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Islamophobia, relations between Muslims and other religious groups, and populist politics. The Muslim population in Europe is extremely diverse with varied...

2007 Number of Muslims in Germany. Retrieved 13 October 2014 Hackett, Conrad (29 November 2017), "5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe", Pew Research...

legal framework for language rights in Europe. The largest religion in Europe is Christianity, with 76.2% of Europeans considering themselves Christians,...

comparisons, pair-wise Fst of non-European samples were as follows: Europeans – Yoruba (West Africans) 0.1530; Europeans – Chinese 0.1100; Yoruba (West...

Europeans are the focus of European ethnology, the field of anthropology related to the various ethnic groups that reside in the states of Europe. Groups...

Muslims of Europe". IslamOnline. "Review: Muslims of Europe: The "Other" Europeans, H A Hellyer (2009)". www.academia.edu. Retrieved 14 May 2016. The...

Black Europeans, or sometimes Afro-Europeans or Afropeans, refers to Europeans of the African diaspora. In the European Union (EU) as of 2019, there is...

from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 24 August 2010. Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims. "Quick...

Wales Islam in France List of British Muslims Muslims in Western Europe Religion in the United Kingdom Islam in the Republic of Ireland "Religious composition...

Western Europe is the western region of Europe. The region's extent varies depending on context. The concept of "the West" appeared in Europe in juxtaposition...

The flag of Europe or European flag consists of twelve golden stars forming a circle on a blue field. It is the official flag of the European Union. It...

This is a list of international, national and subnational flags used in Europe. An incomplete list of flags representing intra-European international and...

Europe. In 2016, the median age of Muslims throughout Europe was 30.4, 13 years younger than the median age of other Europeans. 50% of all European Muslims...

Cultural Muslims, also known as nominal Muslims, non-practicing Muslims or non-observing Muslims, are people who identify as Muslims but are not religious...

estimated that the Union's Muslim population in 2009 was 13 million people. The country with the largest number of Muslims in western Europe is believed...

The history of Europe is traditionally divided into four time periods: prehistoric Europe (prior to about 800 BC), classical antiquity (800 BC to AD 500)...

symbol are the players who took part in Muslims' inaugural first-class match on 12–13 September 1912, in which Muslims defeated Europeans by 7 wickets...

Oceania, 6% in Europe, and 1% in the Americas. Most Muslims are of one of two denominations: Sunni Islam (87–90%) and Shia (10–13%). However, other denominations...

Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe. It is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Definitions...

Russia) which constitute of large populations of European Muslims. Historically significant Muslim populations in Europe include the Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians...

at the Battle of Tours in 732 AD, thus preventing the possible Islamisation of Western Europe. During a later incursion, Muslims established the fortress...

ethnological value." Europeans of the Middle Ages and the early modern period variously applied the name to Arabs, Berbers, and Muslim Europeans. The term has also...

sale of Christians to Muslims was banned (pactum Lotharii), the Venetian slave traders began to sell Slavs and other Eastern European non-Christian slaves...

The Council of Europe (CoE; French: Conseil de l'Europe, CdE) is an international organisation with the goal of upholding human rights, democracy and...

For comparisons, pair-wise Fst of non-European samples were as follows: Europeans – Africans (Yoruba) 0.1530; Europeans – Chinese 0.1100; Africans (Yoruba)...

inhabitant of Jerusalem, Muslims and Jews alike. Although many Muslims sought shelter atop the Temple Mount inside the Al-Aqsa Mosque, the Crusaders spared...

towards Islam and Muslims, such as anti-Muslimism, intolerance against Muslims, anti-Muslim prejudice, anti-Muslim bigotry, hatred of Muslims, anti-Islamism...

ISBN 978-0-312-23120-0. Scheuer, Angelika (2005). How Europeans See Europe: Structure and Dynamics of European Legitimacy Beliefs. Amsterdam University Press...

During the decline and dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Muslim inhabitants (including Turks, Kurds, Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Serb Muslims, Greek...

European emigration is the successive emigration waves from the European continent to other continents. The origins of the various European diasporas...

languages not native to Europe are spoken in Europe today. Of the approximately 45 million Europeans speaking non-Indo-European languages, most speak languages...

non-denominational Muslims, Quranist Muslims and Wahhabis (with around 1–2% of the world's total Muslim population) also exist. A study from the Pew Research...

The history of the Jews in Europe spans a period of over two thousand years. Jews, an Israelite tribe from Judea in the Levant, began migrating to Europe...

that if Muslims "taking over" Europe were imminent, Europeans would either forcibly deport their Muslims at best or engage in a genocide of them at worst...

primarily of French people, other populations included Spaniards in the west of the country, Italians and Maltese in the east, and other Europeans in smaller...

trafficking) refers to the slavery of Europeans, whether by non-Europeans (such as West Asians and North Africans), or by other Europeans (for example naval...

on Muslims and on Muslim targets, including attacks on Muslim graves and mosques. In January 2010, a report from the University of Exeter's European Muslim...

change in the meaning of White that occurred in the colonies (see above) to distinguish Europeans from non-Europeans did not apply to the 'home land'...

Popov, Veselin (2012). "Roma Muslims in the Balkans". Education of Roma Children in Europe. Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012...

Indian Muslim Sheykh Seyfullah Efendi El Hindi in Selamsız. Roma Muslims in Turkey and the Balkans are mostly cultural Muslims or nominal Muslims. Muslim Roma...

Europe divided into warring pockets of Muslims and non-Muslims." Bawer warns that without a change of direction, Europe may eventually face a stark choice...

minority in the Russian Federation, which has the largest Muslim population in Europe. According to the US Department of State in 2017, Muslims in Russia...

A Lesson for Europe: American Muslims strive to become model citizens United States Institute of Peace: The Diversity of Muslims in the United States:...

African Americans and other Westernized People of Color. During the Muslim Mughal Empire when the Europeans arrived in South Asia, the Persian word Farang...

reveals that Muslims are younger than other Europeans. In 2010, the median age of Muslims throughout Europe was (32), eight years younger than the median for...

Scandinavians, Western Europeans and Southern Europeans, and then Eastern Europeans, Central Europeans and Latin Americans. At the bottom were South and...

one of the reasons may be that "Islam had become more clearly defined, and the line between Muslims and non-Muslims more sharply drawn. Muslims now lived...

of Spanish Florida, and the Russians were the first Europeans to settle in Alaska, establishing Russian America. The first English child born in the Americas...

Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, a 2012 survey found 54% of Bosnia and Herzegovina's Muslims to consider themselves just Muslims, while 38%...

Arabs in Europe are people of Arab descent living in Europe today and over the centuries. Several million Arabs are residents in Europe. The vast majority...

themselves as Tamils. In Tamil Nadu, the majority of Tamil-speaking Muslims belong to the Rowthers Community while other Muslims live in coastal Tamil Nadu. There...

component in the Bosniak identity but see it as referring exclusively to the Slavic Muslims in Bosnia. Still others consider all Slavic Muslims in the former...

others. The Muslim Brotherhood claimed that Muslims did not carry out the Botroseya Church bombing and claimed it was a false flag conspiracy by the Egyptian...

between Muslims and religious groups in Bulgaria. In 2013, Muslims helped in the repair of a church in Dyranovets. Teachers and pupils from Muslim religious...

000 Macedonian Muslims have been assimilated by other Muslim groups, most notably the Albanians. During censuses, Macedonian Muslims' ethnic identity...

contained the world's second largest Muslim population, after British India. However, the number of Muslims in the European territory of the Kingdom of the Netherlands...

Muslim rule were known as "People of the Book" to Muslims and held the status of dhimmi, a status that was later also extended to other non-Muslims like...

Poland is Muslim. The majority of Muslims in Poland are Sunni. The first Tatar (Lipka) settlers arrived in the 14th century. Although Muslims were involved...

numbers of Muslim Romani, Muslims in these areas that eventually came to constitute contemporary southern Albania were all Albanian speaking Muslims. In southern...

legitimate within vast groups of Muslim students" and that "Muslims laugh or command [teachers] to stop when trying to educate about the Holocaust". Additionally...

and Baltic Eastern Europeans as well as Christian Western Europeans. People taken captive during the viking raids in Western Europe, such as Ireland, could...

The Concert of Europe was a general agreement among the great powers of 19th-century Europe to maintain the European balance of power, political boundaries...

million Europeans immigrated to the American continent. Between 1492 and 1820, approximately 2.6 million Europeans immigrated to the Americas, of whom just...

the European Union), the Assembly does not have the power to create binding laws. However, it speaks on behalf of 700 million Europeans and has the power...

trend has been that of Northern Europeans moving toward Southern Europe. Citizens from the European Union make up a growing proportion of immigrants in Portugal...

third-largest number of Muslims in the world. The majority of India's Muslims are Sunni, with Shia making up around 15% of the Muslim population. Islam spread...

Old Europe and New Europe are terms used to contrast parts of Europe with each other in a rhetorical way. In the 21st century, the terms have been used...

earlier preached "total ethnic war" between "original" Europeans and Muslims in The Colonization of Europe in 2000, which earned him a criminal conviction for...

and Europe. This development forced Western Europeans to find other ways to trade with Asians. Following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, the Ottoman...

up the vast majority of Indian Muslims. Trade brought many Muslims to China, where they virtually dominated the import and export industry of the Song...

peoples—especially from Muslim-majority countries—through mass migration, demographic growth and a drop in the birth rate of white Europeans. Since then, similar...

follows. This battle is said to occur after the Muslims and Christian Romans victoriously fight alongside each other against a common enemy. Following their...

of Muslims in Europe and the Gülen", in Weller, Paul; Ihsan, Yilmaz (eds.), European Muslims, Civility and Public Life: Perspectives On and From the Gülen...

American Muslims, with 1.5 million Muslims in the greater New York metropolitan area, representing the largest metropolitan Muslim population in the Americas...

Ex-Muslims are people who were raised as Muslims or converted to Islam and later left the religion of Islam. Challenges come from the conditions and history...

Sunni Muslims credit him with saving the fledgling Muslim nation from post-civil war anarchy. However, Shia Muslims accuse him of instigating the war,...

Muslim." Historian Robert Payne on page 142 in The History of Islam said "The more powerful Muslims and the spread of Islam were knocking on Europe's...

The name adopted and used instead of Pomak is Bulgarian Muslims. Bulgarian Muslims do not represent a homogenous community and have a multitude of ethnic...

Chinese Muslims, Indian Muslims, and Persians. Islamic provinces founded in the Philippines included the Sunni Sultanate of Maguindanao, Sultanate of Sulu...

Arabs and other Muslims. He wrote that the fact that so many Africans had been enslaved even by the heretical Muslims was supposed proof of their inferiority...

The 500 Most Influential Muslims (also known as The Muslim 500) is an annual publication first published in 2009, which ranks the most influential Muslims...

and western Ukraine, long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. It covers much of the other historic regions of Red Ruthenia (centered on Lviv)...

Research, a pan European Muslim Brotherhood organisation which provides guidance to Muslims in Europe. According to its website, it has "hundreds of member organizations...

is meat of animal slaughtered according to Quran and Sunnah and thus permitted for consumption by Muslims. Halal meat market is the segment of much bigger...

While the majority of the population in the countryside comprised Christians and Muslims from local Levantine ethnicities, many Europeans (primarily French...

the Turfani Turkic Muslims of Emin Khoja by the Qing during the Qing conquest of the Dzungars. Hui Muslims were targeted in slave raids by Muslims of...

term used by Muslims and Persians in particular, during the Middle Ages and later historical periods to refer to Western or Latin Europe. Frangistan literally...

population of Muslims and Christians, and a history of ethno-religious conflicts. Muslim–Muslim tickets have been seen by some as threats to the country's...

Radical Islam in Europe: Austrian government study concludes 45 % of Muslims unwilling to integrate) Anna Strobel: Unique Legal Status - Muslims in Austria...

because of their marketing of products to Muslims.[dead link] Stop the Islamisation of Europe was inspired by a Danish group of the same name who have held...

other cultures. Many Europeans also harbored more specific anxieties around Muslim immigration with a fear that Islam is incompatible with European values...

in southern India. Muslims of Kerala make up 26.56% of the population of the state (2011), and as a religious group they are the second largest group...

hegemony over a substantial part of Europe. During much of the Modern Age, the balance was achieved by having a small number of ever-changing alliances contending...

The Cretan Muslims (Greek: Τουρκοκρητικοί or Τουρκοκρήτες, Tourkokritikí or Tourkokrítes; Turkish: Giritli, Girit Türkleri, or Giritli Türkler; Arabic:...

Eastern Europeans as well as Christian Western Europeans. People taken captive during the Viking raids in Europe could be sold to Moorish Spain via the Dublin...

