wouldn't put "The PKK is "Criminal Organization", that would be horrid. Wikipedia has no care for Offical Policies, often un-offical names will be used instead of Official ones because they are known better, Vichy France and the Wiemar Republic neither were ever offically called so.
m →‎21st century: clean up, replaced: Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo → Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
(26 intermediate revisions by 18 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{other uses}}
{{Other uses}}
{{redirect|Army Mutiny|the 1924 event in the Irish Free State|Irish Army Mutiny}}
{{Redirect|Army Mutiny|the 1924 event in the Irish Free State|Irish Army Mutiny}}
[[File:Mutiny HMS Bounty.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|The [[mutiny on the Bounty]] was one of the most famous instances of mutiny which took place at sea.]]
'''Mutiny''' is a [[conspiracy]] among a group of people (typically members of the [[military]] or the [[crew]] of any ship, even if they are civilians) to openly oppose, change, or overthrow a lawful authority to which they are subject. The term is commonly used for a [[rebellion]] among members of the military against their superior officers, but it can also occasionally refer to any type of rebellion against lawful authority or governances.

'''Mutiny''' is a [[revolt]] among a group of people (typically of a [[military]], of a [[crew]] or of a crew of [[Piracy|pirates]]) to oppose, change, or overthrow an organization to which they were previously loyal. The term is commonly used for a [[rebellion]] among members of the military against an internal force, but it can also sometimes mean any type of rebellion against any force. Mutiny does not necessarily need to refer to a [[military force]] and can describe a [[political]], [[economic]], or [[power structure]] in which there is a change of power.


During the [[Age of Discovery]], mutiny particularly meant open rebellion against a ship's [[Captain (nautical)|captain]]. This occurred, for example, during [[Ferdinand Magellan|Ferdinand Magellan's]] journeys around the world, resulting in the killing of one mutineer, the [[Capital punishment|execution]] of another, and the [[marooning]] of others; on [[Henry Hudson]]'s ''Discovery'' resulting in Hudson and others being set adrift in a boat; and the notorious [[mutiny on the Bounty|mutiny on the ''Bounty'']].
During the [[Age of Discovery]], mutiny particularly meant open rebellion against a ship's [[Captain (nautical)|captain]]. This occurred, for example, during [[Ferdinand Magellan|Ferdinand Magellan's]] journeys around the world, resulting in the killing of one mutineer, the [[Capital punishment|execution]] of another, and the [[marooning]] of others; on [[Henry Hudson]]'s ''Discovery'' resulting in Hudson and others being set adrift in a boat; and the notorious [[mutiny on the Bounty|mutiny on the ''Bounty'']].
Line 9: Line 11:


===United Kingdom===
===United Kingdom===
Until 1689, mutiny was regulated in [[Kingdom of England|England]] by ''[[Articles of War]]'' instituted by the monarch and effective only in a period of war. In 1689, the first ''[[Mutiny Acts|Mutiny Act]]'' was passed which passed the responsibility to enforce discipline within the military to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]. The ''Mutiny Act'', altered in 1803, and the ''Articles of War'' defined the nature and punishment of mutiny until the latter were replaced by the ''Army Discipline and Regulation Act'' in 1879. This, in turn, was replaced by the ''Army Act'' in 1881.
Until 1689, mutiny was regulated in [[Kingdom of England|England]] by ''[[Articles of War]]'' instituted by the monarch and effective only in a period of war. In 1689, the first ''[[Mutiny Acts|Mutiny Act]]'' was passed which passed the responsibility to enforce discipline within the military to [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]]. The ''Mutiny Act'', altered in 1803, and the ''Articles of War'' defined the nature and punishment of mutiny until the latter were replaced by the ''Army Discipline and Regulation Act'' in 1879. This, in turn, was replaced by the [[Army Act]] in 1881.


