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{{short description|De facto government of Libya from 2011 to 2012}}
{{about|the Libyan government|the Congolese entity|National Transitional Council (Congo)}}
{{about|the Libyan government|the Congolese entity|National Transitional Council (Congo)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox Former Country
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Libya<ref>http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf</ref>
|conventional_long_name = Libya<ref>http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf</ref>
|native_name = {{lower|0.2em|<big>ليبيا</big>}}
|native_name = {{lower|0.2em|<big>ليبيا</big>}}
|common_name = Libya
|common_name = Libya
|status = [[Provisional government|Transitional government]]
|government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Provisional government|Transitional government]]
|p1 = Libyan Arab Jumhuriya{{!}}Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|continent = Africa
|flag_p1 = Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg
|region = North Africa
|country = Libya
|s1 = State of Libya
|flag_s1 = Flag of Libya.svg
|p1 = Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
|flag_p1 = Flag of Libya (1977-2011).svg
|image_flag = Flag of Libya.svg
|s1 = State of Libya
|flag_s1 = Flag of Libya.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Libya.svg
|capital = [[Tripoli]]
|capital = [[Tripoli]]
|largest_city = capital
|latd= |latm= |latNS= |longd= |longm= |longEW=
|religion = [[Islam]]
|national_motto = ''Freedom, Justice, Democracy''
|national_motto =
|national_anthem = [[Libya, Libya, Libya]]
|national_anthem = [[Libya, Libya, Libya]]
|common_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
|official_languages = [[Arabic language|Arabic]]
|legislature = National Transitional Council
|religion = Islam
|title_leader = Chairman
|legislature = National Transitional Council
|leader1 = [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]]
|title_leader = Chairman
|year_leader1 = 2011&ndash;2012
|leader1 = [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]]
|deputy1 = [[Mahmoud Jibril]]
|year_leader1 = 2011&ndash;2012
|deputy1 = [[Mahmoud Jibril]]
|deputy2 = [[Abdurrahim El-Keib]]
|year_deputy1 = 2011
|deputy2 = [[Abdurrahim El-Keib]]
|year_deputy1 = 2011
|year_deputy2 = 2011-2012
|era = 2011 Libyan civil war
|year_deputy2 = 2011-2012
|event_start = Establishment
|era = 2011 Libyan civil war
|date_start = 5 March
|event_start = Establishment
|year_start = 2011
|date_start = 5 March
|event1 = [[Battle of Tripoli (2011)|Battle of Tripoli]]
|year_start = 2011
|date_event1 = 28 August 2011
|event1 = [[Battle of Tripoli (2011)|Battle of Tripoli]]
|event2 = [[Death of Muammar Gaddafi]]
|date_event1 = 28 August 2011
|date_event2 = 20 October 2011
|event2 = [[Death of Muammar Gaddafi]]
|event_end = Handover of power to the elected [[General National Congress]]
|date_event2 = 20 October 2011
|date_end = 8 August
|event_end = Handover of power to the elected [[General National Congress]]
|year_end = 2012
|date_end = 8 August
|stat_year1 =
|year_end = 2012
|stat_area1 =
|stat_year1 = |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 =
|stat_pop1 =
|currency = [[Libyan dinar]]
|currency = [[Libyan dinar]]
| image_map = Libya (orthographic projection).svg
|currency_code = LYD
}}
|image_map = Libya (orthographic projection).svg

|demonym=|area_km2=|area_rank=|GDP_PPP=|GDP_PPP_year=|HDI=|HDI_year=|today=}}
{{Infobox organization
{{Infobox organization
| name = National Transitional Council <br/>{{lang|ar| المجلس الوطني الانتقالي }} <br/>''{{transl|ar|al-majlis al-waṭanī al-intiqālī}}''
| name = National Transitional Council <br/>{{lang|ar| المجلس الوطني الانتقالي }} <br/>''{{transl|ar|al-majlis al-waṭanī al-intiqālī}}''
| image = Seal of the National Transitional Council (Libya).svg
| image = Seal of the National Transitional Council (Libya).svg
| image_border =
| image_border =
| size = <!-- default 200px -->
| size = <!-- default 200px -->
| alt = <!-- alt text; see [[WP:ALT]] -->
| alt = <!-- alt text; see [[WP:ALT]] -->
| caption = Seal
| caption = Seal
| map = <!-- optional -->
| map = <!-- optional -->
| msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 250px -->
| msize = <!-- map size, optional, default 250px -->
| malt = <!-- map alt text -->
| malt = <!-- map alt text -->
| mcaption = <!-- optional -->
| mcaption = <!-- optional -->
| map2 =
| map2 =
| abbreviation = NTC
| abbreviation = NTC
| motto =
| motto =
| predecessor = [[General People's Congress (Libya)|General People's Congress]] of the [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]]
| predecessor = [[General People's Congress (Libya)|General People's Congress]] of the [[History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi#Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (1977–2011)|Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]]
| successor = [[General National Congress]] of Libya
| successor = [[General National Congress]] of Libya
| formation = 27 February 2011
| formation = 27 February 2011
| extinction =<!-- Please do not change this parameter name, or the datum will not display -->8 August 2012 <ref name="Gnan-6-Aug-Meet">{{Citation |first=Michel |last=Cousins |title=National Congress to meet on 8 August: NTC |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=24 July 2012 |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/national-congress-to-meet-on-8-august/ |accessdate=26 July 2012 }}</ref>
| extinction = <!-- Please do not change this parameter name, or the datum will not display -->8 August 2012 <ref name="Gnan-6-Aug-Meet">{{Citation |first=Michel |last=Cousins |title=National Congress to meet on 8 August: NTC |newspaper=Libya Herald |date=24 July 2012 |url=http://www.libyaherald.com/national-congress-to-meet-on-8-august/ |access-date=26 July 2012 }}</ref>
| type = [[Provisional government|Provisional authority]]
| type = [[Provisional government|Provisional authority]]
| purpose = [[Deliberative assembly]]/ [[deliberative democracy]]
| purpose = [[Deliberative assembly]]/ [[deliberative democracy]]
| headquarters = [[Tripoli]]
| headquarters = [[Tripoli]]
| location = [[Libya]]
| location = [[Libya]]
| region_served =
| region_served =
| membership =
| membership =
| language = [[Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| language = [[Standard Arabic|Arabic]]
| general = <!-- Secretary General -->
| Religion = [[Islam]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| general = <!-- Secretary General -->
| leader_name = [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]]
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_title2 = Vice Chairman
| leader_name = [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]]
| leader_name2 = [[Mustafa Honi]]
| leader_title2 = Vice Chairman
| leader_title3 = Prime Minister
| leader_name2 = [[Mustafa Honi]]
| leader_name3 = [[Abdurrahim El-Keib]] <br /> [[Mahmoud Jibril]]
| leader_title3 = Prime Minister
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name3 = [[Abdurrahim El-Keib]] <br /> [[Mahmoud Jibril]]
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people =
| affiliations = <!-- if any -->
| key_people =
| budget =
| affiliations = <!-- if any -->
| budget =
| num_staff =
| num_staff =
| num_volunteers =
| num_volunteers =
| website = {{URL|http://www.ntc.gov.ly}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.ntc.gov.ly}}
| remarks =
| remarks =
| former name =
| former name =
}}
}}
{{Politics of Libya}}
{{Politics of Libya}}
The '''National Transitional Council of Libya''' ({{lang-ar|المجلس الوطني الإنتقالي}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|al-[[majlis]] al-waṭanī al-intiqālī}}'' ), sometimes known as the '''Transitional National Council''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/jul2011/pers-j20.shtml|publisher = [[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=The US recognises Libya's Transitional National Council|date=20 July 2011|accessdate=29 July 2011}}</ref> was the ''de facto'' government of [[Libya]] for a period during and after the [[2011 Libyan Civil War|Libyan Civil War]], in which NATO-backed [[anti-Gaddafi forces|rebel forces]] overthrew the [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] of [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. The '''NTC''' governed Libya for a period of ten months after the end of the war, holding [[Libyan General National Congress election, 2012|elections]] to a [[General National Congress]] on 7 July 2012, and handing power to the newly elected assembly on 8 August.<ref>[http://www.boston.com/news/world/middle-east/2012/08/08/libya-transitional-rulers-hand-over-power/uMPkXd9vTSSHg589mU9ykJ/story.html Libya's transitional rulers hand over power], ''Boston.com'', 8 August 2012.</ref>
The '''National Transitional Council of Libya''' ({{lang-ar|المجلس الوطني الإنتقالي}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA-LC|al-[[majlis]] al-waṭanī al-intiqālī}}'' ), sometimes known as the '''Transitional National Council''',<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/jul2011/pers-j20.shtml|publisher=[[World Socialist Web Site]]|title=The US recognises Libya's Transitional National Council|date=20 July 2011|access-date=29 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724153337/http://www.wsws.org/articles/2011/jul2011/pers-j20.shtml|archive-date=24 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> was the ''de facto'' government of [[Libya]] for a period during and after the [[Libyan Civil War (2011)|Libyan Civil War]], in which [[anti-Gaddafi forces|rebel forces]] overthrew the [[Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]] of [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. The '''NTC''' governed Libya for a period of ten months after the end of the war, holding [[2012 Libyan General National Congress election|elections]] to a [[General National Congress]] on 7 July 2012, and handing power to the newly elected assembly on 8 August.<ref>[https://www.boston.com/news/world/middle-east/2012/08/08/libya-transitional-rulers-hand-over-power/uMPkXd9vTSSHg589mU9ykJ/story.html Libya's transitional rulers hand over power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121208121751/http://www.boston.com/news/world/middle-east/2012/08/08/libya-transitional-rulers-hand-over-power/uMPkXd9vTSSHg589mU9ykJ/story.html |date=8 December 2012 }}, ''Boston.com'', 8 August 2012.</ref>


The formation of the NTC was announced in the city of [[Benghazi]] on 27 February 2011 with the purpose to act as the "political face of the revolution". On 5 March 2011, the council issued a statement in which it declared itself to be the "only legitimate body representing the people of Libya and the Libyan state".<ref name="news.com.au">{{cite news |title=Ferocious Battles in Libya as National Council Meets for First Time |url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/ferocious-battles-in-libya-as-national-council-meets-for-first-time/story-e6frfku0-1226016536676 |date=6 March 2011 |accessdate=6 March 2011 | publisher = [[NewsCore]] (via [[news.com.au]])}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">The Interim Transitional National Council Decree 3. 5 March 2011.</ref><ref name="ntclibya_founding" /> An executive board, chaired by [[Mahmoud Jibril]], was formed by the council on 23 March 2011 after being ''de facto'' assembled as an "executive team" since 5 March 2011. The NTC issued a [[Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration|Constitutional Declaration]] in August 2011 in which it set up a road-map for the transition of the country to a [[constitutional democracy]] with an elected government.
The formation of the NTC was announced in the city of [[Benghazi]] on 27 February 2011 with the purpose to act as the "political face of the revolution". On 5 March 2011, the council issued a statement in which it declared itself to be the "only legitimate body representing the people of Libya and the Libyan state".<ref name="news.com.au">{{cite news |title=Ferocious Battles in Libya as National Council Meets for First Time |url=http://www.news.com.au/breaking-news/ferocious-battles-in-libya-as-national-council-meets-for-first-time/story-e6frfku0-1226016536676 |date=6 March 2011 |access-date=6 March 2011 |publisher=[[NewsCore]] (via [[news.com.au]]) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822083631/https://www.news.com.au/world/ferocious-battles-in-libya-as-national-council-meets-for-first-time/news-story/77a9c3d6f7ffdb00ee111056a8447ac8 |archive-date=22 August 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">The Interim Transitional National Council Decree 3. 5 March 2011.</ref><ref name="ntclibya_founding" /> An executive board, chaired by [[Mahmoud Jibril]], was formed by the council on 23 March 2011 after being ''de facto'' assembled as an "executive team" since 5 March 2011. The NTC issued a [[Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration|Constitutional Declaration]] in August 2011 in which it set up a road-map for the transition of the country to a [[constitutional democracy]] with an elected government.