In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted approximately from 500 AD to 1500, although some...

During the Age of Discovery, a large scale colonization of the Americas, involving a number of European countries, took place primarily between the late...

pressure from the European powers combined with pressure from Muslim reformers gradually relaxed the inequalities between Muslims and non-Muslims. On 18 February...

During the High Middle Ages, the Islamic world was at its cultural peak, supplying information and ideas to Europe, via Al-Andalus, Sicily and the Crusader...

of others as your own and that you pray for them. Ahmadi Muslims subscribe to the same beliefs as the majority of Muslims, but with a difference of opinion...

2015. Retrieved 25 August 2010. Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims. Most Shias (between 68% and 80%)...

children born to non-Muslims in Europe (but not specifically in France) is 1.6, while the average number of children born to Muslims is 2.6. This is why there...

Old Europe to Its Core". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Hussain, Murtaza (25 December 2018). "The Far Right Is Obsessed With a Book About Muslims Destroying...

The European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) is a soft Eurosceptic, anti-federalist political group of the European Parliament. The ECR is the parliamentary...

the Muslim Middle East. In the Early modern period, the Crimean Khanate abducted Eastern Europeans by the Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe...

The Islamic Forum of Europe (IFE) is an Islamic organisation based in the United Kingdom with affiliates in Europe. Its charitable arm is the Islamic...

soldiers, and other Europeans as volunteers, artillerymen and officers. The Turkish defenders consisted of 7,000 men. By the middle of June 1686 the siege had...

Acts of cannibalism in Europe seem to have been relatively prevalent in prehistory, but also occurred repeatedly in later times, often motivated by hunger...

figure is the sum of 20,537 "Muslims" + 183 "Muslims-Bosniaks" + 257 "Muslims-Montenegrins". The 180,213 figure is the sum of 178,110 "Serbs" + 2,103 "Serbs-Montenegrins"...

the area of Basra was conquered by the Muslims. During the reign of Umar, the Muslim army found it a suitable place to construct a base. Later the area...

following World War I, and other fascist movements, influenced by Italian Fascism, subsequently emerged across Europe. Among the political doctrines which...

"some physical perpetrators held the intent to physically destroy the protected groups of Bosnian Muslims and Croats". In the 1990s, several authorities asserted...

than in any other part of Europe, Muslims were still perceived as "alien." Anti-Muslim riots were regular in neighboring Valencia during the 1460s; however...

previously held in the monarchies of Europe. The United Kingdom is the only monarchy in Europe that still practises coronation. Other European monarchies have...

by-products or other ingredients that are not permissible for Muslims to eat or use on their bodies. Foods which are not considered halal for Muslims to consume...

some traditional Muslims, who criticize liberal Muslims on the grounds of being too Western and/or rationalistic. The methodologies of liberal and progressive...

2000; a group of Lebanese men sexually assaulted non-Muslim women. In 2005, tensions between Muslims and non-Muslims in the Cronulla area of Sydney led to...

The final battles of the European theatre of World War II continued after the definitive surrender of Nazi Germany to the Allies, signed by Field marshal...

expression of surrender to the will of God. Those who follow it are called Muslims (meaning "submitters to God"). Muslims view Christians to be People of the Book...

The demographics of the European Union show a highly populated, culturally diverse union of 27 member states. As of 1 January 2023, the population of...

Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West (German: Patriotische Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes), abbreviated Pegida (German:...

the book". During waves of persecution in Medieval Europe, many Jews found refuge in Muslim lands. Today, Jews residing in Muslim countries have been reduced...

god worshipped by Muslims. Some works of Medieval European literature referred to Muslims as "pagans" or by sobriquets such as the "paynim foe" (enemy)...

among the seafaring European powers brought other coastal powers from the empires of Europe to India. The Dutch Republic, England, France, and Denmark–Norway...

that negative views of refugees and Muslims are held by the majority of the country's locals. As in other European countries, the Romani people faced...

Bolshevik Revolution, the Bolsheviks issued an appeal to "All the Muslim Workers of Russia and the East" under Lenin: Muslims of Russia… all you whose...

Croat Muslims (Croatian: Hrvatski muslimani) are Muslims of Croat ethnic origin. They consist primarily of the descendants of the Ottoman-era Croats....

The European Conservatives and Reformists Party (ECR Party), formerly known as Alliance of European Conservatives and Reformists (AECR) (2009–2016) and...

within Europe. Such attacks have targeted both Muslims and non-Muslims, with one study finding 80% of terrorist victims to be Muslims. In a number of the worst-affected...

thinkers during the nineteenth century. [...] With these references the [NOI] Muslims replicated the images of European savagery in the Middle Ages that...

But the Muslim people of Algeria were called Arabs, Muslims or indigènes. The term Pied-Noir came into common use shortly before the end of the Algerian...

emigration of Muslims toward Northern Africa. A small Muslim community however survived at least until 1300 (the destruction of the Muslim settlement of Lucera)...

results in Europeans formulating their identity by contrasting themselves with a Muslim Other. Murad is a traditionalist and considers the views of extremists...

The Iberian Peninsula (/aɪˈbɪəriən/), also known as Iberia, is a peninsula in South-western Europe, defining the westernmost edge of Eurasia. It is divided...

The term Gujarati Muslim is usually used to signify an Indian Muslim from the state of Gujarat in western coast of India. Most Gujarati Muslims have the...

Due to the multiethnic character of the Muslim minority of Greece, which includes Greek Muslims, Turks, Pomaks and Roma Muslims, the Government of Greece...

The large majority of Muslims live in former West Germany, including West Berlin. However, unlike in most other European countries, sizeable Muslim communities...

group of Serbo-Croatian-speaking Muslims and people of Muslim heritage, inhabiting mostly the territory of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia...

Islamic teachings and encouraging Muslims to be more religiously observant, as well as providing interested non-Muslims and recent converts with information...

relations comprise the human and diplomatic relations between Jewish people and Muslims in the Arabian Peninsula, Northern Africa, the Middle East, and...

a concerted backlash to Muslim immigration. Some feel that Muslim Europeans do not fully embody Western values, while others have focused on publicizing...

the Revolution in Europe: Immigration, Islam, and the West is a 2009 book by Christopher Caldwell about the impact of the mass immigration of Muslims...