Today the [[Armed Forces Act 2006|Army Act 1955]] defines mutiny as follows:<ref>[http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&Year=1955&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=2675303&ActiveTextDocId=2675343&filesize=4221 Army Act (1955) c.18 - Part II Discipline and Trial and Punishment of Military Offences: Mutiny and insubordination], ''The UK Statute Law Database''.</ref>
Today the [[Armed Forces Act 2006|Army Act 1955]] defines mutiny as follows:<ref>[http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&Year=1955&searchEnacted=0&extentMatchOnly=0&confersPower=0&blanketAmendment=0&sortAlpha=0&TYPE=QS&PageNumber=1&NavFrom=0&parentActiveTextDocId=2675303&ActiveTextDocId=2675343&filesize=4221 Army Act (1955) c.18 - Part II Discipline and Trial and Punishment of Military Offences: Mutiny and insubordination], ''The UK Statute Law Database''.</ref>
{{quote|Mutiny means a combination between two or more persons subject to service law, or between persons two at least of whom are subject to service law—
{{Quote|Mutiny means a combination between two or more persons subject to service law, or between persons two at least of whom are subject to service law—
:(a) to overthrow or resist lawful authority in Her Majesty's forces or any forces co-operating therewith or in any part of any of the said forces,
:(a) to overthrow or resist lawful authority in Her Majesty's forces or any forces co-operating therewith or in any part of any of the said forces,
:(b) to disobey such authority in such circumstances as to make the disobedience subversive of discipline, or with the object of avoiding any duty or service against, or in connection with operations against, the enemy, or
:(b) to disobey such authority in such circumstances as to make the disobedience subversive of discipline, or with the object of avoiding any duty or service against, or in connection with operations against, the enemy, or
Line 86: Line 88:
* The US whaler ''[[Globe (1815 whaleship)|Globe]]'' mutiny of 1824.
* The US whaler ''[[Globe (1815 whaleship)|Globe]]'' mutiny of 1824.
* [[Barrackpore Mutiny]], (2 November 1824), incident during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26), generally regarded as a dress rehearsal for the Indian Mutiny of 1857 because of its similar combination of Indian grievances against the British.
* [[Barrackpore Mutiny]], (2 November 1824), incident during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26), generally regarded as a dress rehearsal for the Indian Mutiny of 1857 because of its similar combination of Indian grievances against the British.
* ''[[La Amistad]]'', in 1839. A group of captured African [[slave]]s being transported in [[Cuba]] mutinied against the crew, killing the captain.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3080/ |title = Unidentified Young Man |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1839–1840 |accessdate = 2013-07-28 }}</ref>
* ''[[La Amistad]]'', in 1839. A group of captured African [[slave]]s being transported in [[Cuba]] mutinied against the crew, killing the captain.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/3080/ |title = Unidentified Young Man |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1839–1840 |access-date = 2013-07-28 }}</ref>
* The brig [[USS Somers (1842)|USS ''Somers'']] had a mutiny plotted onboard on her first voyage in 1842. Three men were accused of conspiring to commit mutiny, and were hanged.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/local/columnists/memmott/2017/11/20/jim-memmott-high-seas-mutiny-canandaigua-connection/881514001/|title=Jim Memmott: A high-seas mutiny with a Canandaigua connection|newspaper=Democrat & Chronicle (USA Today)|location=Rochester|last=Memmott|first=Jim|date=November 20, 2017|accessdate=May 30, 2019}}</ref>
* The brig [[USS Somers (1842)|USS ''Somers'']] had a mutiny plotted onboard on her first voyage in 1842. Three men were accused of conspiring to commit mutiny, and were hanged.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.democratandchronicle.com/story/news/local/columnists/memmott/2017/11/20/jim-memmott-high-seas-mutiny-canandaigua-connection/881514001/|title=Jim Memmott: A high-seas mutiny with a Canandaigua connection|newspaper=Democrat & Chronicle (USA Today)|location=Rochester|last=Memmott|first=Jim|date=November 20, 2017|access-date=May 30, 2019}}</ref>
* The [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] was a period of armed uprising in [[India]] against [[United Kingdom|British]] colonial power, and was popularly remembered in Britain as the Indian Mutiny or Sepoy Mutiny. It is remembered in India as the First War of Independence.
* The [[Indian rebellion of 1857]] was a period of armed uprising in [[India]] against [[United Kingdom|British]] colonial power, and was popularly remembered in Britain as the Indian Mutiny or Sepoy Mutiny. It is remembered in India as the First War of Independence.
* The ''Sharon'', a New England whaler, was subject to multiple mass desertions, mutinies and the murder and dismemberment of a cruel (and from the record, [[Psychopathy#Sociopathy|sociopathic]]) captain by four [[Polynesians]] who had been pressed into service on the ''Sharon''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Druett |first=Joan |date=2003 |title=In the Wake of Maddress |publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill}}</ref>
* The ''Sharon'', a New England whaler, was subject to multiple mass desertions, mutinies and the murder and dismemberment of a cruel (and from the record, [[Psychopathy#Sociopathy|sociopathic]]) captain by four [[Polynesians]] who had been pressed into service on the ''Sharon''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Druett |first=Joan |date=2003 |title=In the Wake of Maddress |publisher=Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill}}</ref>
Line 105: Line 107:
* [[André Marty#Black Sea mutiny|Black Sea mutiny (1919)]] by crews aboard the French dreadnoughts ''[[French battleship Jean Bart (1911)|Jean Bart]]'' and ''[[French battleship France|France]]'', sent to assist the White Russians in the [[Russian Civil War]]. The ringleaders (including [[André Marty]] and [[Charles Tillon]]) received long prison sentences.