The council gained [[International recognition of the National Transitional Council|international recognition]] as the legitimate governing authority in Libya<ref>{{cite news|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE76E0W120110715| publisher = [[Reuters]] |date=15 July 2011|accessdate=25 July 2011|title=Excerpts from Libya Contact Group Chair's Statement}}</ref> and occupied the country's seat at the [[United Nations]].<ref name="unga_144">{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18910663|work=San Jose Mercury News|first=Edith|last=Lederer|title=UN approves Libya seat for former rebels|date=16 September 2011|accessdate=16 September 2011}}</ref> In referring to the Libyan state, the council used simply "Libya". The UN formally recognized the country as "Libya" in September 2011,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unterm.un.org |title=United Nations interoffice memorandum dated 16 September 2011 from Desmond Parker, Chief of Protocol, to Shaaban M. Shaaban, Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management, attaching memorandum from Stadler Trengove, Senior Legal Officer |publisher=Unterm.un.org |date= |accessdate=2013-02-05}}</ref> based on a request from the Permanent Mission of Libya citing the [[Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration]] of 3 August 2011. In November 2011, the [[ISO 3166-1]] was altered to reflect the new country name "Libya" in English, "Libye (la)" in French.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf |accessdate=13 December 2011 |date=8 November 2011 |title=ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-11: Name change for Libya |publisher=International Organization for Standardization}}</ref>
The council gained [[International recognition of the National Transitional Council|international recognition]] as the legitimate governing authority in Libya<ref>{{cite news|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE76E0W120110715|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=15 July 2011|access-date=25 July 2011|title=Excerpts from Libya Contact Group Chair's Statement|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120725211340/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE76E0W120110715|archive-date=25 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> and occupied the country's seat at the [[United Nations]].<ref name="unga_144">{{cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18910663|work=San Jose Mercury News|first=Edith|last=Lederer|title=UN approves Libya seat for former rebels|date=16 September 2011|access-date=16 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123034247/http://www.mercurynews.com/news/ci_18910663|archive-date=23 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> In referring to the Libyan state, the council used simply "Libya". The UN formally recognized the country as "Libya" in September 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unterm.un.org |title=United Nations interoffice memorandum dated 16 September 2011 from Desmond Parker, Chief of Protocol, to Shaaban M. Shaaban, Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management, attaching memorandum from Stadler Trengove, Senior Legal Officer |publisher=[[United Nations Multilingual Terminology Database|Unterm.un.org]] |access-date=2013-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122071953/http://unterm.un.org/ |archive-date=22 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> based on a request from the Permanent Mission of Libya citing the [[Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration]] of 3 August 2011. In November 2011, the [[ISO 3166-1]] was altered to reflect the new country name "Libya" in English, "Libye (la)" in French.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf |access-date=13 December 2011 |date=8 November 2011 |title=ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-11: Name change for Libya |publisher=International Organization for Standardization |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117170551/http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Background==
==Background==
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===Uprising and civil war===
===Uprising and civil war===
{{Main|2011 Libyan civil war}}
{{Main|2011 Libyan civil war}}
After [[Arab Spring|popular movements]] overturned the rulers of [[Tunisian revolution|Tunisia]] and [[2011 Egyptian revolution|Egypt]], Libya's immediate neighbours to the west and east, Libya experienced a full-scale [[uprising]] beginning in February 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya |title= Live Blog &nbsp;&ndash; Libya |publisher= [[Al Jazeera]] |date= 17 February 2011 |accessdate= 23 February 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.libyafeb17.com/category/newsfeed/ |title=News &#124; Libya February 17th |publisher=Libyafeb17.com |date= |accessdate= 23 February 2011}}</ref> By 20 February, the unrest had spread to Tripoli. Much of Libya had slipped out of Gaddafi's control, falling to anti-Gaddafi forces. [[Cyrenaica|Eastern Libya]], centered around the second largest city and vital port of Benghazi, was firmly under the control of the opposition. The opposition began to organise themselves into a functioning government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/25/world/middleeast/map-of-how-the-protests-unfolded-in-libya.html| work = [[The New York Times]] |title=Map of How the Protests Unfolded in Libya|date=25 February 2011|accessdate=26 February 2011|author1=Burgess, Joe |author2=Fahim, Kareem }}</ref> Anti-Gaddafi forces marched on [[Sirte]] ([[Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi]]'s hometown) on 28 September 2011. [[Armed forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Gaddafi loyalists]] delayed the attack with the use of their snipers. The [[Battle of Sirte (2011)|fight for Sirte]] ended on 20 October with the capture of the town and the death of Colonel Gaddafi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15389550| publisher = [[BBC News]] |title=Libya's Col Muammar Gaddafi killed, says NTC|date=20 October 2011|accessdate=20 October 2011}}</ref>
After [[Arab Spring|popular movements]] overturned the rulers of [[Tunisian revolution|Tunisia]] and [[2011 Egyptian revolution|Egypt]], Libya's immediate neighbours to the west and east, Libya experienced a full-scale [[uprising]] beginning in February 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya |title= Live Blog &nbsp;&ndash; Libya |publisher= [[Al Jazeera]] |date= 17 February 2011 |access-date= 23 February 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110223072304/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/middle-east/2011/02/17/live-blog-libya |archive-date= 23 February 2011 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.libyafeb17.com/category/newsfeed/ |title=News &#124; Libya February 17th |publisher=Libyafeb17.com |access-date=23 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030012821/http://archive.libyafeb17.com/category/newsfeed/ |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> By 20 February, the unrest had spread to Tripoli. Much of Libya had slipped out of Gaddafi's control, falling to anti-Gaddafi forces. [[Cyrenaica|Eastern Libya]], centered around the second largest city and vital port of Benghazi, was firmly under the control of the opposition. The opposition began to organise themselves into a functioning government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/25/world/middleeast/map-of-how-the-protests-unfolded-in-libya.html|work=[[The New York Times]]|title=Map of How the Protests Unfolded in Libya|date=25 February 2011|access-date=26 February 2011|author1=Burgess, Joe|author2=Fahim, Kareem|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228085818/http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/25/world/middleeast/map-of-how-the-protests-unfolded-in-libya.html|archive-date=28 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Anti-Gaddafi forces marched on [[Sirte]] ([[Muammar Gaddafi|Gaddafi]]'s hometown) on 28 September 2011. [[Armed forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Gaddafi loyalists]] delayed the attack with the use of their snipers. The [[Battle of Sirte (2011)|fight for Sirte]] ended on 20 October with the capture of the town and the death of Colonel Gaddafi.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15389550|publisher=[[BBC News]]|title=Libya's Col Muammar Gaddafi killed, says NTC|date=20 October 2011|access-date=20 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020145228/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15389550|archive-date=20 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Early efforts to form a government===
===Early efforts to form a government===
[[File:Al Bayda opposition meeting.PNG|thumb|left|Opposition meeting in Bayda, 24 February 2011]]
[[File:Al Bayda opposition meeting.PNG|thumb|left|Opposition meeting in Bayda, 24 February 2011]]
On 24 February 2011, politicians, former military officers, tribal leaders, academics and businessmen held a meeting in the eastern city of [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/libya/ |title=Spotlight Libya |publisher= [[Al Jazeera English]] |date= |accessdate= 25 March 2011}}</ref> The meeting was chaired by former justice minister [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]], who [[List of Libyan officials who protested or resigned during 2011 protests|quit the Jamahiriya government]] a few days before. The delegates discussed proposals for interim administration with many delegates asking for UN intervention in Libya.<ref>{{cite news | author = Staff | date = 25 February 2011 | title = Discussions Under Way for Provisional Government in Libya| url = http://maltastar.com/pages/r1/ms10dart.asp?a=14356 | work = [[Malta Star]] | accessdate = 17 August 2011}}</ref> The podium at the meeting displayed the pre-Jamahiriya flag.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news | publisher = [[NPR]] | date = 23 February 2011 | url = http://www.npr.org/2011/02/23/134003954/New-Government-Forms-In-Eastern-Libya | title = New Government Forms in Eastern Libya}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=25 February 2011 |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-25/libya-s-eastern-rebels-long-time-qaddafi-foes-driving-revolt.html |title=Libya's Eastern Rebels Long Time Qaddafi Foes Driving Revolt |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228232031/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-25/libya-s-eastern-rebels-long-time-qaddafi-foes-driving-revolt.html |archivedate=28 February 2011 }}</ref>
On 24 February 2011, politicians, former military officers, tribal leaders, academics and businessmen held a meeting in the eastern city of [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/libya/ |title=Spotlight Libya |publisher=[[Al Jazeera English]] |access-date=25 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319100552/http://english.aljazeera.net/indepth/spotlight/libya/ |archive-date=19 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> The meeting was chaired by former justice minister [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]], who [[List of Libyan officials who protested or resigned during 2011 protests|quit the Jamahiriya government]] a few days before. The delegates discussed proposals for interim administration with many delegates asking for UN intervention in Libya.<ref>{{cite news | author = Staff | date = 25 February 2011 | title = Discussions Under Way for Provisional Government in Libya | url = http://maltastar.com/pages/r1/ms10dart.asp?a=14356 | work = Malta Star | access-date = 17 August 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111003071612/http://maltastar.com/pages/r1/ms10dart.asp?a=14356 | archive-date = 3 October 2011 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The podium at the meeting displayed the pre-Jamahiriya flag.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite news | publisher = [[NPR]] | date = 23 February 2011 | url = https://www.npr.org/2011/02/23/134003954/New-Government-Forms-In-Eastern-Libya | title = New Government Forms in Eastern Libya | access-date = 3 April 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180513000630/https://www.npr.org/2011/02/23/134003954/New-Government-Forms-In-Eastern-Libya | archive-date = 13 May 2018 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Bloomberg Businessweek]] |date=25 February 2011 |url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-25/libya-s-eastern-rebels-long-time-qaddafi-foes-driving-revolt.html |title=Libya's Eastern Rebels Long Time Qaddafi Foes Driving Revolt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228232031/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2011-02-25/libya-s-eastern-rebels-long-time-qaddafi-foes-driving-revolt.html |archive-date=28 February 2011 }}</ref>


On 25 February, [[Al Jazeera]] TV reported that talks were taking place between "personalities from eastern and western Libya" to form an interim government for the post-Gaddafi era.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The following day, former justice minister Mustafa Abdul Jalil was announced to be leading the process of forming an interim body, to be based in Benghazi.<ref>{{cite news | publisher = [[CBN News]] | date = 26 February 2011 | url = http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/world/02/26/11/terror-tripoli-pressure-builds-yemen | title = Terror in Tripoli as pressure builds in Yemen|accessdate=8 August 2012|agency=Agence France-Presse}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Al Jazeera]] |title=Live Blog |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-26 |date=26 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301015859/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-26? |archivedate=1 March 2011 }}</ref> Jalil stated that "Gaddafi alone bore responsibility for the crimes that have occurred" in Libya; he also insisted on the unity of Libya and that Tripoli was the national capital.<ref>{{cite news | publisher = lse.co.uk| title = Ex-Libyan Minister Forms Interim Government: report | agency=Reuters| url = http://www.lse.co.uk/FinanceNews.asp?ArticleCode=77c8l0riig2uluz&ArticleHeadline=Ex_Libyan_minister_forms_interim_govtreport|date=26 February 2011|accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref> The efforts to form an alternative government have been supported by the Libyan ambassador in the [[United States]], [[Ali Suleiman Aujali]].<ref>{{cite news | publisher = [[Reuters]] | url = http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFN2613766620110226 | title=Update 1-Exclusive-Libya Envoy to U.S. Backs Interim Government | date=26 February 2011 |accessdate=8 August 2012 |author=Arshad Mohammed}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Al Jazeera]] |title=Live Blog&nbsp;&ndash; Libya |date=27 February 2011 |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308080819/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-27 |archivedate=8 March 2011 }}</ref> The Libyan deputy ambassador to the United Nations, [[Ibrahim Omar Al Dabashi]], stated that he supported a new alternative government "in principle".<ref>{{cite news|date=27 February 2011|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/201122702915408866.html#|title=Interim Libyan Govt Wins Support|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=17 August 2011}}</ref>
On 25 February, [[Al Jazeera]] TV reported that talks were taking place between "personalities from eastern and western Libya" to form an interim government for the post-Gaddafi era.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> The following day, former justice minister Mustafa Abdul Jalil was announced to be leading the process of forming an interim body, to be based in Benghazi.<ref>{{cite news | publisher = [[CBN News]] | date = 26 February 2011 | url = http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/world/02/26/11/terror-tripoli-pressure-builds-yemen | title = Terror in Tripoli as pressure builds in Yemen | access-date = 8 August 2012 | agency = Agence France-Presse | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121004104249/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/global-filipino/world/02/26/11/terror-tripoli-pressure-builds-yemen | archive-date = 4 October 2012 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |work=[[Al Jazeera]] |title=Live Blog |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-26 |date=26 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301015859/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-26 |archive-date=1 March 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 }}</ref> Jalil stated that "Gaddafi alone bore responsibility for the crimes that have occurred" in Libya; he also insisted on the unity of Libya and that Tripoli was the national capital.<ref>{{cite news| publisher = lse.co.uk| title = Ex-Libyan Minister Forms Interim Government: report| agency = Reuters| url = http://www.lse.co.uk/FinanceNews.asp?ArticleCode=77c8l0riig2uluz&ArticleHeadline=Ex_Libyan_minister_forms_interim_govtreport| date = 26 February 2011| access-date = 8 August 2012| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110513045506/http://www.lse.co.uk/FinanceNews.asp?ArticleCode=77c8l0riig2uluz&ArticleHeadline=Ex_Libyan_minister_forms_interim_govtreport| archive-date = 13 May 2011| url-status = live}}</ref> The efforts to form an alternative government have been supported by the Libyan ambassador in the United States, [[Ali Suleiman Aujali]].<ref>{{cite news | publisher = [[Reuters]] | url = https://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFN2613766620110226 | title = Update 1-Exclusive-Libya Envoy to U.S. Backs Interim Government | date = 26 February 2011 | access-date = 8 August 2012 | author = Arshad Mohammed | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120725175410/http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFN2613766620110226 | archive-date = 25 July 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[Al Jazeera]] |title=Live Blog&nbsp;&ndash; Libya |date=27 February 2011 |url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-27 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110308080819/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/live/africa/live-blog-libya-feb-27 |archive-date=8 March 2011 }}</ref> The Libyan deputy ambassador to the United Nations, [[Ibrahim Omar Al Dabashi]], stated that he supported a new alternative government "in principle".<ref>{{cite news|date=27 February 2011|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/201122702915408866.html#|title=Interim Libyan Govt Wins Support|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|access-date=17 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629083820/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/201122702915408866.html|archive-date=29 June 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Establishment of a national council===
===Establishment of a national council===
{{History of Libya}}
{{History of Libya}}
A National Transitional Council was formed on 27 February to act as "the political face of the revolution".<ref>{{cite news |title=Anti-Gaddafi Figures Say Form National Council|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/27/libya-council-revolution-idUSWEB194120110227 | publisher=Reuters |date= 28 February 2011 |author1=Abbas, Mohammed |author2=Blair, Edmund |lastauthoramp=yes |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref> Its spokesman, [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]], made clear at the launch press conference that the national council was not a provisional government and added that the newly formed council was not in contact with foreign governments and did not want them to intervene.<ref name="AJ-LybNatCons"/> He later clarified that an airstrike mandated by the United Nations would not be considered a foreign intervention.<ref>{{cite news |title=Libyan Rebels Said To Debate Seeking U.N. Airstrikes|url=http://nytimes.com/2011/03/02/world/africa/02libya.html |date=1 March 2011 |accessdate=5 March 2011 |work= [[The New York Times]] |first1=Kareem |last1=Fahim |first2=David D. |last2=Kirkpatrick}}</ref>
A National Transitional Council was formed on 27 February to act as "the political face of the revolution".<ref>{{cite news|title=Anti-Gaddafi Figures Say Form National Council|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-council-revolution-idUSWEB194120110227|publisher=Reuters|date=28 February 2011|author1=Abbas, Mohammed|author2=Blair, Edmund|name-list-style=amp|access-date=8 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918231150/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/02/27/libya-council-revolution-idUSWEB194120110227|archive-date=18 September 2012|url-status=live}}</ref> Its spokesman, [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]], made clear at the launch press conference that the national council was not a provisional government and added that the newly formed council was not in contact with foreign governments and did not want them to intervene.<ref name="AJ-LybNatCons"/> He later clarified that an airstrike mandated by the United Nations would not be considered a foreign intervention.<ref>{{cite news |title=Libyan Rebels Said To Debate Seeking U.N. Airstrikes |url=https://nytimes.com/2011/03/02/world/africa/02libya.html |date=1 March 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first1=Kareem |last1=Fahim |first2=David D. |last2=Kirkpatrick |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506215302/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/02/world/africa/02libya.html |archive-date=6 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>