India, and Europe from the 7th to the 20th century. Islamic law approved of enslavement of non-Muslims, and slaves were trafficked from non-Muslim lands:...

communities; Muslims that have lived in Greece since the times of the Ottoman Empire (primarily in East Macedonia and Thrace) and Muslim immigrants that...

Retrieved July 12, 2011. For the purpose of the chart, the categories 'Islam' and 'Muslims' were merged; 'Buddhist' (.02) and Other Religions were merged; 'Atheist'...

London Bridge attack). Other targets in Europe have included Belgium, Germany, Russia, and Spain. The transcontinental city of Istanbul also saw both...

groups of Europeans into contact with the technologies and luxuries of Byzantium for the first time in many centuries. Crusaders returning to Europe brought...

Muslims in the Czech Republic, representing 0.2% of the country's population. The growing Turkish community form the largest Muslim population in the...

in Weiss's The Free Press. In February 2006, Murray said "conditions for Muslims in Europe must be made harder across the board: Europe must look like...

Europe and within the institutions of the European Union (EU). They are regulated and funded by EU Regulation 1141/2014 on the statute and funding of...

drawing parallels to the co-existence of Muslims and non-Muslims in the modern world. Jews constituted more than five per cent of the population. Al-Andalus...

dominated by a few pan-European producers and distributors, the most notable of which is the Private Media Group that successfully claimed the position previously...

area inhabited by close to two million Europeans and four million Muslims. Muslims had no representation in the French National Assembly before 1945 and...

of discrimination against Muslims is reported by the media in the Muslim world and by the perceived segregation and alienation of Muslims within the French...

Islam is the second largest religion in Norway after Christianity. As of 2023, the number of Muslims living in Norway was 182,607 (3.3% of the total population)...

Smaller Kashmiri Muslim communities also live in other regions of Jammu and Kashmir. Kashmiri Muslims are of the same stock as the Kashmiri Hindu community...

History of Europe Since the Congress of Vienna (1958), 736pp; a basic introduction, 1815–1955 online free to borrow Çelik, Nihat. "Muslims, Non-Muslims and...

with other Muslim nations besides the gunpowder empires despite European Christians generally having antipathy towards Muslims. In 1297, King Denis of Portugal...

or it was a term used in the Dutch East Indies to apply to Europeans who had partial Asian ancestry. The European ancestry of these people was predominantly...

Chinese Muslim Association were established for Muslims. Muslims served extensively in the National Revolutionary Army and reached positions of importance...

for Muslims to be affiliated with any specific sect or organisation. Those who are unaffiliated are mostly Sunni Muslims. These unaffiliated Muslims constitute...

Victory in Europe Day is the day celebrating the formal acceptance by the Allies of World War II of Germany's unconditional surrender of its armed forces...

Muslims. Balkan Roma Muslims are mostly cultural Muslims or nominal Muslims. For the Muslim Romani communities that have resided in the Balkans for centuries...

controversies in Europe revolve around the variety of headdresses worn by Muslim women, which have become prominent symbols of the presence of Islam in especially...

Lebanon's Muslim community to form 50% of the parliament, despite the Druze and Muslims having very different beliefs. Most Druze do not identify as Muslims, and...

of the population is Muslim. Four years after Canada's founding in 1867, the 1871 Canadian Census found 13 European Muslims among the population. The...

Government of India Act 1919. The separate electorate was now available to the Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans and Depressed...

were 255,000 Europeans in Tunisia in 1956, while Morocco was home to half a million Europeans. French law made it easy for thousands of colons, ethnic...

("laïcité"), the precise number of Muslims in Marseille is not available. Various sources estimate Muslims to constitute 20%[citation needed] of the city's...

in areas settled by Ottoman-era Cretan Greek Muslims (the so-called Cretan Turks), such as the town of Al-Hamidiyah in Syria. Cypriot Greek (Κυπριακή...

of the Muslims who settled in the Holy Land were either Arabs who immigrated before the Muslim conquest and then converted to Islam, or Muslims who immigrated...

Punjabi Muslims (Punjabi: پنجابی مسلمان) are adherents of Islam who identify ethnically, linguistically, culturally, and genealogically as Punjabis. With...

As of 2022[update], Muslims are the largest religious minority in Israel, accounting for 18.1% of the country's total population. Most of this figure is...

and 99% of the population of the Gaza Strip. The largest denomination among Palestinian Muslims are Sunnis, comprising 98–99% of the total Muslim population...

two-thirds of the global Bengali population, they are the second-largest ethnic group among Muslims after Arabs. Bengali Muslims make up the majority of Bangladesh's...

Non-denominational Muslims (Arabic: مسلمون بلا طائفة, romanized: Muslimūn bi-la ṭā’ifa) are Muslims who do not belong to, do not self-identify with, or...

other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims....

was the Muslim Muhammad II of Khwarezm. Rumors circulated in Europe that Kuchlug was the mythical Prester John, again battling the Muslims in the East...

allowed fewer rights than Muslims but were still better off than in the Christian parts of Europe. Jews from other parts of Europe made their way to al-Andalus...

The exodus of Muslims from Serbia in 1862 was the forced migration of 10,000 Muslims from the Serbian cities of Belgrade, Sokol, Užice, Šabac, Smederovo...

Within the Muslim world, sentiment towards LGBT people varies and has varied between societies and individual Muslims, but is contemporarily quite negative...

accession to the European Union (EU) as a member state, following its application to become a full member of the European Economic Community (EEC), the predecessor...

dangers to American Jews." The New York Times reported that American Muslims were "enraged" by Pipes' arguments that Muslims in government and military...

census of India figures, 54.73% of Kerala's population are Hindus, 26.56% are Muslims, 18.38% are Christians, and the remaining 0.33% follow other religions...

of Europe, showing characteristics that are largely typical in Southern and Western Europeans. As is the case for most of the rest of Southern Europe...

undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to recover the Holy Land from Muslims provided a template for warfare in other areas that...

warfare, Europe saw an exponential growth innovation of gunpowder firearms, making it the most advanced in the whole world. Europeans improved the gunpowder...

as Bulgarian Muslims by the government. The term has also been used as a wider designation, including also the Slavic Muslim populations of North Macedonia...

Baltic Eastern Europeans as well as Christian Western Europeans. Forming relations between the Umayyads, Khārijites and 'Abbāsids, the flow of trafficked...

the other as incorrect by default. Muslims called Europeans "Franks" and their perception of Europe and its inhabitants was formed from a mixture of travel...