* [[André Marty#Black Sea mutiny|Black Sea mutiny (1919)]] by crews aboard the French dreadnoughts ''[[French battleship Jean Bart (1911)|Jean Bart]]'' and ''[[French battleship France|France]]'', sent to assist the White Russians in the [[Russian Civil War]]. The ringleaders (including [[André Marty]] and [[Charles Tillon]]) received long prison sentences.
* The 1920 mutiny of the mainly Irish unit of [[Connaught Rangers#Mutiny in India, 1920|Connaught Rangers]] in the British Army against [[Irish War of Independence#Martial law|martial law being imposed]] and brutally enforced by the [[Black and Tans]] in Ireland during the [[Irish War of Independence]]. The leader, [[James Daly (mutineer)|Private James Daly]], became the last member of the British Armed Forces to be executed for mutiny when he was shot by [[firing squad]] on 2 November 1920.
* The 1920 mutiny of the mainly Irish unit of [[Connaught Rangers#Mutiny in India, 1920|Connaught Rangers]] in the British Army against [[Irish War of Independence#Martial law|martial law being imposed]] and brutally enforced by the [[Black and Tans]] in Ireland during the [[Irish War of Independence]]. The leader, [[James Daly (mutineer)|Private James Daly]], became the last member of the British Armed Forces to be executed for mutiny when he was shot by [[firing squad]] on 2 November 1920.
* [[Kronstadt rebellion]], an unsuccessful uprising of Soviet sailors, led by [[Stepan Petrichenko]], against the government of the early [[Russian SFSR]] in the first weeks of March in 1921. It proved to be the last large rebellion against [[Bolshevik]] rule.
* [[Kronstadt rebellion]], an unsuccessful uprising of Russian sailors, led by [[Stepan Petrichenko]], against the government of the early [[Russian SFSR]] in the first weeks of March in 1921. It proved to be the last large rebellion against [[Bolshevik]] rule.
* [[Irish Army Mutiny]], a crisis in March 1924 provoked by a proposed reduction in army numbers in the immediate post-[[Irish Civil War|Civil War]] period.<ref name="GFG">[[Garret FitzGerald]] ''[http://generalmichaelcollins.com/Cumann_na_nGael/Garrett_Fitzgerald.html Reflections On The Foundation of the Irish State] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319151530/http://generalmichaelcollins.com/Cumann_na_nGael/Garrett_Fitzgerald.html |date=2011-03-19 }}'', University College Cork, April 2003</ref><ref>[[Irish Times]] ''March 10th, 1924'' 10 Mar 2012</ref>
* [[Irish Army Mutiny]], a crisis in March 1924 provoked by a proposed reduction in army numbers in the immediate post-[[Irish Civil War|Civil War]] period.<ref name="GFG">[[Garret FitzGerald]] ''[http://generalmichaelcollins.com/Cumann_na_nGael/Garrett_Fitzgerald.html Reflections On The Foundation of the Irish State] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319151530/http://generalmichaelcollins.com/Cumann_na_nGael/Garrett_Fitzgerald.html |date=2011-03-19 }}'', University College Cork, April 2003</ref><ref>[[Irish Times]] ''March 10th, 1924'' 10 Mar 2012</ref>
* [[Invergordon Mutiny]], an [[industrial action]] by around a thousand [[sailor]]s in the [[British Atlantic Fleet]], that took place on 15–16 September 1931. For two days, ships of the [[Royal Navy]] at [[Invergordon]] were in open mutiny, in one of the few military strikes in [[United Kingdom|British]] history.
* [[Invergordon Mutiny]], an [[industrial action]] by around a thousand [[sailor]]s in the [[British Atlantic Fleet]], that took place on 15–16 September 1931. For two days, ships of the [[Royal Navy]] at [[Invergordon]] were in open mutiny, in one of the few military strikes in [[United Kingdom|British]] history.
Line 112: Line 114:
* [[Cocos Islands Mutiny]], a failed mutiny by [[Sri Lanka]]n servicemen on the [[British Empire|then-British]] [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] during the [[Second World War]].
* [[Cocos Islands Mutiny]], a failed mutiny by [[Sri Lanka]]n servicemen on the [[British Empire|then-British]] [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] during the [[Second World War]].
* [[Battle of Bamber Bridge]] on 24–25 June 1943, a racially motivated mutiny by black soldiers in a segregated truck unit stationed in [[Bamber Bridge]], [[Lancashire]], [[United Kingdom]].
* [[Battle of Bamber Bridge]] on 24–25 June 1943, a racially motivated mutiny by black soldiers in a segregated truck unit stationed in [[Bamber Bridge]], [[Lancashire]], [[United Kingdom]].
* [[Port Chicago mutiny]] on August 9, 1944, three weeks after the Port Chicago disaster. 258 out of the 320 African-American sailors in the ordnance battalion refused to load any ammunition.<ref>Though 50 sailors were convicted of mutiny after the [[Port Chicago disaster]], there is some question as to whether there was a conspiracy, a prerequisite of mutiny, rather than simple refusal to obey a lawful order. All of the sailors were willing to do any other task except load ammunition under unsafe conditions.</ref> See also [[African-American mutinies in the United States armed forces]].
* [[Townsville mutiny]] on 22 May 1942, a mutiny by about 600 African American servicemen of the [[96th Engineer Battalion (United States)|96th Engineer Battalion]] of the United States Army while serving in Townsville, Australia, during World War II. See also [[African-American mutinies in the United States armed forces]].
* [[Port Chicago mutiny]] on August 9, 1944, three weeks after the Port Chicago disaster. 258 out of the 320 African-American sailors in the ordnance battalion refused to load any ammunition.<ref>Though 50 sailors were convicted of mutiny after the [[Port Chicago disaster]], there is some question as to whether there was a conspiracy, a prerequisite of mutiny, rather than simple refusal to obey a lawful order. All of the sailors were willing to do any other task except load ammunition under unsafe conditions.</ref>
* [[Terrace Mutiny|Terrace mutiny]], a mutiny by French-Canadian soldiers in Terrace, British Columbia, in November 1944.
* [[Terrace Mutiny|Terrace mutiny]], a mutiny by French-Canadian soldiers in Terrace, British Columbia, in November 1944.


