France–Rwanda relations
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France–Rwanda relations are the international relations between France and Rwanda.
History[edit]
Early relations[edit]
France and Rwanda were allies during the reign of Habyarimana.[1]
Rwandan genocide[edit]
France actively supported the Hutu-led government of Juvénal Habyarimana against the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front. France provided arms and military training to Habyarimana's militias, the Interahamwe and Impuzamugambi, which were among the government's primary means of operationalizing the genocide following the assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira on April 6, 1994.
Near the end of the 100-day genocide, French troops were deployed to establish the Turquoise Zone, largely preventing further waves of genocide within the purported safe zone.[2] In practice, the zone enabled many genocidal Hutus to safely escape to Zaire in advance of the victorious RPF soldiers. The facts related to the French role in the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi have formed the focus of ongoing debate, and diplomatic relations between France and Rwanda have frequently been strained since 1994.
Post genocide[edit]
After the genocide, Rwanda sought to distance itself from France, with French institutions being closed, and the language of instruction in schools being switched from French to English.[3] Rwanda also sought to align itself closer to other allies, including the US, the UK, and China, joining the British-led Commonwealth in 2009.[4]
In 2010, during a visit to Rwanda, French President Nicolas Sarkozy acknowledged that France made "mistakes" during the genocide but did not offer an apology.[3] His visit was the first French presidential visit to Rwanda since the genocide.
In May 2021, President of France Emmanuel Macron visited Rwanda, and acknowledged France's role in the genocide.[5] However, like Sarkozy, he did not offer an official apology.[6] Macron also promised 100,000 COVID-19 vaccines to Rwanda.[7]
The military assistance of Rwanda to Mozambique in the 2021 Cabo Delgado offensives may have had the support of France; French company TotalEnergies had significant investments in the affected area. Following the military success of the offensive, France set aside €500m in aid for Rwanda.[8][9]
Resident diplomatic missions[edit]
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Embassy of Rwanda in Paris
References[edit]
- ^ Beloff, Jonathan. "Rwanda genocide: Macron forgiveness plea resets historic ties". The Conversation. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
- ^ N° 1271: ASSEMBLÉE NATIONALE: CONSTITUTION DU 4 OCTOBRE 1958: ONZIÈME LÉGISLATURE: Enregistré à la Présidence de l'Assemblée nationale le 15 décembre 1998: RAPPORT D'INFORMATION: DÉPOSÉ: en application de l'article 145 du Règlement: PAR LA MISSION D'INFORMATION(1) DE LA COMMISSION DE LA DÉFENSE NATIONALE ET DES FORCES ARMÉES ET DE LA COMMISSION DES AFFAIRES ÉTRANGÈRES, sur les opérations militaires menées par la France, d'autres pays et l'ONU au Rwanda entre 1990 et 1994. Online posting. National Assembly of France. December 15, 1998.
- ^ a b "France admits genocide 'mistakes'". 2010-02-25. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
- ^ Onishi, Norimitsu; Dahir, Abdi Latif (2021-05-27). "In Rwanda, Macron Tries to Reset Relations With Africa". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
- ^ "Macron asks Rwanda to forgive France over 1994 genocide role". BBC News. 2021-05-27. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
- ^ "Macron recognises French 'responsibility' in Rwanda genocide". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
- ^ Agencies (2021-05-27). "Macron recognizes France's role in genocide despite arming brutal regime". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 2021-06-07.
- ^ Pierre Lepidi (11 July 2023). "After the success of its army in Mozambique, Rwanda expects economic rewards". Le Monde. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
- ^ "Rwanda wants to be Africa's bobby on the beat". The Economist. 10 October 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2023.
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