The European Democrats were a loose association of conservative political parties in Europe. It was a political group in the European Parliament from...

approximately 90% of Muslims in Japan are of foreign origin, with the rest being native Japanese converts. There are isolated records of contact between...

The European jackal (Canis aureus moreoticus) is a subspecies of the golden jackal present in Anatolia, the Caucasus, and Southeast Europe. It was first...

Muslims, and the terms "Muslim" and "Islam" were generally not used, with a few isolated exceptions. The term gradually became obsolete in favour of "Muslim"...

the essential unity of purpose and outlook in the Muslim world: Pakistan was founded to advance the cause of Muslims. Other Muslims might have been expected...

counter-jihadists consider all Muslims as a potential threat, especially when they are already living within Western boundaries. Western Muslims accordingly are portrayed...

than Muslim ones in Arabic for reconstructing the history of Fraxinetum. The most important contemporary narrative of the Muslims of Fraxinetum is the Antapodosis...

comparison to the European average, Switzerland has the second lowest number of mosques per Muslim inhabitant, with about one mosque to every 4000 Muslims in Switzerland...

other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims....

Southwest Asia, during the early 7th century CE. Almost one-third of the world's Muslim population resides in Africa. Muslims crossed current Djibouti...

is the fear, hatred of, or prejudice against the Islamic religion or Muslims in Poland. Since the Muslim community in Poland is small (0.1% of the population)...

al-Qaradawi. The stated goal of the ECFR is to issue fatwas that serve the needs of Muslims in Europe. The ECRF draws on all major schools of Sunni law as...

umbrella term to refer to the Muslim Roma population in the Balkans, or alternatively, all Muslim Roma in the areas of Southern Europe and West Asia. They are...

elected seats. The Muslim League won all Muslim constituencies, but failed to win any other seats. Of the 13 remaining seats, 8 went to Europeans, 3 to independents...

into the heartland of Europe. Having a clear picture of the European kingdoms, he prepared an attack nominally commanded by Batu Khan and two other familial-related...

A series of military conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and various European states took place from the Late Middle Ages up through the early 20th century...

found between Muslims and non-Muslims in Lebanon, of whom only 17.1% have this haplotype. As haplogroup J1 finds its putative origins in the Arabian peninsula...

themselves with other Slavic Muslims in Bosnia. A mixture of Slavic and Albanian speakers made up the Muslim population of Sandžak at the end of the nineteenth...

state with legal equality of religions, non-Muslims were inferior, legally, to Muslims. While recognizing this inferior status of dhimmis under Ottoman rule...

pluralistic under Muslim rule while others believe it was a very difficult place for non-Muslims to live in. Those who believe that Muslim ruled Spain was...

there was no tide of European overseas expansion and colonization. However, by the Twentieth Century, both Christians and Muslims have reached America...

The geography of North Africa has been reasonably well known among Europeans since classical antiquity in Greco-Roman geography. Northwest Africa (the...

enslaving other Christians, and Muslims prohibited Muslims from enslaving other Muslims; however both aproved of the enslavement of Pagans, who thereby became...

marked the beginning of the split between Shia Muslims who supported Ali, and Sunni Muslims who opposed him. Mu'awiya moved the capital of the caliphate...

in the United States Persecution of Muslims Violence against Muslims in India "In recent years it has become the practice, in both western Europe and...

this time and of these only a few Italian and German ones survived. By the mid-19th century, between Europeans and ethnically European Americans and Canadians...

degeneration of the Muslims. Most of the Muslim states became the colonies of the European states. Then the industrial revolution, development of science and...

Palermo following the Norman conquest of the island from the Muslims, and the lute is depicted extensively in the ceiling paintings in the Palermo's royal...

Immigrant Muslims in America: at first, a population of African Muslims entered the United States as slaves, and at the next stage, while the immigration...

Christ of Europe, a messianic doctrine based in the New Testament, first became widespread among Poland and other various European nations through the activities...

Muslims worldwide: Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha. The timing of both holidays are set by the lunar Islamic calendar, which is based upon the cycle of the...

estimated that about 87% of the Muslim population are "practicing Muslims." A 2009 survey found that the majority of Muslims in Belgium supported "separation...

(2009-09-30), "Without Political Prerogative: Muslims as Minorities in Fiqh", Muslims of Europe The ‘Other’ Europeans, Edinburgh University Press, pp. 59–76...

pan-European nationalism — a 'Europe for the Europeans' — that is based upon anti-Americanism and ethno-pluralism" within "some sections" of European neo-fascism...

and has mostly been relegated to the Muslim community in Europe, with most Saudi Arabians not taking the edicts of Madkhalists seriously. Political scientist...

Before the 1971 census, those of Slavic Muslim background in Yugoslavia could only legally declare themselves as Serb Muslims, Croat Muslims, or ethnically-undecided...

from other drivers of discrimination because Muslims are mainly from immigrant backgrounds and the largest group of immigrants in many Western European countries...

Innocence of Muslims is an anti-Islamic short film that was written and produced by Nakoula Basseley Nakoula. Two versions of the 14-minute video were...

list of notable British Muslims. Haroon Ahmed  – Emeritus Professor of Microelectronics at the Cavendish Laboratory, the Physics Department of the University...

Contacts with the Muslim world dates back to the 7th–10th centuries, when the Vikings traded with Muslims during the Islamic Golden Age. Since the late 1960s...

of Europe". Retrieved 14 May 2023. "Turkey - Geography". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 14 May 2023. "Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans"...

to Western Muslims have been established in the West, including the Fiqh Council of North America (FCNA, founded in 1986) and the European Council for...

considered to be among the greatest of the 20th century, and his vision of a cultural and political ideal for the Muslims of British-ruled India is widely...

encouraged Muslims living under European powers to unite under one polity. This threatened several European countries: Austria through Bosnian Muslims; Russia...

İzmir and Mersin. Anatolian Muslims called Levantines Frenk (first used for French, then for all non-Orthodox Europeans) and tatlısu Frengi (lit. 'freshwater...

Greek Muslims, also known as Muslim Rums, are Muslims of Greek ethnic origin whose adoption of Islam (and often the Turkish language and identity) dates...

about each other. The history of the Ottoman Empire is intimately connected to the history of Renaissance and Early Modern Europe. The European Renaissance...