Line 121: Line 124:
* [[East Bengal Regiment]] occurred when East Bengal Regiment high rank officer refused order from Pakistan army command in east Pakistan present day Bangladesh and join the Bangladesh freedom movement.
* [[East Bengal Regiment]] occurred when East Bengal Regiment high rank officer refused order from Pakistan army command in east Pakistan present day Bangladesh and join the Bangladesh freedom movement.
* [[209th Detachment, 2325th Group|Unit 684 Mutiny]] occurred when members of South Korean black ops Unit 684 mutinied for unclear reasons.
* [[209th Detachment, 2325th Group|Unit 684 Mutiny]] occurred when members of South Korean black ops Unit 684 mutinied for unclear reasons.
* [[Storozhevoy#Mutiny|The Storozhevoy Mutiny]] occurred on 9 November 1975 in [[Riga]], [[Latvia]]. The [[Political commissar|political officer]] locked up the [[Soviet Navy]] captain and sailed the ship toward [[Leningrad]].
* [[Storozhevoy#Mutiny|The Storozhevoy Mutiny]] occurred on 9 November 1975 in [[Riga]], [[Latvian SSR]], Soviet Union. The [[Political commissar|political officer]] locked up the [[Soviet Navy]] captain and sailed the ship toward [[Leningrad]].
* [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974#Velos mutiny|The Velos mutiny]] On 23 May 1973, the captain of {{ship|Greek destroyer|Velos|D16|2}}, refused to return to [[Greece]] after a [[NATO]] exercise.
* [[Greek military junta of 1967-1974#Velos mutiny|The Velos mutiny]] On 23 May 1973, the captain of {{ship|Greek destroyer|Velos|D16|2}}, refused to return to [[Greece]] after a [[NATO]] exercise.
* Following [[Operation Blue Star]] against Sikh militants holed in the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in the Sikh [[holy city]] of [[Amritsar]], many soldiers and officers of [[Indian Army]]'s [[Sikh Regiment]] mutinied or resigned.<ref>{{cite web|author=AP |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/02/world/general-promises-to-punish-sikh-mutineers.html |title=General Promises To Punish Sikh Mutineers |location=India; Amritsar (India); Punjab State (India) |work=New York Times |date=1984-07-02 |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhmuseum.com/bluestar/newsreports/840611_6.html |title=Operation Blue Star 1984 Golden Temple Attack Sikhs |publisher=Sikhmuseum.com |date=1984-06-11 |accessdate=2012-06-10}}</ref>
* Following [[Operation Blue Star]] against Sikh militants holed in the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] in the Sikh [[holy city]] of [[Amritsar]], many soldiers and officers of [[Indian Army]]'s [[Sikh Regiment]] mutinied or resigned.<ref>{{cite web|author=AP |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/07/02/world/general-promises-to-punish-sikh-mutineers.html |title=General Promises To Punish Sikh Mutineers |location=India; Amritsar (India); Punjab State (India) |work=New York Times |date=1984-07-02 |access-date=2012-06-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhmuseum.com/bluestar/newsreports/840611_6.html |title=Operation Blue Star 1984 Golden Temple Attack Sikhs |publisher=Sikhmuseum.com |date=1984-06-11 |access-date=2012-06-10}}</ref>