An Al Jazeera journalist in Benghazi reported that a fully fledged interim government would not be formed until Tripoli was under opposition control.<ref>Reported on Al-Jazeera English TV by Hoda Abdel-Hamid{{full citation needed|date=January 2012}}</ref> This contradicted Jalil's statement of the previous day about the formation of a provisional government. These comments were later clarified by the council as Jalil's "personal views".
An Al Jazeera journalist in Benghazi reported that a fully fledged interim government would not be formed until Tripoli was under opposition control.<ref>Reported on Al-Jazeera English TV by Hoda Abdel-Hamid{{full citation needed|date=January 2012}}</ref> This contradicted Jalil's statement of the previous day about the formation of a provisional government. These comments were later clarified by the council as Jalil's "personal views".
Line 115: Line 114:
On 5 March, the council issued a statement in which it declared itself to be the "sole representative of all Libya". Mustafa Abdul Jalil was named as chairman of the council.<ref name="news.com.au"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="ntclibya_founding" />
On 5 March, the council issued a statement in which it declared itself to be the "sole representative of all Libya". Mustafa Abdul Jalil was named as chairman of the council.<ref name="news.com.au"/><ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="ntclibya_founding" />


On 10 March, [[France]] became the first country to recognise the council as Libya's only legitimate government.<ref name=BBC103>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 |title=Libya: France recognises rebels as government |date=10 March 2011 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref>
On 10 March, [[France]] became the first country to recognise the council as Libya's only legitimate government.<ref name=BBC103>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 |title=Libya: France recognises rebels as government |date=10 March 2011 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111023041256/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-12699183 |archive-date=23 October 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Formation of an executive board===
===Formation of an executive board===
On 23 March, the council established an Executive Board to act as a transitional government for Libya. Jibril, who had served as chairman of the informal "executive team" since 5 March, was appointed as Chairman of that board, stating that council would serve as the "legislative body", and the new Executive Board would serve as the "executive body".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/225/119.html|script-title=he:למען מיסראתה: מטוסי המערב תקפו טנקים|newspaper=[[Maariv]]|date=23 March 2011|language=Hebrew|trans_title=For Misrata: Western planes attacked tanks|accessdate=8 January 2012|agency=Associated Press}}</ref><ref name=airforce>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201132316258646677.html|title=Libyan Air Force 'No Longer Exists'|newspaper= [[Al Jazeera]]|date= 23 March 2011|accessdate= 23 March 2011}}</ref> Jibril led the meeting and negotiations with French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], a meeting that resulted in France officially recognizing the council as the sole representative of the Libyan people.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
On 23 March, the council established an executive board to act as a transitional government for Libya. Jibril, who had served as chairman of the informal "executive team" since 5 March, was appointed as chairman of that board, stating that council would serve as the "legislative body", and the new Executive Board would serve as the "executive body".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/225/119.html|script-title=he:למען מיסראתה: מטוסי המערב תקפו טנקים|newspaper=[[Maariv]]|date=23 March 2011|language=he|trans-title=For Misrata: Western planes attacked tanks|access-date=8 January 2012|agency=Associated Press|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917222901/http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/225/119.html|archive-date=17 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=airforce>{{cite news|url= http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201132316258646677.html|title= Libyan Air Force 'No Longer Exists'|newspaper= [[Al Jazeera]]|date= 23 March 2011|access-date= 23 March 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110324161321/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/201132316258646677.html|archive-date= 24 March 2011|url-status= live}}</ref> Jibril led the meeting and negotiations with French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], a meeting that resulted in France officially recognizing the council as the sole representative of the Libyan people.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}


===Instability in 2012===
===Instability in 2012===
In mid-January 2012, protesters against the NTC stormed its Benghazi headquarters, demanding greater transparency on expenditures, that Gaddafi-era officials be sacked, and that Islamic [[sharia law]] be the source of the country's future constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/21/189534.html |title=Libyan protesters storm government headquarters in Benghazi |date=21 January 2012 |publisher=Al Arabiya |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref> Jalil was in the building, but slipped out the back before protesters broke in and stole computers and furniture. A few days earlier, [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]], vice president of the NTC, was surrounded and jostled by a group of university students in Benghazi, before being pulled to safety by supporters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/libyas-ntc-faces-protesters-wrath-as-it-grapples-with-transition-189917.html |title=Libya's NTC faces protesters' wrath as it grapples with transition |author=Malvika Tegta |date=22 January 2012 |publisher=Firstpost.com |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref>
In mid-January 2012, protesters against the NTC stormed its Benghazi headquarters, demanding greater transparency on expenditures, that Gaddafi-era officials be sacked, and that Islamic [[sharia law]] be the source of the country's future constitution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/21/189534.html |title=Libyan protesters storm government headquarters in Benghazi |date=21 January 2012 |publisher=Al Arabiya |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519234057/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/01/21/189534.html |archive-date=19 May 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Jalil was in the building, but slipped out the back before protesters broke in and stole computers and furniture. A few days earlier, [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]], vice president of the NTC, was surrounded and jostled by a group of university students in Benghazi, before being pulled to safety by supporters.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.firstpost.com/world/libyas-ntc-faces-protesters-wrath-as-it-grapples-with-transition-189917.html |title=Libya's NTC faces protesters' wrath as it grapples with transition |author=Malvika Tegta |date=22 January 2012 |publisher=Firstpost.com |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405092025/http://www.firstpost.com/world/libyas-ntc-faces-protesters-wrath-as-it-grapples-with-transition-189917.html |archive-date=5 April 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Dissolution===
===Dissolution===
In a ceremony on 8 August 2012&mdash;held in the evening due to the daytime fast of [[Ramadan]]&mdash;the NTC formally transferred power to the General National Congress. Jalil stepped down as chairman, passing the position to the GNC's oldest member, [[Mohammed Ali Salim]].<ref name=BBC88 /> The NTC was then dissolved, while the GNC members took their oath of office, led by Salim.<ref name=R88 />
In a ceremony on 8 August 2012—held in the evening due to the daytime fast of [[Ramadan]]—the NTC formally transferred power to the General National Congress. Jalil stepped down as chairman, passing the position to the GNC's oldest member, [[Mohammed Ali Salim]].<ref name=BBC88 /> The NTC was then dissolved, while the GNC members took their oath of office, led by Salim.<ref name=R88 />


Hundreds of people gathered in [[Tripoli]]'s [[Martyrs' Square, Tripoli|Martyrs' Square]] with candles symbolizing reconciliation.<ref name=BBC88 /> The date of the transfer&mdash;20 Ramadan on the [[Islamic calendar]]&mdash;had also been selected for symbolic reasons, as 20 Ramadan the previous year had fallen on 20 August, the date that the rebels attacked Tripoli, leading to Gaddafi's flight.<ref name=R88>{{cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/08/libya-handover-idUSL6E8J8DD320120808 |title=Libya's ruling council hands over power to new assembly |author1=Gumuchian, Marie-Louise |author2=Shuaib, Ali |lastauthoramp=yes |date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref> As Jalil addressed the crowd, attendees chanted "Allahu Akbar!" or another phrase meaning "The blood of martyrs will not go wasted!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/08/world/meast/libya-power-transition/ |title=Libya's transitional council hands over power |date=8 August 2012 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref>
Hundreds of people gathered in [[Tripoli]]'s [[Martyrs' Square, Tripoli|Martyrs' Square]] with candles symbolizing reconciliation.<ref name=BBC88 /> The date of the transfer—20 Ramadan on the [[Islamic calendar]]—had also been selected for symbolic reasons, as 20 Ramadan the previous year had fallen on 20 August, the date that the rebels attacked Tripoli, leading to Gaddafi's flight.<ref name=R88>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-handover-idUSL6E8J8DD320120808 |title=Libya's ruling council hands over power to new assembly |author1=Gumuchian, Marie-Louise |author2=Shuaib, Ali |name-list-style=amp |date=8 August 2012 |publisher=Reuters |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508182836/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/08/08/libya-handover-idUSL6E8J8DD320120808 |archive-date=8 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> As Jalil addressed the crowd, attendees chanted "Allahu Akbar!" or another phrase meaning "The blood of martyrs will not go wasted!"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/08/world/meast/libya-power-transition/ |title=Libya's transitional council hands over power |date=8 August 2012 |publisher=CNN |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120810074335/http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/08/world/meast/libya-power-transition/ |archive-date=10 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>


According to [[BBC News]], the transfer was "the first peaceful transition of power in Libya's modern history",<ref name=BBC88>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19183300 |title=Libya's NTC hands power to newly elected assembly |date=8 August 2012 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref> meaning the history since the end of the monarchy.
According to [[BBC News]], the transfer was "the first [[peaceful transition of power]] in Libya's modern history",<ref name=BBC88>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19183300 |title=Libya's NTC hands power to newly elected assembly |date=8 August 2012 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120808192952/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-19183300 |archive-date=8 August 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> meaning the history since the end of the monarchy.


==Aims and objectives==
==Aims and objectives==
{{further|Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration}}
{{further|Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration}}
The "Declaration of the founding of the National Transitional Council" stated that the main aims of the council were as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ntclibya.org/arabic/first-announcement/ |script-title=ar:إعلان تاسيس المجلس الوطني الانتقالي المؤقت &#124; الجمهورية الليبية - المجلس الوطني الانتقالي | trans_title = | language = Arabic | publisher= National Transitional Council |date= 19 March 2011 |accessdate= 25 March 2011}}</ref>
The "Declaration of the founding of the National Transitional Council" stated that the main aims of the council were as follows:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ntclibya.org/arabic/first-announcement/ |script-title=ar:إعلان تاسيس المجلس الوطني الانتقالي المؤقت &#124; الجمهورية الليبية - المجلس الوطني الانتقالي |language=ar |publisher=National Transitional Council |date=19 March 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314192350/http://ntclibya.org/arabic/first-announcement/ |archive-date=14 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


*Ensure the safety of the national territory and citizens
*Ensure the safety of the national territory and citizens
Line 142: Line 141:
*Guide the conduct of foreign policy, and the regulation of relations with other countries and international and regional organizations, and the representation of the Libyan people
*Guide the conduct of foreign policy, and the regulation of relations with other countries and international and regional organizations, and the representation of the Libyan people


In another statement clarifying the goals for a post-Gaddafi Libya, the council committed itself an eight-point plan to hold free and fair elections, draft a national constitution, form political and civil institutions, uphold intellectual and political pluralism, and guarantee citizens' inalienable human rights and the ability of free expression of their aspirations. The council also emphasized its rejection of racism, intolerance, discrimination, and terrorism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/29/vision-democratic-libya-interim-national-council |title=A vision of a democratic Libya |date=29 March 2011 |work=The Guardian |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Documents/2011/3/29/2011329113923943811The%20Interim%20Transitional%20National%20Council%20Statement.pdf |format=PDF |title=A Vision of a Democratic Libya |date=29 March 2011 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref> Article 1 further declares [[Tripoli]] the state capital and [[Standard Arabic|Arabic]] the official language while reserving the linguistic and cultural rights of ethnic minorities as well as the [[freedom of religion]] for religious minorities.
In another statement clarifying the goals for a post-Gaddafi Libya, the council committed itself an eight-point plan to hold free and fair elections, draft a national constitution, form political and civil institutions, uphold intellectual and political pluralism, and guarantee citizens' inalienable human rights and the ability of free expression of their aspirations. The council also emphasized its rejection of racism, intolerance, discrimination, and terrorism.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/29/vision-democratic-libya-interim-national-council |title=A vision of a democratic Libya |date=29 March 2011 |work=The Guardian |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921211659/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/mar/29/vision-democratic-libya-interim-national-council |archive-date=21 September 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Documents/2011/3/29/2011329113923943811The%20Interim%20Transitional%20National%20Council%20Statement.pdf|title=A Vision of a Democratic Libya |date=29 March 2011 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106021050/http://www.aljazeera.com/mritems/Documents/2011/3/29/2011329113923943811The%20Interim%20Transitional%20National%20Council%20Statement.pdf |archive-date=6 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Article 1 further declares [[Tripoli]] the state capital and [[Standard Arabic|Arabic]] the official language while reserving the linguistic and cultural rights of ethnic minorities as well as the [[freedom of religion]] for religious minorities.