November 1910, at a meeting of Muslims and non-Muslims at the Ritz Hotel, the London Mosque Fund was established with the aims of organising weekly Friday...

prohibit music (instruments and singing); however, other Muslims disagree and believe that some forms of music are permitted. Despite this controversy, music...

of Europeans towards Biodiversity, Awareness and Perceptions of EU customs, and Perceptions of Antisemitism. European Commission. Archived from the original...

the financial crisis that hit several European countries in that period, has pushed up the number of Europeans settled in France. Statistics on Spanish...

body, the National Fatwa Council, ruled against Muslims practising yoga, saying it had elements of other religions that could corrupt Muslims. The same...

Most Tanzanian Muslims are Sunni Muslims, though there are also populations of Ibadi, Shia, Ahamadiya, Bohora. Muslims are concentrated in coastal areas...

recognized by the European Parliament and the European Commission as well as by a wide cross-section of civil society. Muslim Roma may face two forms of discrimination:...

at forming a Franco-Mongol alliance with the Christians of Europe against the Muslims. Mongol contacts with the West also led to many missionaries, primarily...

name was the name applied by Central and Western Asians and Europeans to northern China; the name was also used in Marco Polo's book on his travels in Yuan...

their Muslim population. The use of Sharia in non-Muslim countries and on non-Muslims is debated. Sharia is a religious law forming part of the Islamic...

Over the centuries of Islamic history, Muslim rulers, Islamic scholars, and ordinary Muslims have held many different attitudes towards other religions...

imported to Europe, the Barbs were sometimes mistaken for Arabians, although they have distinctly different physical characteristics. The Europeans saw that...

Sander, Åke (2004). "Islam and Muslims in Germany: Muslims in German History until 1945" (PDF). State Policies Towards Muslim Minorities: Sweden, Great Britain...

minority in Greece by the government. The officials define it as a group of Greek Muslims numbering 98,000 people, consisting of Turks (50%), Pomaks (35%)...

campaign because of the Muslims of Fraxinet's continuous raids against his kingdom, including Provence. In addition, Hugh summoned a fleet from the Byzantine...

to other religions, association of Muslims with terrorism, portrayal of Islam and its adherents as violent or primitive, and exclusion of Muslim perspectives...

others. Albanian society was still traditionally divided between four religious communities. In the Albanian census of 1945, Muslims were 72% of the population...

from Eastern Europe via the Arab slave trade. Collectively, Christian Europeans named all the Muslims of Iberia, "Moors", regardless of ethnic origin...

despite the fact that they look like other Europeans, that they speak European languages, is what is absurd. Massad was especially critical of "rabidly...

37% of Danish Muslims were non-practicing Muslims. In a 2006 survey, 82% of Danish Muslim parents answered that religion was an important issue in the upbringing...

there is a need for Europe to defend these values, especially in times of globalization and migration from Muslim countries. On the other hand, Tibi argues...

thousands of Europeans lived in Imperial China during the Yuan dynasty. These were people from countries traditionally belonging to the lands of Christendom...

Muslims of France), formerly Union des organisations islamiques de France (UOIF, Union of Islamic Organisations of France), is a prominent Muslim umbrella...

the policies of the Turkish and Iranian governments of the time. Turkey sought integration with the free-market economies and democracies of Europe,...

the ongoing revival of town centres due to East Europeans economic activity. In June 2016, a referendum on the country's membership of the European Union...

This is the list of the Muslims in entertainment and the media outside Muslim-majority countries Ahmed Ahmed - standup comedian, actor Humza Arshad -...

Muslim settlements and the propagation of Islam were documented by Arab, Persian, European and Chinese travelers of the 9th century. Burmese Muslims are...

Racism within the Muslim world is a source of concern, particularly for Black Muslims and other Muslims of color. Black Muslims throughout the world report...

than five million Muslims were driven from their lands. Five and one-half million Muslims died, some of them killed in wars, others perishing as refugees...

within the Ottoman administrative and political machinery had over that of non-Muslims. As Muslims, the Albanians attained powerful positions in the Ottoman...

federal prime-minister was a declared "Muslim" and an atheist. The spike in the number of self-declared "Muslims" during socialist Yugoslavia times should...

The New Order (German: Neuordnung) of Europe was the political and social system that Nazi Germany wanted to impose on the areas of Europe that it conquered...

Two others were severely injured. The murders took place at 7700 16th Street NW, a Washington, D.C. house purchased for a group of Hanafi Muslims to use...

and the term Franks for the European incomers. However, relatively few of the incoming Europeans took a crusader oath. The Latin chronicles of the First...

called a masjid (/ˈmæsdʒɪd, ˈmʌs-/ MASS-jid, MUSS-), is a place of worship for Muslims. The term usually refers to a covered building, but can be any place...

charities). The jurisdiction of the qadi was availed by Muslims and non-Muslims alike. The jagirdar (local tax collector) was another kind of official approach...

discourse, šarīʿah refers to religious regulations governing the lives of Muslims. For many Muslims, the word means simply "justice," and they will consider any...

terms of denomination, the overwhelming majority are Sunni Muslims; the Pew Research Center estimates them as comprising ~99% of the country's Muslim population...

High Middle Ages Europe and Mediterranean region The High Middle Ages, or high medieval period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD...

Eastern Europeans as well as Christian Western Europeans. European slaves were viewed as luxury goods and primarily served in the households of royalty...

Center survey gave 7%. Thai Muslims are the largest religious minority in the country. Most Thai Muslims are Sunni Muslims, although Thailand has a diverse...

have done so as early as the eleventh century, although Muslims had visited Indonesia early in the Muslim era. The spread of Islam was driven by increasing...

European Pakistanis are the residents of Pakistan who are of full or partial European origin. Prior to the Partition of India in 1947, Pakistan was part...

with a sense that the cartoons insulted Muhammad and Islam, offended many Muslims. Danish Muslim organisations that objected to the depictions responded...

Albanian). Pekesen, Berna. "Expulsion and Emigration of the Muslims from the Balkans". European History Online. Ceribašić-Begovac, Anaid. Die Muslime...

The Muslims in Slovenia are ethnically mostly Bosniaks and ethnic Muslims. In 2014, there were 48,266 Muslims in Slovenia, making up about 2 percent of...

attributed the rise of the castle to a reaction to attacks by Magyars, Muslims, and Vikings and a need for private defence. The breakdown of the Carolingian...

times, some Muslims have adopted clothing based on Western traditions, while others wear modern forms of traditional Muslim dress, which over the centuries...

for a European "cultural suicide." The text called for the deportation of all Muslims from Europe and Breivik wrote that his main motive for the attacks...

by violence and threats of expulsion) and on Muslim converts to Catholicism. The scale of the persecution of converted Muslims and converted Jews in Spain...

of Muslims in Europe and the Gülen", in Weller, Paul; Ihsan, Yilmaz (eds.), European Muslims, Civility and Public Life: Perspectives On and From the Gülen...