===21st century===
===21st century===
* 2003 [[Oakwood mutiny]] – A group of 321 officers and personnel of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|Philippines Armed Forces]] took over the Oakwood Premier Ayala Center serviced apartment tower in [[Makati City]] to show the Filipino people the alleged corruption of Pres. [[Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo]].
* 2003 [[Oakwood mutiny]] – A group of 321 officers and personnel of the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines|Philippines Armed Forces]] took over the Oakwood Premier Ayala Center serviced apartment tower in [[Makati]] to show the Filipino people the alleged corruption of President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]].
* [[2006 state of emergency in the Philippines#Fort Bonifacio crisis|2003 Fort Bonifacio Crisis]] – Members of the [[Philippine Marines]] staged a protest over the removal of their Commandant Maj. Gen. Renato Miranda.
* [[2006 state of emergency in the Philippines#Fort Bonifacio crisis|2003 Fort Bonifacio Crisis]] – Members of the [[Philippine Marines]] staged a protest over the removal of their Commandant Maj. Gen. Renato Miranda.
* [[2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt]] – A group of Bangladesh border guards revolted, demanding equal rights to the regular army and killed several of their officers.
* [[2009 Bangladesh Rifles revolt]] – A group of Bangladesh border guards revolted, demanding equal rights to the regular army and killed several of their officers.
*2011 [[Mutiny on Lurongyu 2682|Mutiny on ''Lurongyu 2682'']], a Chinese fishing trawler in the South Pacific. After a month-long killings, 11 of the 33 crew returned to China.
*2011 [[Mutiny on Lurongyu 2682|Mutiny on ''Lurongyu 2682'']], a Chinese fishing trawler in the South Pacific. After a month-long killings, 11 of the 33 crew returned to China.
* 2013 1st Battalion Yorkshire Regiment, British Army Sixteen soldiers were jailed after a court martial for staging a 'sit-in' protest against their Captain and Colour Sergeant<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25313387|title=Yorkshire Regiment soldiers jailed for sit-in protest|work=BBC News|date=2013-12-10|accessdate=2014-04-07}}</ref>
* 2013 1st Battalion Yorkshire Regiment, British Army Sixteen soldiers were jailed after a court martial for staging a 'sit-in' protest against their Captain and Colour Sergeant<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-25313387|title=Yorkshire Regiment soldiers jailed for sit-in protest|work=BBC News|date=2013-12-10|access-date=2014-04-07}}</ref>
* 2014 [[Nigerian Army]]: A total of 54 soldiers were [[capital punishment in Nigeria|sentenced to death]] by [[firing squad]] by a court martial in two separate trials, after they had refused to fight to recapture a town that had been captured by [[Boko Haram]] [[insurgent]]s. The sentences are subject to the approval of senior officers.<ref>{{cite news|title=BREAKING: Nigerian Military Sentences 54 Soldiers To Death For Mutiny|url=http://saharareporters.com/2014/12/17/breaking-nigerian-military-sentences-54-soldiers-death-mutiny|accessdate=12 March 2017|publisher=Sahara Reporters|date=17 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nigerian soldiers given death penalty for mutiny|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30526725|accessdate=12 March 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=17 December 2014}}</ref>
* 2014 [[Nigerian Army]]: A total of 54 soldiers were [[capital punishment in Nigeria|sentenced to death]] by [[firing squad]] by a court martial in two separate trials, after they had refused to fight to recapture a town that had been captured by [[Boko Haram]] [[insurgent]]s. The sentences are subject to the approval of senior officers.<ref>{{cite news|title=BREAKING: Nigerian Military Sentences 54 Soldiers To Death For Mutiny|url=http://saharareporters.com/2014/12/17/breaking-nigerian-military-sentences-54-soldiers-death-mutiny|access-date=12 March 2017|publisher=Sahara Reporters|date=17 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Nigerian soldiers given death penalty for mutiny|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-30526725|access-date=12 March 2017|work=[[BBC News]]|date=17 December 2014}}</ref>
* [[2020 Malian mutiny]]
* [[2020 Malian mutiny]]