The stated aim of the NTC was to form a ''de jure'' interim government based in [[Tripoli]] and hold elections for a General National Congress to replace it. The GNC would then elect a prime minister, appoint a Constituent Assembly to draft a constitution subject to its approval by the Public National Conference (PNC) and by referendum, and then oversee free elections for a representative government.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/31/libya-constitution-idUSL5E7JV2CF20110831|agency=Reuters|title=Libya's new rulers set out steps to elections|first=Robert|last=Birsel|date=31 August 2011|accessdate=24 October 2011}}</ref>
The stated aim of the NTC was to form a ''de jure'' interim government based in [[Tripoli]] and hold elections for a General National Congress to replace it. The GNC would then elect a prime minister, appoint a Constituent Assembly to draft a constitution subject to its approval by the Public National Conference (PNC) and by referendum, and then oversee free elections for a representative government.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/libya-constitution-idUSL5E7JV2CF20110831|work=Reuters|title=Libya's new rulers set out steps to elections|first=Robert|last=Birsel|date=31 August 2011|access-date=24 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111122015132/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/08/31/libya-constitution-idUSL5E7JV2CF20110831|archive-date=22 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Structure and membership==
==Structure and membership==
Line 150: Line 149:
===Legislative body===
===Legislative body===
{{Infobox legislature
{{Infobox legislature
| name = National Transitional Council<br> المجلس الوطني الانتقالي <br>''al-majlis al-waṭanī al-intiqālī''
| name = National Transitional Council<br /> المجلس الوطني الانتقالي <br />''al-majlis al-waṭanī al-intiqālī''
| native_name =
| native_name =
| transcription_name =
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| legislature =
| coa_pic = Seal of the National Transitional Council (Libya).svg
| coa_pic = Seal of the National Transitional Council (Libya).svg
| coa_res = 100px
| coa_res = 100px
| coa_alt =
| coa_alt =
| house_type = Unicameral
| house_type = Unicameral
| body =
| body =
| houses =
| houses =
| leader1_type = Chairman
| leader1_type = Chairman
| leader1 = [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]]
| leader1 = [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]]
| party1 =
| party1 =
| election1 =
| election1 =
| leader2_type = Vice Chairman
| leader2_type = Vice Chairman
| leader2 = [[Mustafa Honi]]
| leader2 = [[Mustafa Honi]]
| party2 =
| party2 =
| election2 =
| election2 =
| members = 51 members
| members = 51 members
| house1 =
| house1 =
| house2 =
| house2 =
| structure1 =
| structure1 =
| structure1_res =
| structure1_res =
| structure2 =
| structure2 =
| structure2_res =
| structure2_res =
| political_groups1 =
| political_groups1 =
| political_groups2 =
| political_groups2 =
| committees1 =
| committees1 =
| committees2 =
| committees2 =
| joint_committees =
| joint_committees =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system1 =
| voting_system2 =
| voting_system2 =
| last_election1 =
| last_election1 =
| last_election2 =
| last_election2 =
| session_room =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = [[Tripoli]], [[Libya]]
| meeting_place = [[Tripoli]], [[Libya]]
| website = [http://www.ntclibya.com ntclibya.com]
| website = [http://www.ntclibya.com ntclibya.com]
| footnotes =
| footnotes =
}}
}}
The National Transitional Council claimed to be, and was [[International recognition of the National Transitional Council|widely recognized as]], the "only legitimate body representing the people of Libya and the Libyan state".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ntclibya.org/english/about/ |title=Introducing the Council &#124; The Libyan Republic - The Interim Transitional National Council |publisher= National Transitional Council|accessdate= 10 March 2011}}</ref> Starting off at 33 members, it rose to 51,<ref name="LibyaTVARaK">{{cite news|work=[[Libya TV]] |url=http://english.libya.tv/2011/11/01/abdul-raheem-al-keeb-elected-libyas-interim-pm/ |title=Abdul Raheem al-Keeb elected Libya's interim PM |date=1 November 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103211927/http://english.libya.tv/2011/11/01/abdul-raheem-al-keeb-elected-libyas-interim-pm/ |archivedate=3 November 2011 }}</ref> with proposals to increase its size further to 75 or even 125.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omarturbi.org/NDI-ReportOnTNC62911.pdf |title=The National Democratic Institute Update on Libya June 29, 2011|date=29 June 2011|accessdate= 19 September 2011|format=PDF|author=David Rolfes|publisher=omarturbi.org}}</ref>
The National Transitional Council claimed to be, and was [[International recognition of the National Transitional Council|widely recognized as]], the "only legitimate body representing the people of Libya and the Libyan state".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ntclibya.org/english/about/ |title=Introducing the Council &#124; The Libyan Republic - The Interim Transitional National Council |publisher=National Transitional Council |access-date=10 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310042042/http://ntclibya.org/english/about/ |archive-date=10 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Starting off at 33 members, it rose to 51,<ref name="LibyaTVARaK">{{cite news|work=[[Libya TV]] |url=http://english.libya.tv/2011/11/01/abdul-raheem-al-keeb-elected-libyas-interim-pm/ |title=Abdul Raheem al-Keeb elected Libya's interim PM |date=1 November 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103211927/http://english.libya.tv/2011/11/01/abdul-raheem-al-keeb-elected-libyas-interim-pm/ |archive-date=3 November 2011 }}</ref> with proposals to increase its size further to 75 or even 125.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.omarturbi.org/NDI-ReportOnTNC62911.pdf|title=The National Democratic Institute Update on Libya June 29, 2011|date=29 June 2011|access-date=19 September 2011|author=David Rolfes|publisher=omarturbi.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619025720/http://www.omarturbi.org/NDI-ReportOnTNC62911.pdf|archive-date=19 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Al Jazeera English reported that each city or town under opposition control will be given five seats on the new council and that contact will be established with new cities that come under opposition control to allow them to join the council. The identities of members of the council were not disclosed at the launch conference. Human Rights lawyer [[Hafiz Ghoga]] was the spokesperson for the new council. An Al Jazeera English journalist in Benghazi stated that Mustafa Abdul Jalil still had a leadership role within the new council.<ref name="AJ-LybNatCons">{{cite news |title=Libya Opposition Launches Council|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011227175955221853.html |work= [[Al Jazeera]] |date=27 February 2011 |accessdate=5 March 2011}}</ref> The Council declared that Jalil was the head of the council.<ref name="ntclibya_founding" /> The council met formally for the first time on 5 March 2011<ref name="ntclibya_founding">{{cite web| title =Founding Statement of the Interim Transitional National Council| publisher = National Transitional Council| date = 5 March 2011| url =http://ntclibya.org/english/founding-statement-of-the-interim-transitional-national-council/ | accessdate = 7 March 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5x0wuZ8r2 |archivedate= 7 March 2011 |deadurl=no }}</ref> when it was announced that the council had 33 members.<ref name="ntclibya_membership">{{cite web| title =Council Members | publisher = National Transitional Council| date = 5 March 2011| url =http://ntclibya.org/english/council-members/ | accessdate =7 March 2011 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5x0zNNNFG |archivedate=7 March 2011 |deadurl=no }}</ref> The names of some of the members were kept secret to prevent threats to their families that were still in Gaddafi-held areas of Libya.<ref>{{cite news | work = [[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] | url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/council-says-its-libyas-sole-representative | title = Council Says It's Libya's Sole Representative|author=Rolla Scolari|date=6 March 2011|accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref>
Al Jazeera English reported that each city or town under opposition control will be given five seats on the new council and that contact will be established with new cities that come under opposition control to allow them to join the council. The identities of members of the council were not disclosed at the launch conference. Human Rights lawyer [[Hafiz Ghoga]] was the spokesperson for the new council. An Al Jazeera English journalist in Benghazi stated that Mustafa Abdul Jalil still had a leadership role within the new council.<ref name="AJ-LybNatCons">{{cite news|title=Libya Opposition Launches Council|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/02/2011227175955221853.html|work=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=27 February 2011|access-date=5 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227232201/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/africa/2011/02/2011227175955221853.html|archive-date=27 February 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The council declared that Jalil was the head of the council.<ref name="ntclibya_founding" /> The council met formally for the first time on 5 March 2011<ref name="ntclibya_founding">{{cite web| title = Founding Statement of the Interim Transitional National Council| publisher = National Transitional Council| date = 5 March 2011| url = http://ntclibya.org/english/founding-statement-of-the-interim-transitional-national-council/| access-date = 7 March 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110310051658/http://ntclibya.org/english/founding-statement-of-the-interim-transitional-national-council/| archive-date = 10 March 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> when it was announced that the council had 33 members.<ref name="ntclibya_membership">{{cite web | title =Council Members | publisher =National Transitional Council | date =5 March 2011 | url =http://ntclibya.org/english/council-members/ | access-date =7 March 2011 | archive-url =https://www.webcitation.org/5x0zNNNFG?url=http://ntclibya.org/english/council-members/ | archive-date =7 March 2011 | url-status =dead }}</ref> The names of some of the members were kept secret to prevent threats to their families that were still in Gaddafi-held areas of Libya.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/council-says-its-libyas-sole-representative|title=Council Says It's Libya's Sole Representative|author=Rolla Scolari|date=6 March 2011|access-date=8 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307224715/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/council-says-its-libyas-sole-representative|archive-date=7 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


In September 2011, some of the NTC's members were in [[Benghazi]], while some had moved to the ''de jure'' capital [[Tripoli]]. On 8 September, the head of government Mahmoud Jibril became the highest-ranking NTC official yet to move to Tripoli. Prior to Jibril's relocation, Deputy Chairman Ali Tarhouni was the ''de facto'' leader of the NTC in Tripoli.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-sep-8-2011-1928|publisher=Al Jazeera|title=Thursday, September 8, 2011 - 17:28 GMT+3 - Libya|date=8 September 2011|accessdate=8 September 2011}}</ref>
In September 2011, some of the NTC's members were in [[Benghazi]], while some had moved to the ''de jure'' capital [[Tripoli]]. On 8 September, the head of government Mahmoud Jibril became the highest-ranking NTC official yet to move to Tripoli. Prior to Jibril's relocation, Deputy Chairman Ali Tarhouni was the ''de facto'' leader of the NTC in Tripoli.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-sep-8-2011-1928|publisher=Al Jazeera|title=Thursday, September 8, 2011 17:28 GMT+3 - Libya|date=8 September 2011|access-date=8 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117201408/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-sep-8-2011-1928|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


====Members====
====Members====


The members of the council included:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=7&ParentID=3&LangID=1 |title=The Libyan Interim National Council |publisher= National Transitional Council|accessdate= 2 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Murphy|first=Dan|title=The members of Libya's National Transitional Council|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2011/0902/The-members-of-Libya-s-National-Transitional-Council|accessdate=19 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=2 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of NTC Members 1 of 2|language=Arabic|url=http://www.twitpic.com/7x9p8z|accessdate=23 December 2011|publisher=twitpic.com}}</ref>
The members of the council included:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=7&ParentID=3&LangID=1 |title=The Libyan Interim National Council |publisher=National Transitional Council |access-date=2 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522091355/http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=7&ParentID=3&LangID=1 |archive-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Murphy|first=Dan|title=The members of Libya's National Transitional Council|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2011/0902/The-members-of-Libya-s-National-Transitional-Council|access-date=19 September 2011|newspaper=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=2 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913174736/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Backchannels/2011/0902/The-members-of-Libya-s-National-Transitional-Council|archive-date=13 September 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=List of NTC Members 1 of 2|language=ar|url=http://www.twitpic.com/7x9p8z|access-date=23 December 2011|publisher=twitpic.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403021824/http://www.twitpic.com/7x9p8z|archive-date=3 April 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>