Fußballverbände) is one of six continental bodies of governance in association football. It governs football, futsal and beach football in Europe and the transcontinental...

throughout the Arab-Muslim world. They also enslaved Europeans (known as Saqaliba), as well as Caucasian and Turkic peoples, from coastal areas of the Mediterranean...

conflict," and at the same time 2 million Europeans were enslaved by Muslims in North Africa and the Near East, 1 million Muslim slaves in Europe. As Dr. John...

unrelated to Middle Easterners and Europeans. In contrast to distant Middle Easterners and Europeans with whom the Muslims of China are not significantly related...

There are other moments in which the Europeans mention devilry or call Muslims infidels. Stock says DeMille established "the stereotypes of Richard and...

Parsees 1913-14 – Hindus shared with Muslims 1914-15 – Hindus shared with Parsees 1915-16 – Europeans 1916-17 – Europeans shared with Parsees 1917-18 – Hindus...

number of Moroccan Muslims are converting to Christianity. Before the independence in 1956; Tunisia was home to 255,000 Europeans, mostly Christians. The Christian...

Studycountry (in European Spanish). Retrieved 27 July 2018. Robert C. Ostergren; Mathias Le Bossé (7 March 2011). The Europeans: A Geography of People, Culture...

to non-Muslims and Muslims alike. Ottomanism was inspired and formed as a reaction to European ideas and the growing Western involvement in the Ottoman...

independent of Bosnia, and Bosnian Croats took similar steps. The war broke out in April 1992. Muslim foreign fighters came to support the Bosnian Muslims and...

Lebanese Shia Muslims (Arabic: المسلمون الشيعة اللبنانيون), communally and historically known as matāwila (Arabic: متاولة, plural of متوال mutawālin; pronounced...

that, at the height of Muslim rule, Muladis or Muslims of pre-Islamic Iberian origin were likely to constitute the large majority of Muslims in Spain...

percent of the seats reserved for Muslims. The Congress Muslims achieved 6 percent of them. Most of the Muslim seats were won by regional Muslim parties...

expeditions in the Caucasus, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe, Southeast Europe, and Africa. It has been reported that the selling price of slaves decreased...

2017. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020. Yearbook of Muslims in Europe Archived 27 July 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Volume...

independents to the Council, but within the Council, leadership of the independent Muslims was assumed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, who, shortly after the election...

disguise themselves as Muslims. There are examples of non-Arab Muslim populations assisting Jews to escape from the Holocaust in Europe, in Albania for example...

them are Muslims, Druze and Jews. They trace their origins to several waves of Christian emigration, starting with the exodus that followed the 1860 Lebanon...

amounts of respondents are comfortable with some restrictions on Islamic practices like the governmental surveillance of Muslims. Americans Muslims face...

1914, Muslim, Greek and Armenian population In 1865, 658600 (40,51%) Muslims and 967058 (59,49%) non-Muslims, including females, were living in the province...

and sections of the media are demonising Muslims, treating them as if they're all terrorists — and that encourages other people to do the same", he said...

romanized: Goliamata Ekskurziya) was the ethnic cleansing of Bulgarian Muslims by the Communist government of the People's Republic of Bulgaria. Between May and...

Ptolemy. The border between Asia and Europe was historically defined by European academics. The Don River became unsatisfactory to northern Europeans when...

massacre of the day occurred at the El-Halia pyrite-mining town, where about 130 Europeans and 2,000 Muslims lived and worked together. The mob was composed...

jihads by Muslims against non-Muslim Mandinka, non-religious reasons such as economic greed of Islamic elites who wanted imports from the coast, and...

Islam is the second-largest religion in South Asia, with more than 640 million Muslims living there, forming about one-third of the region's population...

teams – the Europeans, the Parsees, The Hindus and the Muslims – playing each other. 1892–93: Parsees 1893–94: Europeans 1894–95: Europeans shared with...

being a minority. The majority of Europeans are Christians or Jews, as opposed to most Algerians, who are Muslims. Algeria was the home of a significant Jewish...

Middle Ages, ruled by the Nasrid dynasty. It was the last independent Muslim state in Western Europe. Muslims had been present in the Iberian Peninsula,...

defence of Muslim lands simultaneously constituting the reason for titling the league Committee of the Real Muslims. Approximately 300 Muslims participated...

in some European nations, and that there are "pockets of Europe" where Muslims have limited access to education or jobs and extremist Muslims "come in...

Former Muslims or ex-Muslims are people who were Muslims, but subsequently left Islam. Although their numbers have increased, ex-Muslims still face ostracism...

convict Jews, Muslims, or any open member of other religions. Anyone who was known to identify as either Jew or Muslim was outside of Inquisitorial jurisdiction...

Participazio. A sudden outbreak of plague killed many of the Muslim troops, as well as Asad himself, forcing the Muslims to retreat to the castle Mineo. They later...

Additionally, both Christian and Muslim rulers fought other Christians and Muslims, and cooperation and alliances between Muslims and Christians were not uncommon...

Europe. In Britain, according to an article in the British Muslims Monthly Survey, the majority of new Muslim converts were women. According to The Huffington...

Muslims and non-Muslims for the same crime. In the case of adultery, for example, a Muslim man who is convicted of committing adultery with a Muslim woman...

an army sent by the Third Caliph of Islam, Uthman, conquered Eastern Georgia and established Muslim rule in Tbilisi. Currently, Muslims constitute approximately...

relationship between the discrimination Muslims face at work and their job satisfaction. In other words, the discrimination hijab-wearing Muslim women face at...

hundreds of years, from the army of the Muslim conqueror Timur to the 21st century, with Europe being re-populated by Muslim pioneers, the indigenous...

other defensive option, eventually joined the Muslims, understanding from Muhammad's clear decree that Muslims could only raid non-Muslims, thus the most...

historian Justin McCarthy regarding the Muslim population of the Sanjak of Niş gives the figure of 131,000 Muslims in 1876, with only 12,000 remaining...

country (hence, indigenized Muslims with a longer history in France were not considered), as the study was highlighting the "difficulties faced by adolescents...