Line 145: Line 148:
* {{cite book|last=Guttridge|first=Leonard F|title=Mutiny: A History of Naval Insurrection|publisher=United States Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1992|isbn=0-87021-281-8}}
* {{cite book|last=Guttridge|first=Leonard F|title=Mutiny: A History of Naval Insurrection|publisher=United States Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland|year=1992|isbn=0-87021-281-8}}
* {{cite book|title=Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/navalmutiniesoft00cbel|url-access=registration|editor1-last=Bell|editor1-first=Christopher M|editor2-last=Elleman|editor2-first=Bruce A|location=Portland, Oregon|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|year=2003|isbn=0-7146-8468-6|oclc=464313205}}
* {{cite book|title=Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective|url=https://archive.org/details/navalmutiniesoft00cbel|url-access=registration|editor1-last=Bell|editor1-first=Christopher M|editor2-last=Elleman|editor2-first=Bruce A|location=Portland, Oregon|publisher=Frank Cass Publishers|year=2003|isbn=0-7146-8468-6|oclc=464313205}}
* Pfaff, Steven and Michael Hechter. 2020. ''[[doi:10.1017/9781108149853|The Genesis of Rebellion: Governance, Grievance, and Mutiny in the Age of Sail]]''. Cambridge University Press.


{{Pirates}}
{{Pirates}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:Crimes]]
[[Category:Crimes]]

Revision as of 06:34, 18 June 2021

The mutiny on the Bounty was one of the most famous instances of mutiny which took place at sea.

Mutiny is a revolt among a group of people (typically of a military, of a crew or of a crew of pirates) to oppose, change, or overthrow an organization to which they were previously loyal. The term is commonly used for a rebellion among members of the military against an internal force, but it can also sometimes mean any type of rebellion against any force. Mutiny does not necessarily need to refer to a military force and can describe a political, economic, or power structure in which there is a change of power.

During the Age of Discovery, mutiny particularly meant open rebellion against a ship's captain. This occurred, for example, during Ferdinand Magellan's journeys around the world, resulting in the killing of one mutineer, the execution of another, and the marooning of others; on Henry Hudson's Discovery resulting in Hudson and others being set adrift in a boat; and the notorious mutiny on the Bounty.

Penalty

Those convicted of mutiny often faced capital punishment.

United Kingdom

Until 1689, mutiny was regulated in England by Articles of War instituted by the monarch and effective only in a period of war. In 1689, the first Mutiny Act was passed which passed the responsibility to enforce discipline within the military to Parliament. The Mutiny Act, altered in 1803, and the Articles of War defined the nature and punishment of mutiny until the latter were replaced by the Army Discipline and Regulation Act in 1879. This, in turn, was replaced by the Army Act in 1881.

Today the Army Act 1955 defines mutiny as follows:[1]

Mutiny means a combination between two or more persons subject to service law, or between persons two at least of whom are subject to service law—

(a) to overthrow or resist lawful authority in Her Majesty's forces or any forces co-operating therewith or in any part of any of the said forces,
(b) to disobey such authority in such circumstances as to make the disobedience subversive of discipline, or with the object of avoiding any duty or service against, or in connection with operations against, the enemy, or
(c) to impede the performance of any duty or service in Her Majesty's forces or in any forces co-operating therewith or in any part of any of the said forces.

The same definition applies in the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force.

The military law of England in early times existed, like the forces to which it applied, in a period of war only. Troops were raised for a particular service and were disbanded upon the cessation of hostilities. The crown, by prerogative, made laws known as Articles of War for the government and discipline of the troops while thus embodied and serving. Except for the punishment of desertion, which was made a felony by statute in the reign of Henry VI, these ordinances or Articles of War remained almost the sole authority for the enforcement of discipline until 1689 when the first Mutiny Act was passed and the military forces of the crown were brought under the direct control of parliament. Even the Parliamentary forces in the time of Charles I and Oliver Cromwell were governed, not by an act of the legislature, but by articles of war similar to those issued by the king and authorized by an ordinance of the Lords and Commons exercising in that respect the sovereign prerogative. This power of law-making by prerogative was however held to be applicable during a state of actual war only, and attempts to exercise it in time of peace were ineffectual. Subject to this limitation, it existed for considerably more than a century after the passing of the first Mutiny Act.

From 1689 to 1803, although in peacetime the Mutiny Act was occasionally suffered to expire, a statutory power was given to the crown to make Articles of War to operate in the colonies and elsewhere beyond the seas in the same manner as those made by prerogative operated in time of war.

In 1715, in consequence of the rebellion, this power was created in respect of the forces in the kingdom but apart from and in no respect affected the principle acknowledged all this time that the crown of its mere prerogative could make laws for the government of the army in foreign countries in time of war.

The Mutiny Act of 1803 effected a great constitutional change in this respect: the power of the crown to make any Articles of War became altogether statutory, and the prerogative merged in the act of parliament. The Mutiny Act 1873 was passed in this manner.