Council Members:
Council members:
* [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]] - Chairman of the Council
* [[Mustafa Abdul Jalil]] chairman of the council
* [[Mustafa Honi]] - Vice Chairman of the Council
* [[Mustafa Honi]] vice chairman of the council
* [[Ahmed al-Senussi|Zubeir Ahmed El-Sharif]] - Political Prisoners representative
* [[Ahmed al-Senussi|Zubeir Ahmed El-Sharif]] Political Prisoners representative
* [[Omar El-Hariri]] - Military Council representative
* [[Omar El-Hariri]] Military Council representative
City Representatives:
City Representatives:
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{colbegin|3}}
* [[Hassan Fadeel]] - City of [[Ajdabiya]]
* [[Hassan Fadeel]] City of [[Ajdabiya]]
* [[Salih Dirssi]] - City of [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]]
* [[Salih Dirssi]] City of [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]]
* [[Ahmed Dayikh]] - City of [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]]
* [[Ahmed Dayikh]] City of [[Bayda, Libya|Bayda]]
* [[Mustafa Houni]] - City of [[Jufra District|Jufra]]
* [[Mustafa Houni]] City of [[Jufra District|Jufra]]
* [[Abd al-Qadr Minsar]] - City of [[Khoms, Libya|Khoms]]
* [[Abd al-Qadr Minsar]] City of [[Khoms, Libya|Khoms]]
* [[Emadaldeen Nussayr]] - City of [[Zawiya, Libya|Zawiya]]
* [[Emadaldeen Nussayr]] City of [[Zawiya, Libya|Zawiya]]
* [[Khaled Nassrat]] - City of [[Zawiya, Libya|Zawiya]]
* [[Khaled Nassrat]] City of [[Zawiya, Libya|Zawiya]]
* [[AbdAllah Turki]] - City of [[Zintan]]
* [[AbdAllah Turki]] City of [[Zintan]]
* [[Mukhtar Jadal]] - City of [[Ajaylat]]
* [[Mukhtar Jadal]] City of [[Ajaylat]]
* [[Ahmed Zway]] - City of [[Kufra]]
* [[Ahmed Zway]] City of [[Kufra]]
* [[Mustafa Lindi]] - City of [[Kufra]]
* [[Mustafa Lindi]] City of [[Kufra]]
* [[Abdullah Al-Mayhoub|Abdullah Moussa Al-Mayhoub]] - City of [[Quba District (Libya)|Quba]]
* [[Abdullah Al-Mayhoub|Abdullah Moussa Al-Mayhoub]] City of [[Quba District (Libya)|Quba]]
* [[Taher Dyab]] - City of [[Marj, Libya|Marj]]
* [[Taher Dyab]] City of [[Marj, Libya|Marj]]
* [[Mussa Balkami]] - City of [[Ubari]]
* [[Mussa Balkami]] City of [[Ubari]]
* [[Mohamed ZaynAbideen]] - Lower [[Nafusa Mountains|Nafusa]]
* [[Mohamed ZaynAbideen]] Lower [[Nafusa Mountains|Nafusa]]
* [[Fathi Baja|Fathi Mohammed Baja]] - City of [[Benghazi]]
* [[Fathi Baja|Fathi Mohammed Baja]] City of [[Benghazi]]
* [[Ahmed Al-Abbar]] - City of [[Benghazi]]
* [[Ahmed Al-Abbar]] City of [[Benghazi]]
* [[Salwa El-Deghali|Salwa Fawzi El-Deghali]] - City of [[Benghazi]]
* [[Salwa El-Deghali|Salwa Fawzi El-Deghali]] City of [[Benghazi]]
* [[Khaled Sayih]] - City of [[Benghazi]]
* [[Khaled Sayih]] City of [[Benghazi]]
* [[Mansour Mohamed El-Kikhia|Mansour Kikhia]] - City of [[Benghazi]]
* [[Mansour Mohamed El-Kikhia|Mansour Kikhia]] City of [[Benghazi]]
* Intisar Ageeli - City of [[Benghazi]]
* Intisar Ageeli City of [[Benghazi]]
* Abd al-Basset Naama - City of [[Tarhuna]]
* Abd al-Basset Naama City of [[Tarhuna]]
* Ihbaybil Doii - City of [[Jadu, Libya|Jadu]]
* Ihbaybil Doii City of [[Jadu, Libya|Jadu]]
* [[Ashour Bourashed]] - City of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]]
* [[Ashour Bourashed]] City of [[Derna, Libya|Derna]]
* [[Khaled Ahmed ShikShik]] - City of [[Zliten]]
* [[Khaled Ahmed ShikShik]] City of [[Zliten]]
* [[Othman BenSassi]] - City of [[Zuwara]]
* [[Othman BenSassi]] City of [[Zuwara]]
* [[Abd al-Majeed Sayf-alNasser]] - City of [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]]
* [[Abd al-Majeed Sayf-alNasser]] City of [[Sabha, Libya|Sabha]]
* [[Mohamed Rimash]] - City of [[Sirte]]
* [[Mohamed Rimash]] City of [[Sirte]]
* [[Fraj Shoeib]] - City of [[Shahhat]]
* [[Fraj Shoeib]] City of [[Shahhat]]
* [[Ali al-Juwani]] - City of [[Sabratha]]
* [[Ali al-Juwani]] City of [[Sabratha]]
* [[Farhat Shirshari]] - City of [[Sorman]]
* [[Farhat Shirshari]] City of [[Sorman]]
* [[Othman Mgayrhi]] - City of [[Tobruk]]
* [[Othman Mgayrhi]] City of [[Tobruk]]
* [[Alameen Bilhaj]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Alameen Bilhaj]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Abd al-Razzag Aradi]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Abd al-Razzag Aradi]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Mohamed Hrayzi]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Mohamed Hrayzi]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Abd al-Razzag Abuhajar]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Abd al-Razzag Abuhajar]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Ali Shitwi]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Ali Shitwi]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[AbdAllah Banoon]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[AbdAllah Banoon]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Abd al-Nasser Salem]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Abd al-Nasser Salem]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Abd al-Basset Abadi]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Abd al-Basset Abadi]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Abd al-Nasser Nafaa]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Abd al-Nasser Nafaa]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Salih Darhub]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Salih Darhub]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Osama AbuKraza]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Osama AbuKraza]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Milad Oud]] - City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Milad Oud]] City of [[Tripoli]]
* [[Ali Manaa]] - City of [[Ghadames]]
* [[Ali Manaa]] City of [[Ghadames]]
* [[Idris AbuFayid]] - City of - [[Gharyan]]
* [[Idris AbuFayid]] City of [[Gharyan]]
* [[Jamal Issa]] - City of [[Kabaw]]
* [[Jamal Issa]] City of [[Kabaw]]
* [[Ali Gamma]] - City of [[Murzuk]]
* [[Ali Gamma]] City of [[Murzuk]]
* [[Abd al-Hadi Shaweesh]] - City of [[Murzuk]]
* [[Abd al-Hadi Shaweesh]] City of [[Murzuk]]
* [[Ramadan Khaled]] - City of [[Msallata]]
* [[Ramadan Khaled]] City of [[Msallata]]
* [[Ibrahim BenGhasheer]] - City of [[Misrata]]
* [[Ibrahim BenGhasheer]] City of [[Misrata]]
* [[Suleiman Fortia|Suleiman Al-Fortia]] - City of [[Misrata]]
* [[Suleiman Fortia|Suleiman Al-Fortia]] City of [[Misrata]]
* [[Mohamed Al-Muntasir]] - City of [[Misrata]]
* [[Mohamed Al-Muntasir]] City of [[Misrata]]
* [[Salem Gnan]] - City of [[Nalut]]
* [[Salem Gnan]] City of [[Nalut]]
* [[Hassan Sghayir]] - City of [[Wadi al Shatii District|al Shatii]]
* [[Hassan Sghayir]] City of [[Wadi al Shatii District|al Shatii]]
* [[Saad Nasr]] - City of [[Wadi al Shatii District|al Shatii]]
* [[Saad Nasr]] City of [[Wadi al Shatii District|al Shatii]]
* [[Abd al-Razzaq Madi]] - City of [[Yafran]]
* [[Abd al-Razzaq Madi]] City of [[Yafran]]
* [[Mubarak al-Futmani]] - City of [[Bani Walid]]
* [[Mubarak al-Futmani]] City of [[Bani Walid]]
{{colend}}
{{div col end}}


**AbdAllah Banoon of Tripoli resigned to form a political party.
**AbdAllah Banoon of Tripoli resigned to form a political party.


===Executive Board===
===Executive Board===
On 5 March 2011, a crisis committee was set up to act as the executive arm of the council. An Executive Board was announced on 23 March 2011.<ref name=airforce/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011322193944862310.html# |title=Libyan Rebels Form 'Interim Government'|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=22 March 2011|accessdate= 25 March 2011}}</ref><ref name=board>[http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=8&ParentID=3&LangID=1]. National Transitional Council.</ref> It originally had 15 members, but a minor reorganisation apparently removed the post of Military Affairs from the council proper and created a successor position for Defence on the board, expanding the bureau to 16 members.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/08/08/161430.html|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|date=8 August 2011|accessdate=9 August 2011|title=Libyan Rebel Leader Sacks Executive Branch of Transitional Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-aug-9-2011-1843|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=9 August 2011|accessdate=9 August 2011|title=''Libya Live Blog''}}</ref>
On 5 March 2011, a crisis committee was set up to act as the executive arm of the council. An Executive Board was announced on 23 March 2011.<ref name=airforce/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011322193944862310.html#|title=Libyan Rebels Form 'Interim Government'|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=22 March 2011|access-date=25 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324195130/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/03/2011322193944862310.html|archive-date=24 March 2011|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=board>[http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=8&ParentID=3&LangID=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727183717/http://www.ntclibya.com/InnerPage.aspx?SSID=8&ParentID=3&LangID=1 |date=27 July 2011 }}. National Transitional Council.</ref> It originally had 15 members, but a minor reorganisation apparently removed the post of Military Affairs from the council proper and created a successor position for Defence on the board, expanding the bureau to 16 members.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/08/08/161430.html|publisher=[[Al Arabiya]]|date=8 August 2011|access-date=9 August 2011|title=Libyan Rebel Leader Sacks Executive Branch of Transitional Council|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102194554/http://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2011/08/08/161430.html|archive-date=2 January 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-aug-9-2011-1843|publisher=[[Al Jazeera]]|date=9 August 2011|access-date=9 August 2011|title=''Libya Live Blog''|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117202922/http://blogs.aljazeera.net/liveblog/libya-aug-9-2011-1843|archive-date=17 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


The Executive Board was dismissed on 8 August 2011 due to administrative mistakes in investigating the assassination in July of Free Libyan Army commander General [[Abdul Fatah Younis|Abdel-Fatah Younes]].<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/09/libyan-rebel-leader-sacks-cabinet|accessdate=8 August 2012|newspaper=The Guardian| first=Chris|last=Stephen|title=Libyan rebel leader sacks entire cabinet|date=9 August 2011}}</ref> Chairman Mahmoud Jibril, the only designated member of the Executive Board who was not fired, was tasked with forming a new Board.<ref name="fired">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/08/20118819142699446.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=8 August 2011|accessdate=8 August 2011|title=Libyan Opposition Dissolves Leadership Board}}</ref>
The executive board was dismissed on 8 August 2011 due to administrative mistakes in investigating the assassination in July of Free Libyan Army commander General [[Abdul Fatah Younis|Abdel-Fatah Younes]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/09/libyan-rebel-leader-sacks-cabinet|access-date=8 August 2012|newspaper=The Guardian|first=Chris|last=Stephen|title=Libyan rebel leader sacks entire cabinet|date=9 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130930192347/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/aug/09/libyan-rebel-leader-sacks-cabinet|archive-date=30 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Chairman Mahmoud Jibril, the only designated member of the executive board who was not fired, was tasked with forming a new Board.<ref name="fired">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/08/20118819142699446.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|date=8 August 2011|access-date=8 August 2011|title=Libyan Opposition Dissolves Leadership Board|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809124057/http://english.aljazeera.net//news/africa/2011/08/20118819142699446.html|archive-date=9 August 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


====Members (March–August 2011)====
====Members (March–August 2011)====
Prior to the re-shuffle in August 2011, the board members were:<ref name=board/>
Prior to the re-shuffle in August 2011, the board members were:<ref name=board/>
{{colbegin}}
{{div col}}
*[[Mahmoud Jibril]] – [[List of heads of government of Libya|Chairman]] and Head of International Affairs
*[[Mahmoud Jibril]] – [[List of heads of government of Libya|Chairman]] and head of international affairs
*[[Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi|Ali Al-Issawi]] – Vice-Chairman
*[[Ali Abd-al-Aziz al-Isawi|Ali Al-Issawi]] – vice-chairman
*Ahmed Hussein Al-Darrat – Internal Affairs and Local Government
*Ahmed Hussein Al-Darrat – Internal Affairs and Local Government
*[[Jalal al-Digheily]] – Defence (formerly Military Affairs)
*[[Jalal al-Digheily]] – Defence (formerly Military Affairs)
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*Hania Al-Gumati – Social Welfare
*Hania Al-Gumati – Social Welfare
*Abdullah Shamia – Economic
*Abdullah Shamia – Economic
*[[Ali Tarhouni]] – Finance and Oil
*[[Ali Tarhouni]] – [[Ministry of Finance (Libya)|Finance and Oil]]
*[[Anwar Fituri]] – Transportation and Communications
*[[Anwar Fituri]] – Transportation and Communications
*Abulgassim Nimr – Environment
*Abulgassim Nimr – Environment
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*Ahmed Al-Jehani – Reconstruction and Infrastructure
*Ahmed Al-Jehani – Reconstruction and Infrastructure
*Suliman El-Sahli – Education
*Suliman El-Sahli – Education
{{colend}}
{{div col end}}


====Members (October 2011)====
====Members (October 2011)====
A new cabinet was unveiled in early October 2011, though not all of its members were announced at once. Individuals confirmed to be part of the new board included<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/2011102181154543584.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|title=New cabinet takes shape in Libya|date=2 October 2011|accessdate=2 October 2011}}</ref> Mahmoud Jibril as prime minister, [[Ali Tarhouni]] as deputy prime minister, and [[Jalal al-Digheily]] as defence minister. On 23 October, Jibril resigned as Mustafa Abdul Jalil declared an end to the Libyan civil war,<ref name="declib">{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f459749a-fd86-11e0-a9db-00144feabdc0.html?ftcamp=rss#axzz1bdQwjJL8|title=Libya declares liberation after Gaddafi's death|date=23 October 2011|accessdate=23 October 2011|first=Borzou|last=Daragahi|work=Financial Times}}</ref> and [[Abdurrahim El-Keib]] succeeded him as prime minister on 31 October.<ref name="LibyaTVARaK"/>
A new cabinet was unveiled in early October 2011, though not all of its members were announced at once. Individuals confirmed to be part of the new board included<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/2011102181154543584.html|publisher=Al Jazeera|title=New cabinet takes shape in Libya|date=2 October 2011|access-date=2 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002231518/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/2011102181154543584.html|archive-date=2 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Mahmoud Jibril as prime minister, [[Ali Tarhouni]] as deputy prime minister, and [[Jalal al-Digheily]] as defence minister. On 23 October, Jibril resigned as Mustafa Abdul Jalil declared an end to the Libyan civil war,<ref name="declib">{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/f459749a-fd86-11e0-a9db-00144feabdc0.html?ftcamp=rss#axzz1bdQwjJL8|title=Libya declares liberation after Gaddafi's death|date=23 October 2011|access-date=23 October 2011|first=Borzou|last=Daragahi|work=Financial Times}}</ref> and [[Abdurrahim El-Keib]] succeeded him as prime minister on 31 October.<ref name="LibyaTVARaK"/>