During the era of Al-Andalus on the Iberian Peninsula (711–1492), the Maghreb's inhabitants — the Muslim Maghrebis — were known by Europeans as the "Moors"...

contradictory. The state registering everyone as Muslim by birth misleads the percentage of Muslims in Turkey. There are many people who follow other religions...

seizure of assets. On the other hand, Muslims who did not resist were to be protected in the same way as the Bulgarian population. The committee also gave approval...

while Arab and other Muslim countries represent about 20%. Sub-Saharan African Muslims account for about 5%, and 15% are other Europeans. Luxembourg's...

thought and movements like Ahmadi Muslims, Quranist Muslims, and African-American Muslims later emerged independently. Muslims who do not belong to, do not...

Cooperation) was founded. While the al-Aqsa fire is regarded as one of the catalysts for the formation of the OIC, many Muslims have aspired to a pan-Islamic...

other Muslims belief and practice... Most Druze consider themselves fully assimilated in American society and do not necessarily identify as Muslims....

designation of Turkic Muslims into different ethnicities which could sow disunion among Turkic Muslims. After the Communist victory, the Chinese Communist...

for the breakdown between Sunni and Shia Muslims among noncitizen residents, media estimates suggest less than 20 percent of the noncitizen Muslim population...

and Baltic Eastern Europeans as well as Christian Western Europeans. People taken captive during the viking raids in Western Europe, could be sold to Moorish...

13.8% in 1910 for Muslims and from 26.2% to 10.7% for Turks. Muslim birth and natural increase rates started climbing slowly from the late 1890s but only...

equal rights with other Muslims was given for Muslim Roma. These families still continued to appear as Gypsies in the records!. In the past, there were...

and political groups and individuals. Both Muslims and non-Muslims, Jews and non-Jews are divided over the question whether meat from stunned animals...

Muslim supporters of Israel refers to both Muslims and cultural Muslims who support the right to self-determination of the Jewish people and the likewise...

of being killed, for what they say or write" – against the view of some Muslims that non-Muslims should not be free to disparage the "honour of the Prophet"...

between Muslims and non-Muslims during the Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire (before the political decline of Islam). In their memoirs on Muslim invasions...

Muslims and 1,474 Chinese Muslims, while 186,861 were Burmese Muslims. The census found a growth in the number of Indian Muslims born in Burma, primarily...

Muslims are Muslims from countries in Latin America. A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010[update] found that Muslims make up 0.1% of...

the Turkish state, only Greek, Armenian and Jewish non-Muslims were granted minority protection by the Lausanne Treaty. [...] Except for non-Muslim populations...

Europe should go back to its Christian origins in order to resist the "ideological assault of Islam." Further, Biffi states that he considers Muslims...

their religion. The Bosniaks make up the basis or 75% of the Muslim community in Serbia, while most other Muslims being ethnic Albanians or Romani. Bosniaks...

proclaiming: “Our Lord is Allah.” Had Allah not repelled ˹the aggression of˺ some people by means of others, destruction would have surely claimed monasteries...

convinced the Southeast Asian Muslims, and indeed Muslims throughout the world, that the gold standard is Saudi Arabia, that that is the real good Muslim. Laurent...

were put to death, and when the records ˹of deeds˺ are laid open, and when the sky is stripped away, and when the Hellfire is fiercely flared up, and when...

living mostly in the north of Jordan, even though most Druze no longer consider themselves Muslim. Many Jordanian Muslims practice Sufism. The 1952 Constitution...

God. Shia Muslims believe that all the Muslim caliphs following Muhammad's death to be illegitimate due to their unjust rule and that Muslims have no obligation...

ancient relation with West Asia and the Middle East, even during the pre-Islamic period. Kerala Muslims or Malayali Muslims from north Kerala are generally...

they raided other tribes to capture slaves for sales to Europeans, they fell into destructive wars among themselves, and against Europeans. Many Native-American...

characterizes a period of colonial expansion by European powers, the United States, and Japan during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The period featured...

Ukrainian Muslim population of 393,000, but the Clerical Board of Ukraine's Muslims claimed there were two million Muslims in Ukraine as of 2009. According...

regarding the areas Jews could live in or work, which were similar to the restrictions placed on Ottoman subjects of other religions. Like all non-Muslims, Jews...

Pradesh is the second largest religion in the state with 38,483,967 adherents in 2011, forming 19.26% of the total population. Muslims of Uttar Pradesh...

by Arabs and other Muslims. He wrote that the fact that so many Africans had been enslaved by the heretical Muslims was supposed proof of their inferiority...

how the question is asked, 38% to 56% identify as Shia Muslims, 5% as Sunni Muslims, and that roughly a quarter of them were susceptible to a form of deism...

"Muslim institutions and organizations in Romania". Muslims in Poland and Eastern Europe: Widening the European Discourse on Islam. University of Warsaw...

among other Muslim countries) and ISI airlifted anti-tank guided missiles to the Bosnian Muslims. Pakistan financially aided the Bosnian Muslims. Saudi...

Western European phenomenon ever since. Another cause of the consular phenomena was the military hardening of borders which meant that Europeans could not...

Deccan. The children of Muslim masters and non-Muslim concubines would be raised as Muslims. When Muslims would surround Rajput citadels, the Rajput women...

The Netherlands, informally Holland, is a country located in northwestern Europe with overseas territories in the Caribbean. It is the largest of the...

specifically for Arabic viewers in the Middle East and North Africa. It is also broadcast in other parts of the world such as Europe, Indonesia and North America...

news and other media outlets. Some Muslims have spoken out against 9/11. A 2007 Pew Research Center study of several nations throughout the Muslim world...

as Jews and Muslims through the Spanish Inquisition. A process of political conglomeration among the Christian kingdoms also ensued, and the late 15th-century...

the first encounters between Muslims and Jews resulted in friendship when the people of Medina gave Muhammad refuge, among them were Jewish tribes of...

2012). Yearbook of Muslims in Europe. BRILL. p. 391. ISBN 978-9004225213. "The Muslim Cemetery at Paola". lineone.net. Archived from the original on 10...

amongst the oldest Paleolithic sites in Europe and are located around the Mediterranean Basin. There is evidence of stone tools on Crete in 130,000 years...

of Jews and Christians (other than those explicitly forbidden) is lawful for Sunni Muslims. This day are (all) good things made lawful for you. The food...

Christianity in the Ottoman Empire. There had been perennial conflict between Muslims and non-Muslims in the Empire. This was the focal point for the Russians...