Such matters remained until 1879 when the last Mutiny Act was passed and the last Articles of War were promulgated. The Mutiny Act legislated for offences in respect of which death or penal servitude could be awarded, and the Articles of War, while repeating those provisions of the act, constituted the direct authority for dealing with offences for which imprisonment was the maximum punishment as well as with many matters relating to trial and procedure.

The act and the articles were found not to harmonize in all respects. Their general arrangement was faulty, and their language sometimes obscure. In 1869, a royal commission recommended that both should be recast in a simple and intelligible shape. In 1878, a committee of the House of Commons endorsed this view and made recommendations as to how the task should be performed. In 1879, passed into law a measure consolidating in one act both the Mutiny Act and the Articles of War, and amending their provisions in certain important respects. This measure was called the Army Discipline and Regulation Act 1879.

After one or two years experience finding room for improvement, it was superseded by the Army Act 1881, which hence formed the foundation and the main portion of the military law of England, containing a proviso saving the right of the crown to make Articles of War, but in such a manner as to render the power in effect a nullity by enacting that no crime made punishable by the act shall be otherwise punishable by such articles. As the punishment of every conceivable offence was provided, any articles made under the act could be no more than an empty formality having no practical effect.

Thus the history of English military law up to 1879 may be divided into three periods, each having a distinct constitutional aspect: (I) prior to 1689, the army, being regarded as so many personal retainers of the sovereign rather than servants of the state, was mainly governed by the will of the sovereign; (2) between 1689 and 1803, the army, being recognised as a permanent force, was governed within the realm by statute and without it by the prerogative of the crown and (3) from 1803 to 1879, it was governed either directly by statute or by the sovereign under an authority derived from and defined and limited by statute. Although in 1879 the power of making Articles of War became in effect inoperative, the sovereign was empowered to make rules of procedure, having the force of law, to regulate the administration of the act in many matters formerly dealt with by the Articles of War. These rules, however, must not be inconsistent with the provisions of the Army Act itself, and must be laid before parliament immediately after they are made. Thus in 1879 the government and discipline of the army became for the first time completely subject either to the direct action or the close supervision of parliament.

A further notable change took place at the same time. The Mutiny Act had been brought into force on each occasion for one year only, in compliance with the constitutional theory:

that the maintenance of a standing army in time of peace, unless with the consent of parliament, is against law. Each session therefore the text of the act had to be passed through both Houses clause by clause and line by line. The Army Act, on the other hand, is a fixed permanent code. But constitutional traditions are fully respected by the insertion in it of a section providing that it shall come into force only by virtue of an annual act of parliament. This annual act recites the illegality of a standing army in time of peace unless with the consent of parliament, and the necessity nevertheless of maintaining a certain number of land forces (exclusive of those serving in India) and a body of royal marine forces on shore, and of keeping them in exact discipline, and it brings into force the Army Act for one year.

Sentence

Until 1998 mutiny and another offence of failing to suppress or report a mutiny were each punishable with death.[2] Section 21(5) of the Human Rights Act 1998 completely abolished the death penalty in the United Kingdom. (Prior to this, the death penalty had already been abolished for murder, but it had remained in force for certain military offences and treason, although no executions had been carried out for several decades.) This provision was not required by the European Convention on Human Rights, since Protocol 6 of the Convention permitted the death penalty in time of war, and Protocol 13, which prohibits the death penalty for all circumstances, did not then exist. The UK government introduced section 21(5) as a late amendment in response to parliamentary pressure.

United States

The United States' Uniform Code of Military Justice defines mutiny thus:

Art. 94. (§ 894.) 2004 Mutiny or Sedition.
(a) Any person subject to this code (chapter) who—
(1) with intent to usurp or override lawful military authority, refuses, in concert with any other person, to obey orders or otherwise do his duty or creates any violence or disturbance is guilty of mutiny;
(2) with intent to cause the overthrow or destruction of lawful civil authority, creates, in concert with any other person, revolt, violence, or other disturbance against that authority is guilty of sedition;
(3) fails to do his utmost to prevent and suppress a mutiny or sedition being committed in his presence, or fails to take all reasonable means to inform his superior commissioned officer or commanding officer of a mutiny or sedition which he knows or has reason to believe is taking place, is guilty of a failure to suppress or report a mutiny or sedition.
(b) A person who is found guilty of attempted mutiny, mutiny, sedition, or failure to suppress or report a mutiny or sedition shall be punished by death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct.