The executive board was dissolved on 22 November 2011 as per the Interim constitution which stated that the Executive board must be dissolved upon the formation of the Interim Government.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}
The executive board was dissolved on 22 November 2011 as per the Interim constitution which stated that the executive board must be dissolved upon the formation of the Interim Government.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}


===Interim government===
===Interim government===
El-Keib unveiled the interim government on 22 November 2011:<ref>{{citation|title = Full List of Official NTC Executive Board|date = 22 November 2011|url = http://feb17.info/official-documents/full-list-of-official-ntc-executive-board-english-arabic/|publisher = FEB17.info}}</ref><ref>[http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20111124/world/Former-rebels-get-key-posts.395252 Former rebels get key posts] times of malta</ref><ref>[https://www.pm.gov.ly/ministries.html Ministries and ministers] The Libyan government transition - Prime Minister's Office</ref>
El-Keib unveiled the interim government on 22 November 2011:<ref>{{citation|title = Full List of Official NTC Executive Board|date = 22 November 2011|url = http://feb17.info/official-documents/full-list-of-official-ntc-executive-board-english-arabic/|publisher = FEB17.info|access-date = 15 December 2011|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111125040254/http://feb17.info/official-documents/full-list-of-official-ntc-executive-board-english-arabic|archive-date = 25 November 2011|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20111124/world/Former-rebels-get-key-posts.395252 Former rebels get key posts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531074324/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20111124/world/Former-rebels-get-key-posts.395252 |date=31 May 2016 }} times of malta</ref><ref>[https://www.pm.gov.ly/ministries.html Ministries and ministers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201003522/http://www.pm.gov.ly/ministries.html |date=1 December 2012 }} The Libyan government transition - Prime Minister's Office</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{colbegin|3}}
*[[Abdurrahim El-Keib]]&nbsp;– Prime Minister
*[[Abdurrahim El-Keib]]&nbsp;– Prime Minister
*[[Mustafa A.G. Abushagur]]- Deputy Prime Minister
*[[Mustafa A.G. Abushagur]]- Deputy Prime Minister
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*[[Mabrouka Jibril]]&nbsp;– Minister of Social Affairs
*[[Mabrouka Jibril]]&nbsp;– Minister of Social Affairs
*[[Abdulrahman Ben Yezza]]&nbsp;– Minister of Oil
*[[Abdulrahman Ben Yezza]]&nbsp;– Minister of Oil
*[[Hasan Zaglam]]&nbsp;– Minister of Finance
*[[Hasan Zaglam]]&nbsp;– [[Ministry of Finance (Libya)|Minister of Finance]]
*[[AbdulHamid BuFruja]]&nbsp;– Minister of Agriculture
*[[AbdulHamid BuFruja]]&nbsp;– Minister of Agriculture
*[[Mahmoud Fetais]]&nbsp;– Minister of Industry
*[[Mahmoud Fetais]]&nbsp;– Minister of Industry
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*[[Fathi Terbil]]&nbsp;– Minister of Youth
*[[Fathi Terbil]]&nbsp;– Minister of Youth
*[[Ibrahim Eskutri]]&nbsp;– Minister of Construction
*[[Ibrahim Eskutri]]&nbsp;– Minister of Construction
{{colend}}
{{div col end}}


===Local government===
===Local government===
During the war, in opposition-held Benghazi, a 15-member "local committee"<ref>{{cite news |title=Libya's Second City, Benghazi, Learns To Govern Itself After Decades of Oppression | last= Schemm|first=Paul |agency= [[Associated Press]]|work=Guelph Mercury|url=http://www.guelphmercury.com/news/world/article/492603--libya-s-second-city-benghazi-learns-to-govern-itself-after-decades-of-oppression |date=24 February 2011 |accessdate=5 March 2011}}</ref> made up of lawyers, judges and respected local people was formed in order to provide civic administration and public services within the city.<ref name="BBC-Live-Lybia">{{cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 |title=BBC Libya Live Coverage|work=BBC |accessdate=4 March 2011}}</ref> Residents have organised to direct traffic and collect refuse. Many shops and businesses have opened again.<ref name="BBC-Live-Lybia"/> A newspaper<ref>{{cite web |title=First Edition of the Benghazi Newspaper | publisher = feb17.info | url=http://feb17.info/media/first-edition-of-the-benghazi-newspaper/ |date = 24 February 2011 | accessdate=5 March 2011}}</ref> and two local radio stations were also established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ntclibya.org/english/founding-statement-of-the-interim-transitional-national-council/ |title=Founding statement of the Interim Transitional National Council &#124; The Libyan Republic - The Interim Transitional National Council |publisher= National Transitional Council |accessdate= 10 March 2011}}</ref>
During the war, in opposition-held Benghazi, a 15-member "local committee"<ref>{{cite news |title=Libya's Second City, Benghazi, Learns To Govern Itself After Decades of Oppression |last=Schemm |first=Paul |agency=[[Associated Press]] |work=Guelph Mercury |url=http://www.guelphmercury.com/news/world/article/492603--libya-s-second-city-benghazi-learns-to-govern-itself-after-decades-of-oppression |date=24 February 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711132814/http://www.guelphmercury.com/news/world/article/492603--libya-s-second-city-benghazi-learns-to-govern-itself-after-decades-of-oppression |archive-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> made up of lawyers, judges and respected local people was formed in order to provide civic administration and public services within the city.<ref name="BBC-Live-Lybia">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 |title=BBC Libya Live Coverage |work=BBC |access-date=4 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129054756/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-12307698 |archive-date=29 January 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Residents have organised to direct traffic and collect refuse. Many shops and businesses have opened again.<ref name="BBC-Live-Lybia"/> A newspaper<ref>{{cite web |title=First Edition of the Benghazi Newspaper |publisher=feb17.info |url=http://feb17.info/media/first-edition-of-the-benghazi-newspaper/ |date=24 February 2011 |access-date=5 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301030122/http://feb17.info/media/first-edition-of-the-benghazi-newspaper/ |archive-date=1 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and two local radio stations were also established.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ntclibya.org/english/founding-statement-of-the-interim-transitional-national-council/ |title=Founding statement of the Interim Transitional National Council &#124; The Libyan Republic - The Interim Transitional National Council |publisher=National Transitional Council |access-date=10 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110310051658/http://ntclibya.org/english/founding-statement-of-the-interim-transitional-national-council/ |archive-date=10 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Similar "local committees" were formed in other cities controlled by opposition groups.<ref>{{cite web |author= Garcia-Navarro, Lourdes | url =http://www.npr.org/2011/02/23/134003954/New-Government-Forms-In-Eastern-Libya | title = New Government Forms in Eastern Libya | publisher = [[NPR]] |date=23 February 2011 |accessdate=5 March 2011}}</ref>
Similar "local committees" were formed in other cities controlled by opposition groups.<ref>{{cite web | author = Garcia-Navarro, Lourdes | url = https://www.npr.org/2011/02/23/134003954/New-Government-Forms-In-Eastern-Libya | title = New Government Forms in Eastern Libya | publisher = [[NPR]] | date = 23 February 2011 | access-date = 5 March 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110225221249/http://www.npr.org/2011/02/23/134003954/New-Government-Forms-In-Eastern-Libya | archive-date = 25 February 2011 | url-status = live }}</ref>


===Commercial bodies===
===Commercial bodies===
The council established the following commercial bodies to manage its financial affairs:
The council established the following commercial bodies to manage its financial affairs:
* The Central Bank of Benghazi&nbsp;&ndash; to act as the "monetary authority competent in monetary policies in Libya"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ntclibya.org/english/meeting-on-19-march-2011/ |title=Meeting Outcomes of the Interim National Council Held on 19 March 2011 |publisher= National Transitional Council |date= 19 March 2011 |accessdate= 25 March 2011}}</ref>
* The Central Bank of Benghazi&nbsp;&ndash; to act as the "monetary authority competent in monetary policies in Libya"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ntclibya.org/english/meeting-on-19-march-2011/ |title=Meeting Outcomes of the Interim National Council Held on 19 March 2011 |publisher=National Transitional Council |date=19 March 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110326080308/http://ntclibya.org/english/meeting-on-19-march-2011/ |archive-date=26 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Libyan Oil Company&nbsp;&ndash; to act as the "supervisory authority on oil production and policies in the country"<ref>{{cite web| author = Varner, Bill |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-21/libyan-rebel-council-sets-up-oil-company-to-replace-qaddafi-s.html |title=Libyan Rebel Council Forms Oil Company To Replace Qaddafi’s |work= [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |date= 21 March 2011 |accessdate=25 March 2011}}</ref>
* Libyan Oil Company&nbsp;&ndash; to act as the "supervisory authority on oil production and policies in the country"<ref>{{cite web |author=Varner, Bill |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-21/libyan-rebel-council-sets-up-oil-company-to-replace-qaddafi-s.html |title=Libyan Rebel Council Forms Oil Company To Replace Qaddafi's |work=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] |date=21 March 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324143637/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-03-21/libyan-rebel-council-sets-up-oil-company-to-replace-qaddafi-s.html |archive-date=24 March 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>


==Armed forces==
==Armed forces==
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The [[anti-Gaddafi forces]] were Libyan armed forces which were constituted during the 2011 war by defected military members and armed citizens in order to engage in battle against remaining members of the [[Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Jamahiriya's armed forces]], hired mercenaries and paramilitary loyal to the rule of [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. The [[National Liberation Army (Libya)|National Liberation Army]], formerly known as the Free Libyan Army, was the NTC's military arm, with the small [[Free Libyan Air Force]] operating assets including captured and defected fighter jets and helicopters.
The [[anti-Gaddafi forces]] were Libyan armed forces which were constituted during the 2011 war by defected military members and armed citizens in order to engage in battle against remaining members of the [[Armed Forces of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya|Jamahiriya's armed forces]], hired mercenaries and paramilitary loyal to the rule of [[Muammar Gaddafi]]. The [[National Liberation Army (Libya)|National Liberation Army]], formerly known as the Free Libyan Army, was the NTC's military arm, with the small [[Free Libyan Air Force]] operating assets including captured and defected fighter jets and helicopters.


[[Omar El-Hariri]] was the first military affairs minister the NTC named, holding that position from 23 March 2011 forward. By 19 May 2011, however, [[Jalal al-Digheily]] had replaced El-Hariri.<ref name="economist">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18713650?story_id=18713650&fsrc=rss|work = [[The Economist]]|date=19 May 2011|accessdate=6 August 2011|title=Libya: The Colonel Feels the Squeeze}}</ref> Then on 8 August 2011, Digheily along with 14 other members of the Executive Board were fired and the position left vacant, but was reappointed in early October 2011 after continuing in the role of interim defense minister for almost two months.<ref name="newcab">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/2011103124138235256.html|work=Al Jazeera|title=Jibril vows to quit after Libya 'liberation'|date=3 October 2011|accessdate=3 October 2011}}</ref> Then on 22 November 2011, the Executive Board was dissolved for the formation of the Interim Government and [[Osama al-Juwali]] became the new Defense Minister.
[[Omar El-Hariri]] was the first military affairs minister the NTC named, holding that position from 23 March 2011 forward. By 19 May 2011, however, [[Jalal al-Digheily]] had replaced El-Hariri.<ref name="economist">{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/18713650?story_id=18713650&fsrc=rss|work=[[The Economist]]|date=19 May 2011|access-date=6 August 2011|title=Libya: The Colonel Feels the Squeeze|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203203339/http://www.economist.com/node/18713650?story_id=18713650&fsrc=rss|archive-date=3 February 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Then on 8 August 2011, Digheily along with 14 other members of the executive board were fired and the position left vacant, but was reappointed in early October 2011 after continuing in the role of interim defense minister for almost two months.<ref name="newcab">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/2011103124138235256.html|work=Al Jazeera|title=Jibril vows to quit after Libya 'liberation'|date=3 October 2011|access-date=3 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111101163706/http://english.aljazeera.net/news/africa/2011/10/2011103124138235256.html|archive-date=1 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> Then on 22 November 2011, the executive board was dissolved for the formation of the Interim Government and [[Osama al-Juwali]] became the new Defense Minister.