U.S. military law requires obedience only to lawful orders. Disobedience to unlawful orders (see Superior orders) is the obligation of every member of the U.S. military, a principle established by the Nuremberg and Tokyo Trials following World War II and reaffirmed in the aftermath of the My Lai Massacre during the Vietnam War. However, a U.S. soldier who disobeys an order after deeming it unlawful will almost certainly be court-martialed to determine whether the disobedience was proper. In addition, simple refusal to obey is not mutiny, which requires collaboration or conspiracy to disobedience.

Famous mutinies

16th century

17th century

18th century

The mutineers turning Lt Bligh and part of the officers and crew adrift from HMAV Bounty, 29 April 1789, published by B. B. Evans

19th century

  • Vellore Mutiny, outbreak against the British East India Company on 10 July 1806, by sepoys forming part of the garrison of a fortress and palace complex at Vellore (now in Tamil Nadu state, southern India).
  • The Froberg mutiny by the Froberg Regiment in Fort Ricasoli, Malta in 1807. The mutiny was suppressed and 30 men were executed.
  • The US whaler Globe mutiny of 1824.
  • Barrackpore Mutiny, (2 November 1824), incident during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26), generally regarded as a dress rehearsal for the Indian Mutiny of 1857 because of its similar combination of Indian grievances against the British.
  • La Amistad, in 1839. A group of captured African slaves being transported in Cuba mutinied against the crew, killing the captain.[4]
  • The brig USS Somers had a mutiny plotted onboard on her first voyage in 1842. Three men were accused of conspiring to commit mutiny, and were hanged.[5]
  • The Indian rebellion of 1857 was a period of armed uprising in India against British colonial power, and was popularly remembered in Britain as the Indian Mutiny or Sepoy Mutiny. It is remembered in India as the First War of Independence.
  • The Sharon, a New England whaler, was subject to multiple mass desertions, mutinies and the murder and dismemberment of a cruel (and from the record, sociopathic) captain by four Polynesians who had been pressed into service on the Sharon.[6]
  • In 1857 on the whaleship Junior, Cyrus Plummer and several accomplices engineered a mutiny that resulted in the murder of Captain Archibald Mellen and Third Mate John Smith. The mutineers were captured and found guilty in the fall of 1858. Plummer was sentenced to be hanged and his accomplices received life sentences. The story made national and international news and Plummer was able to garner a stay of execution from President James Buchanan and was ultimately pardoned by Ulysses S. Grant.
  • The Cavite Mutiny of 1872 in the Philippines.
  • The Brazilian Naval Revolt was the occasion of two mutinies in 1893 and 1894.

20th century

After World War II

21st century

See also

References

  1. ^ Army Act (1955) c.18 - Part II Discipline and Trial and Punishment of Military Offences: Mutiny and insubordination, The UK Statute Law Database.
  2. ^ Army Act (1955) c.18 Part II Discipline and Trial and Punishment of Military Offences, UK Statute Law Database.
  3. ^ Parker, G. (2004) The Army of Flanders and the Spanish Road 1567–1659. Second edition. Cambridge U.P., ISBN 978-0-521-54392-7, ch.8
  4. ^ "Unidentified Young Man". World Digital Library. 1839–1840. Retrieved 2013-07-28.
  5. ^ Memmott, Jim (November 20, 2017), "Jim Memmott: A high-seas mutiny with a Canandaigua connection", Democrat & Chronicle (USA Today), Rochester, retrieved May 30, 2019
  6. ^ Druett, Joan (2003). In the Wake of Maddress. Algonquin Books of Chapel Hill.
  7. ^ Garret FitzGerald Reflections On The Foundation of the Irish State Archived 2011-03-19 at the Wayback Machine, University College Cork, April 2003
  8. ^ Irish Times March 10th, 1924 10 Mar 2012
  9. ^ Though 50 sailors were convicted of mutiny after the Port Chicago disaster, there is some question as to whether there was a conspiracy, a prerequisite of mutiny, rather than simple refusal to obey a lawful order. All of the sailors were willing to do any other task except load ammunition under unsafe conditions.
  10. ^ AP (1984-07-02). "General Promises To Punish Sikh Mutineers". New York Times. India; Amritsar (India); Punjab State (India). Retrieved 2012-06-10.
  11. ^ "Operation Blue Star 1984 Golden Temple Attack Sikhs". Sikhmuseum.com. 1984-06-11. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
  12. ^ "Yorkshire Regiment soldiers jailed for sit-in protest". BBC News. 2013-12-10. Retrieved 2014-04-07.
  13. ^ "BREAKING: Nigerian Military Sentences 54 Soldiers To Death For Mutiny". Sahara Reporters. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2017.
  14. ^ "Nigerian soldiers given death penalty for mutiny". BBC News. 17 December 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2017.

Further reading