On 1 April 2011, [[Abdul Fatah Younis]] was announced as commander of the NTC's forces, in an attempt to form an organized fighting structure due to a string of failures. Younis was killed in an attack on 29 July 2011 which was variously blamed on pro-Gaddafi agents,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/07/28/libya-rebel-head-abdel-fattah-younis-killed-115875-23304284|title= Rebel head Abdel-Fattah Younis Killed|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=28 July 2011|accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref> rogue rebel militiamen, and the NTC itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/story/870718/libyan-rebel-military-leader-is-killed |title=Libyan Rebel Military Leader Is Killed |date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Sky News |accessdate=8 August 2012}}</ref> [[Suleiman Mahmoud]], Younis's top lieutenant, replaced him as army commander.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-07-29-libya-rebel-chief-slain_n.htm|work=USA Today|agency=Associated Press|date=29 July 2011|accessdate=29 July 2011|title=Officer accuses fellow rebels in Libya killing|first=Rami|last=Al-Shaheibi}}</ref>
On 1 April 2011, [[Abdul Fatah Younis]] was announced as commander of the NTC's forces, in an attempt to form an organized fighting structure due to a string of failures. Younis was killed in an attack on 29 July 2011 which was variously blamed on pro-Gaddafi agents,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2011/07/28/libya-rebel-head-abdel-fattah-younis-killed-115875-23304284|title= Rebel head Abdel-Fattah Younis Killed|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=28 July 2011|access-date=8 August 2012}}</ref> rogue rebel militiamen, and the NTC itself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sky.com/story/870718/libyan-rebel-military-leader-is-killed |title=Libyan Rebel Military Leader Is Killed |date=29 July 2011 |publisher=Sky News |access-date=8 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017074217/http://news.sky.com/story/870718/libyan-rebel-military-leader-is-killed |archive-date=17 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Suleiman Mahmoud]], Younis's top lieutenant, replaced him as army commander.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-07-29-libya-rebel-chief-slain_n.htm|work=USA Today|agency=Associated Press|date=29 July 2011|access-date=29 July 2011|title=Officer accuses fellow rebels in Libya killing|first=Rami|last=Al-Shaheibi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110731044153/http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2011-07-29-libya-rebel-chief-slain_n.htm|archive-date=31 July 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


==Foreign relations==
==Foreign relations==
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{{Legend|#FF5555|Countries that voted against the transfer of Libya's UN seat to the NTC}}]]
{{Legend|#FF5555|Countries that voted against the transfer of Libya's UN seat to the NTC}}]]
{{main|Foreign relations of Libya|International recognition of the National Transitional Council}}
{{main|Foreign relations of Libya|International recognition of the National Transitional Council}}
In July 2011, the [[Libya Contact Group]] of representatives of many nations announced its participants' agreement to deal with the National Transitional Council as the "legitimate governing authority in Libya".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE76E0W120110715|title=Excerpts from Libya Contact Group Chair's Statement|agency= [[Reuters]]|work=Reuters Africa |date= 15 July 2011|accessdate= 16 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/15/libyan-rebels-international-recognition-leaders|title=Libyan Rebels Win International Recognition as Country's Leaders|date=15 July 2011| work = [[The Guardian]] |author= [[Ian Black (journalist)|Black, Ian]] |accessdate= 16 July 2011}}</ref> The council also received the backing of the [[Arab League]]<ref>{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20110313-325099/Libyan-regime-lost-legitimacyArab-League |title=Libyan Regime 'Lost Legitimacy'—Arab League | work = [[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date= 13 March 2011 |accessdate= 25 March 2011}}</ref> and the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msz.gov.pl/Foreign,Minister,Radoslaw,Sikorski,visits,Benghazi,43100.html |title=Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski Visits Benghazi |publisher= [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)|Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |date= 11 May 2011 |accessdate= 20 May 2011}}</ref> On 16 September 2011, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] voted to award Libya's [[United Nations|UN]] seat to the NTC.<ref name="unga_144"/> On 20 September 2011, the [[African Union]] officially recognised the NTC as the legitimate representative of Libya.<ref>{{cite news | title = African Union officially recognises Libya's new leadership | url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2NflCTWlrw96Cs-Ts7A7Xcem2dA?docId=CNG.a8a1185f4a08d2928999ea8643dc5bd9.501|date=20 September 2011|accessdate=8 January 2012|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Google News}}</ref>
In July 2011, the [[Libya Contact Group]] of representatives of many nations announced its participants' agreement to deal with the National Transitional Council as the "legitimate governing authority in Libya".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE76E0W120110715|title= Excerpts from Libya Contact Group Chair's Statement|agency= [[Reuters]]|work= Reuters Africa|date= 15 July 2011|access-date= 16 July 2011|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120725211340/http://af.reuters.com/article/commoditiesNews/idAFLDE76E0W120110715|archive-date= 25 July 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/15/libyan-rebels-international-recognition-leaders|title=Libyan Rebels Win International Recognition as Country's Leaders|date=15 July 2011|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=[[Ian Black (journalist)|Black, Ian]]|access-date=16 July 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911044903/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/15/libyan-rebels-international-recognition-leaders|archive-date=11 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> The council also received the backing of the [[Arab League]]<ref>{{cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20110313-325099/Libyan-regime-lost-legitimacyArab-League |title=Libyan Regime 'Lost Legitimacy'—Arab League |work=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=13 March 2011 |access-date=25 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110314010323/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/world/view/20110313-325099/Libyan-regime-lost-legitimacyArab-League |archive-date=14 March 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.msz.gov.pl/Foreign,Minister,Radoslaw,Sikorski,visits,Benghazi,43100.html |title=Foreign Minister Radosław Sikorski Visits Benghazi |publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland)|Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |date=11 May 2011 |access-date=20 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322004924/http://www.msz.gov.pl/Foreign%2CMinister%2CRadoslaw%2CSikorski%2Cvisits%2CBenghazi%2C43100.html |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> On 16 September 2011, the [[United Nations General Assembly]] voted to award Libya's [[United Nations|UN]] seat to the NTC.<ref name="unga_144"/> On 20 September 2011, the [[African Union]] officially recognised the NTC as the legitimate representative of Libya.<ref>{{cite news|title=African Union officially recognises Libya's new leadership|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2NflCTWlrw96Cs-Ts7A7Xcem2dA?docId=CNG.a8a1185f4a08d2928999ea8643dc5bd9.501|date=20 September 2011|access-date=8 January 2012|agency=Agence France-Presse|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120184724/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5h2NflCTWlrw96Cs-Ts7A7Xcem2dA?docId=CNG.a8a1185f4a08d2928999ea8643dc5bd9.501|archive-date=20 November 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>


[[Mohammed El Senussi]], the [[pretender]] to the [[House of Senussi|throne of Libya]], also voiced his support for the NTC.<ref name="Libya's 'exiled prince' urges world action" >{{cite news|agency=Agence France-Presse |date=9 March 2011 |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle09.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/March/international_March491.xml&section=international |title=Libya's 'Exiled Prince' Urges World Action |work= [[Khaleej Times]] |accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref>
[[Mohammed El Senussi]], the [[pretender]] to the [[House of Senussi|throne of Libya]], also voiced his support for the NTC.<ref name="Libya's 'exiled prince' urges world action" >{{cite news |agency=Agence France-Presse |date=9 March 2011 |url=http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle09.asp?xfile=data/international/2011/March/international_March491.xml&section=international |title=Libya's 'Exiled Prince' Urges World Action |work=[[Khaleej Times]] |access-date=10 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713151457/http://www.khaleejtimes.com/DisplayArticle09.asp?xfile=data%2Finternational%2F2011%2FMarch%2Finternational_March491.xml&section=international |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>


While NTC forces were working to secure military victory on the ground, the NTC's chairman, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, was working to foster good diplomatic relations overseas. Before Gaddafi was killed Abdul Jalil negotiated a deal with the British government to pay millions in compensation to victims of [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] attacks that used Jamahiriya-supplied arms.<ref>{{cite news| title = UK and new Libyan leaders agree deal for IRA victims | url = http://www.exaronews.com/articles/4117/uk-and-new-libyan-leaders-agree-deal-for-ira-victims|date=20 October 2011| work= [[Exaro news]] | accessdate=30 January 2012 |author=O’Cleirigh, Fiona}}</ref>
While NTC forces were working to secure military victory on the ground, the NTC's chairman, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, was working to foster good diplomatic relations overseas. Before Gaddafi was killed Abdul Jalil negotiated a deal with the British government to pay millions in compensation to victims of [[Provisional Irish Republican Army|IRA]] attacks that used Jamahiriya-supplied arms.<ref>{{cite news|title=UK and new Libyan leaders agree deal for IRA victims|url=http://www.exaronews.com/articles/4117/uk-and-new-libyan-leaders-agree-deal-for-ira-victims|date=20 October 2011|work=[[Exaro news]]|access-date=30 January 2012|author=O’Cleirigh, Fiona|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120730064529/http://www.exaronews.com/articles/4117/uk-and-new-libyan-leaders-agree-deal-for-ira-victims|archive-date=30 July 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Military intervention===<!-- Is this subsection currently needed or necessary? -->
===Military intervention===<!-- Is this subsection currently needed or necessary? -->
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


==External links==
==External links==
{{wikinews|France first to recognise Libyan rebels as "legitimate representatives of the people"}}
{{wikinews|France first to recognise Libyan rebels as "legitimate representatives of the people"}}
*[http://www.libyanmission-un.org libyamission-un.org], official website of Libya's mission to the United Nations
*[http://www.libyanmission-un.org libyamission-un.org], official website of Libya's mission to the United Nations

{{National Transitional Council}}
{{National Transitional Council}}
{{Libyan institutional transition}}
{{Arab Spring}}
{{Arab Spring}}
{{Libyan civil war}}
{{Libyan civil war}}
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[[Category:Government of Libya]]
[[Category:Government of Libya]]
[[Category:Members of the National Transitional Council| ]]
[[Category:Members of the National Transitional Council| ]]
[[Category:Libyan Civil War (2011)]]
[[Category:First Libyan Civil War]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Libya]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Libya]]
[[Category:Organizations of the Arab Spring]]
[[Category:Organizations of the Arab Spring]]

Revision as of 15:51, 5 July 2021

Libya[1]
ليبيا
2011–2012
Flag of Libya
Anthem: Libya, Libya, Libya
Location of Libya
Capital
and largest city
Tripoli
Official languagesArabic
Religion
Islam
GovernmentUnitary Transitional government
Chairman 
• 2011–2012
Mustafa Abdul Jalil
• 2011
Mahmoud Jibril
• 2011-2012
Abdurrahim El-Keib
LegislatureNational Transitional Council
Historical era2011 Libyan civil war
• Establishment
5 March 2011
28 August 2011
20 October 2011
• Handover of power to the elected General National Congress
8 August 2012
CurrencyLibyan dinar (LYD)
ISO 3166 codeLY
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
State of Libya
National Transitional Council
المجلس الوطني الانتقالي
al-majlis al-waṭanī al-intiqālī
AbbreviationNTC
PredecessorGeneral People's Congress of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
SuccessorGeneral National Congress of Libya
Formation27 February 2011
TypeProvisional authority
PurposeDeliberative assembly/ deliberative democracy
HeadquartersTripoli
Location
Official language
Arabic
Chairman
Mustafa Abdul Jalil
Vice Chairman
Mustafa Honi
Prime Minister
Abdurrahim El-Keib
Mahmoud Jibril
Websitewww.ntc.gov.ly

The National Transitional Council of Libya (Arabic: المجلس الوطني الإنتقالي al-majlis al-waṭanī al-intiqālī ), sometimes known as the Transitional National Council,[3] was the de facto government of Libya for a period during and after the Libyan Civil War, in which rebel forces overthrew the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya of Muammar Gaddafi. The NTC governed Libya for a period of ten months after the end of the war, holding elections to a General National Congress on 7 July 2012, and handing power to the newly elected assembly on 8 August.[4]

The formation of the NTC was announced in the city of Benghazi on 27 February 2011 with the purpose to act as the "political face of the revolution". On 5 March 2011, the council issued a statement in which it declared itself to be the "only legitimate body representing the people of Libya and the Libyan state".[5][6][7] An executive board, chaired by Mahmoud Jibril, was formed by the council on 23 March 2011 after being de facto assembled as an "executive team" since 5 March 2011. The NTC issued a Constitutional Declaration in August 2011 in which it set up a road-map for the transition of the country to a constitutional democracy with an elected government.

The council gained international recognition as the legitimate governing authority in Libya[8] and occupied the country's seat at the United Nations.[9] In referring to the Libyan state, the council used simply "Libya". The UN formally recognized the country as "Libya" in September 2011,[10] based on a request from the Permanent Mission of Libya citing the Libyan interim Constitutional Declaration of 3 August 2011. In November 2011, the ISO 3166-1 was altered to reflect the new country name "Libya" in English, "Libye (la)" in French.[11]

Background

Uprising and civil war

After popular movements overturned the rulers of Tunisia and Egypt, Libya's immediate neighbours to the west and east, Libya experienced a full-scale uprising beginning in February 2011.[12][13] By 20 February, the unrest had spread to Tripoli. Much of Libya had slipped out of Gaddafi's control, falling to anti-Gaddafi forces. Eastern Libya, centered around the second largest city and vital port of Benghazi, was firmly under the control of the opposition. The opposition began to organise themselves into a functioning government.[14] Anti-Gaddafi forces marched on Sirte (Gaddafi's hometown) on 28 September 2011. Gaddafi loyalists delayed the attack with the use of their snipers. The fight for Sirte ended on 20 October with the capture of the town and the death of Colonel Gaddafi.[15]

Early efforts to form a government

Opposition meeting in Bayda, 24 February 2011

On 24 February 2011, politicians, former military officers, tribal leaders, academics and businessmen held a meeting in the eastern city of Bayda.[16] The meeting was chaired by former justice minister Mustafa Abdul Jalil, who quit the Jamahiriya government a few days before. The delegates discussed proposals for interim administration with many delegates asking for UN intervention in Libya.[17] The podium at the meeting displayed the pre-Jamahiriya flag.[18][19]

On 25 February, Al Jazeera TV reported that talks were taking place between "personalities from eastern and western Libya" to form an interim government for the post-Gaddafi era.[18] The following day, former justice minister Mustafa Abdul Jalil was announced to be leading the process of forming an interim body, to be based in Benghazi.[20][21] Jalil stated that "Gaddafi alone bore responsibility for the crimes that have occurred" in Libya; he also insisted on the unity of Libya and that Tripoli was the national capital.[22] The efforts to form an alternative government have been supported by the Libyan ambassador in the United States, Ali Suleiman Aujali.[23][24] The Libyan deputy ambassador to the United Nations, Ibrahim Omar Al Dabashi, stated that he supported a new alternative government "in principle".[25]

Establishment of a national council

A National Transitional Council was formed on 27 February to act as "the political face of the revolution".[26] Its spokesman, Abdul Hafiz Ghoga, made clear at the launch press conference that the national council was not a provisional government and added that the newly formed council was not in contact with foreign governments and did not want them to intervene.[27] He later clarified that an airstrike mandated by the United Nations would not be considered a foreign intervention.[28]

An Al Jazeera journalist in Benghazi reported that a fully fledged interim government would not be formed until Tripoli was under opposition control.[29] This contradicted Jalil's statement of the previous day about the formation of a provisional government. These comments were later clarified by the council as Jalil's "personal views".

On 5 March, the council issued a statement in which it declared itself to be the "sole representative of all Libya". Mustafa Abdul Jalil was named as chairman of the council.[5][6][7]

On 10 March, France became the first country to recognise the council as Libya's only legitimate government.[30]

Formation of an executive board

On 23 March, the council established an executive board to act as a transitional government for Libya. Jibril, who had served as chairman of the informal "executive team" since 5 March, was appointed as chairman of that board, stating that council would serve as the "legislative body", and the new Executive Board would serve as the "executive body".[31][32] Jibril led the meeting and negotiations with French President Nicolas Sarkozy, a meeting that resulted in France officially recognizing the council as the sole representative of the Libyan people.[citation needed]

Instability in 2012

In mid-January 2012, protesters against the NTC stormed its Benghazi headquarters, demanding greater transparency on expenditures, that Gaddafi-era officials be sacked, and that Islamic sharia law be the source of the country's future constitution.[33] Jalil was in the building, but slipped out the back before protesters broke in and stole computers and furniture. A few days earlier, Abdul Hafiz Ghoga, vice president of the NTC, was surrounded and jostled by a group of university students in Benghazi, before being pulled to safety by supporters.[34]

Dissolution

In a ceremony on 8 August 2012—held in the evening due to the daytime fast of Ramadan—the NTC formally transferred power to the General National Congress. Jalil stepped down as chairman, passing the position to the GNC's oldest member, Mohammed Ali Salim.[35] The NTC was then dissolved, while the GNC members took their oath of office, led by Salim.[36]

Hundreds of people gathered in Tripoli's Martyrs' Square with candles symbolizing reconciliation.[35] The date of the transfer—20 Ramadan on the Islamic calendar—had also been selected for symbolic reasons, as 20 Ramadan the previous year had fallen on 20 August, the date that the rebels attacked Tripoli, leading to Gaddafi's flight.[36] As Jalil addressed the crowd, attendees chanted "Allahu Akbar!" or another phrase meaning "The blood of martyrs will not go wasted!"[37]

According to BBC News, the transfer was "the first peaceful transition of power in Libya's modern history",[35] meaning the history since the end of the monarchy.

Aims and objectives

The "Declaration of the founding of the National Transitional Council" stated that the main aims of the council were as follows:[38]

  • Ensure the safety of the national territory and citizens
  • Coordination of national efforts to liberate the rest of Libya
  • Support the efforts of local councils to work for the restoration of normal civilian life
  • Supervision of the Military Council to ensure the achievement of the new doctrine of the Libyan People's Army in the defense of the people and to protect the borders of Libya.
  • Facilitate the election of a constituent assembly to draft a new constitution for the country; be put to a popular referendum
  • Form a transitional government to pave the holding of free elections
  • Guide the conduct of foreign policy, and the regulation of relations with other countries and international and regional organizations, and the representation of the Libyan people

In another statement clarifying the goals for a post-Gaddafi Libya, the council committed itself an eight-point plan to hold free and fair elections, draft a national constitution, form political and civil institutions, uphold intellectual and political pluralism, and guarantee citizens' inalienable human rights and the ability of free expression of their aspirations. The council also emphasized its rejection of racism, intolerance, discrimination, and terrorism.[39][40] Article 1 further declares Tripoli the state capital and Arabic the official language while reserving the linguistic and cultural rights of ethnic minorities as well as the freedom of religion for religious minorities.

The stated aim of the NTC was to form a de jure interim government based in Tripoli and hold elections for a General National Congress to replace it. The GNC would then elect a prime minister, appoint a Constituent Assembly to draft a constitution subject to its approval by the Public National Conference (PNC) and by referendum, and then oversee free elections for a representative government.[41]

Structure and membership

Legislative body

National Transitional Council
المجلس الوطني الانتقالي
al-majlis al-waṭanī al-intiqālī
Type
Type
Leadership
Chairman
Vice Chairman
Seats51 members
Meeting place
Tripoli, Libya
Website
ntclibya.com

The National Transitional Council claimed to be, and was widely recognized as, the "only legitimate body representing the people of Libya and the Libyan state".[42] Starting off at 33 members, it rose to 51,[43] with proposals to increase its size further to 75 or even 125.[44]

Al Jazeera English reported that each city or town under opposition control will be given five seats on the new council and that contact will be established with new cities that come under opposition control to allow them to join the council. The identities of members of the council were not disclosed at the launch conference. Human Rights lawyer Hafiz Ghoga was the spokesperson for the new council. An Al Jazeera English journalist in Benghazi stated that Mustafa Abdul Jalil still had a leadership role within the new council.[27] The council declared that Jalil was the head of the council.[7] The council met formally for the first time on 5 March 2011[7] when it was announced that the council had 33 members.[45] The names of some of the members were kept secret to prevent threats to their families that were still in Gaddafi-held areas of Libya.[46]

In September 2011, some of the NTC's members were in Benghazi, while some had moved to the de jure capital Tripoli. On 8 September, the head of government Mahmoud Jibril became the highest-ranking NTC official yet to move to Tripoli. Prior to Jibril's relocation, Deputy Chairman Ali Tarhouni was the de facto leader of the NTC in Tripoli.[47]

Members

The members of the council included:[48][49][50]

Council members:

City Representatives:

    • AbdAllah Banoon of Tripoli resigned to form a political party.

Executive Board

On 5 March 2011, a crisis committee was set up to act as the executive arm of the council. An Executive Board was announced on 23 March 2011.[32][51][52] It originally had 15 members, but a minor reorganisation apparently removed the post of Military Affairs from the council proper and created a successor position for Defence on the board, expanding the bureau to 16 members.[53][54]

The executive board was dismissed on 8 August 2011 due to administrative mistakes in investigating the assassination in July of Free Libyan Army commander General Abdel-Fatah Younes.[55] Chairman Mahmoud Jibril, the only designated member of the executive board who was not fired, was tasked with forming a new Board.[56]

Members (March–August 2011)

Prior to the re-shuffle in August 2011, the board members were:[52]

  • Mahmoud JibrilChairman and head of international affairs
  • Ali Al-Issawi – vice-chairman
  • Ahmed Hussein Al-Darrat – Internal Affairs and Local Government
  • Jalal al-Digheily – Defence (formerly Military Affairs)
  • Mahmoud Shammam – Media
  • Naji Barakat – Health
  • Mohammed Al-Allagi – Justice and Human Rights
  • Hania Al-Gumati – Social Welfare
  • Abdullah Shamia – Economic
  • Ali TarhouniFinance and Oil
  • Anwar Fituri – Transportation and Communications
  • Abulgassim Nimr – Environment
  • Atia Lawgali – Culture and Community
  • Abdulsalam Al-Shikhy – Religious Affairs and Endowments
  • Ahmed Al-Jehani – Reconstruction and Infrastructure
  • Suliman El-Sahli – Education

Members (October 2011)

A new cabinet was unveiled in early October 2011, though not all of its members were announced at once. Individuals confirmed to be part of the new board included[57] Mahmoud Jibril as prime minister, Ali Tarhouni as deputy prime minister, and Jalal al-Digheily as defence minister. On 23 October, Jibril resigned as Mustafa Abdul Jalil declared an end to the Libyan civil war,[58] and Abdurrahim El-Keib succeeded him as prime minister on 31 October.[43]

The executive board was dissolved on 22 November 2011 as per the Interim constitution which stated that the executive board must be dissolved upon the formation of the Interim Government.[citation needed]

Interim government

El-Keib unveiled the interim government on 22 November 2011:[59][60][61]

Local government

During the war, in opposition-held Benghazi, a 15-member "local committee"[62] made up of lawyers, judges and respected local people was formed in order to provide civic administration and public services within the city.[63] Residents have organised to direct traffic and collect refuse. Many shops and businesses have opened again.[63] A newspaper[64] and two local radio stations were also established.[65]

Similar "local committees" were formed in other cities controlled by opposition groups.[66]

Commercial bodies

The council established the following commercial bodies to manage its financial affairs:

  • The Central Bank of Benghazi – to act as the "monetary authority competent in monetary policies in Libya"[67]
  • Libyan Oil Company – to act as the "supervisory authority on oil production and policies in the country"[68]

Armed forces

The anti-Gaddafi forces were Libyan armed forces which were constituted during the 2011 war by defected military members and armed citizens in order to engage in battle against remaining members of the Jamahiriya's armed forces, hired mercenaries and paramilitary loyal to the rule of Muammar Gaddafi. The National Liberation Army, formerly known as the Free Libyan Army, was the NTC's military arm, with the small Free Libyan Air Force operating assets including captured and defected fighter jets and helicopters.

Omar El-Hariri was the first military affairs minister the NTC named, holding that position from 23 March 2011 forward. By 19 May 2011, however, Jalal al-Digheily had replaced El-Hariri.[69] Then on 8 August 2011, Digheily along with 14 other members of the executive board were fired and the position left vacant, but was reappointed in early October 2011 after continuing in the role of interim defense minister for almost two months.[70] Then on 22 November 2011, the executive board was dissolved for the formation of the Interim Government and Osama al-Juwali became the new Defense Minister.

On 1 April 2011, Abdul Fatah Younis was announced as commander of the NTC's forces, in an attempt to form an organized fighting structure due to a string of failures. Younis was killed in an attack on 29 July 2011 which was variously blamed on pro-Gaddafi agents,[71] rogue rebel militiamen, and the NTC itself.[72] Suleiman Mahmoud, Younis's top lieutenant, replaced him as army commander.[73]

Foreign relations

  Libya
  Countries that recognised the NTC as the sole legitimate representative of Libya during the civil war
  Countries that have yet to formally recognise the NTC, but voted in favor of it to take Libya's UN seat
  Countries that formally opposed recognition of the NTC at the UN
  Countries that voted against the transfer of Libya's UN seat to the NTC

In July 2011, the Libya Contact Group of representatives of many nations announced its participants' agreement to deal with the National Transitional Council as the "legitimate governing authority in Libya".[74][75] The council also received the backing of the Arab League[76] and the European Union.[77] On 16 September 2011, the United Nations General Assembly voted to award Libya's UN seat to the NTC.[9] On 20 September 2011, the African Union officially recognised the NTC as the legitimate representative of Libya.[78]

Mohammed El Senussi, the pretender to the throne of Libya, also voiced his support for the NTC.[79]

While NTC forces were working to secure military victory on the ground, the NTC's chairman, Mustafa Abdul Jalil, was working to foster good diplomatic relations overseas. Before Gaddafi was killed Abdul Jalil negotiated a deal with the British government to pay millions in compensation to victims of IRA attacks that used Jamahiriya-supplied arms.[80]

Military intervention

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1973 authorised a multi-national effort to establish a no-fly zone. On 19 March, British, French and US air forces began attacking targets in Gaddafi-controlled Libya, thereby initiating the UN military intervention. Operations were led by NATO under Operation Unified Protector, after initially being led by a joint UK, US and French command. Non-NATO states such as Jordan, Qatar, Sweden, and the United Arab Emirates also contributed to the military mission.[citation needed]

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.iso.org/iso/nl_vi-11_name_change_for_libya.pdf
  2. ^ Cousins, Michel (24 July 2012), "National Congress to meet on 8 August: NTC", Libya Herald, retrieved 26 July 2012
  3. ^ "The US recognises Libya's Transitional National Council". World Socialist Web Site. 20 July 2011. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2011.
  4. ^ Libya's transitional rulers hand over power Archived 8 December 2012 at the Wayback Machine, Boston.com, 8 August 2012.
  5. ^ a b "Ferocious Battles in Libya as National Council Meets for First Time". NewsCore (via news.com.au). 6 March 2011. Archived from the original on 22 August 2019. Retrieved 6 March 2011.
  6. ^ a b The Interim Transitional National Council Decree 3. 5 March 2011.
  7. ^ a b c d "Founding Statement of the Interim Transitional National Council". National Transitional Council. 5 March 2011. Archived from the original on 10 March 2011. Retrieved 7 March 2011.
  8. ^ "Excerpts from Libya Contact Group Chair's Statement". Reuters. 15 July 2011. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 25 July 2011.
  9. ^ a b Lederer, Edith (16 September 2011). "UN approves Libya seat for former rebels". San Jose Mercury News. Archived from the original on 23 November 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2011.
  10. ^ "United Nations interoffice memorandum dated 16 September 2011 from Desmond Parker, Chief of Protocol, to Shaaban M. Shaaban, Under-Secretary-General for General Assembly and Conference Management, attaching memorandum from Stadler Trengove, Senior Legal Officer". Unterm.un.org. Archived from the original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
  11. ^ "ISO 3166-1 Newsletter VI-11: Name change for Libya" (PDF). International Organization for Standardization. 8 November 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 January 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
  12. ^ "Live Blog  – Libya". Al Jazeera. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 23 February 2011. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  13. ^ "News | Libya February 17th". Libyafeb17.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2011.
  14. ^ Burgess, Joe; Fahim, Kareem (25 February 2011). "Map of How the Protests Unfolded in Libya". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 February 2011. Retrieved 26 February 2011.
  15. ^ "Libya's Col Muammar Gaddafi killed, says NTC". BBC News. 20 October 2011. Archived from the original on 20 October 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2011.
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