Sufes

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Sufes
Sufes is located in Tunisia
Sufes
Shown within Tunisia
LocationTunisia
RegionKasserine Governorate
Coordinates35°32′48″N 9°04′25″E / 35.546667°N 9.073611°E / 35.546667; 9.073611

Sufes was a town in the late Roman province of Byzacena, which became a Christian bishopric that is included in the Catholic Church's list of titular sees.[1][2][3][4]

The town[edit]

The ruins of Roman Sufes are found near Sbiba a village in Tunisia's province of Kasserine.[5][6]: 513 [7][8]: 116–117 d  It was a small town from which Roman roads branched out to neighboring towns.[9][10][a] It was on several hills sloped towards the plain, and covered a portion of the plain itself with a perimeter of about 6 km (3.7 mi).[12]

There are few surviving records of Sufes.[13] It is mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary as twenty five miles from Tucca Terebintha, and Victor Guérin discovered an inscription at the Sufes site, which described it as "splendissimus et felicissimus ordo Coloniae Sufetanae" and showed further on that Hercules was the genius loci, a type of tutelary deity, of Sufes.[13][14]

It is not known when Sufes was founded, but it was known as a castellum in the history of Roman-era Tunisia during the early Empire,[15] and probably became a colonia about the time of Marcus Aurelius,[15] who reigned between 161 and 180, as its name colonia Aurelia Sufetana indicates.[8]: 116–117 d  It had been a bishopric since at least AD 255 but the majority of its inhabitants were still pagan.[8]: 116–117 d [16] In AD 411, both a Catholic and a Donatist bishopric were located there.[17]

At the beginning of the 4th century, pagans outnumbered Christians.[18] Punics formed the predominant population of towns and retained the Punic language until the 6th century; in certain towns the Christian bishops were obliged to know Punic, since it was the only language that the people understood.[8]: xvi [16]

Alexander Graham quoted Al-Andalus geographer and historian Al-Bakri, who wrote in the 11th century that, "We arrived at Sbiba, a town of great antiquity, built of stone, and containing a college and several baths. The whole country around is covered with gardens, and produces a saffron of the greatest excellence."[13][b] René Louiche Desfontaines, in 1784, wrote that for several hours he marched through a forest of pines and Phoenician juniper before descending into the verdant plain in which Sbiba is situated.[14] In 1862, Victor Guérin wrote that, it was long deserted and uninhabited; he commented that, on this vast site he could not find a "miserable hamlet of five or six huts", and only a "dozen tents belonging to the Madjer tribe".[12] Robert Lambert Playfair, while travelling the same route taken by Desfontaines in 1877, wrote the forests which Desfontaines alluded to have disappeared.[14] By 1886, Graham wrote, the site was an abandoned village, with no settlement within 48 km (30 mi), in an old field wilderness.[13]

Although, in Latin, Sufetula is a diminutive of Sufes.[9] Sufes should not be confused with Sufetula, both a different titular see, Sufetula (Latin: Sufetulensis),[9] and a different site 40 km (25 mi) further south near Subaytilah.[6]: 513 [20] It was there that in AD 647, a major battle, between the Byzantine and Berber army led by Gregory the Patrician and the Rashidun Caliphate army led by Abdullah ibn Saad, ended in a decisive Muslim victory.

Ruins[edit]

The ruins of Sufes consist of a basilica, converted after the seventh century into a mosque;[21] a Roman temple,[22] of which only the foundation survives; a Byzantine fort,[23]: 265 [24] built by Solomon,[15][c] a praetorian prefect of Africa under Justinian I, of which only one wall survives and was built on a former Roman fort; and, a town wall.[23]: 265  The fort, measured 45 m (148 ft) by 40 m (130 ft),[25] had four corner towers,[25] and was, like the other ancient ruins, dismantled for recycled construction material used in the rebuilding of the modern village.[15]

Graham wrote that the Byzantine citadel, or walled enclosure, was constructed entirely of the stones of the Roman city.[13] A huge mass of rubble is all that remains of a large thermae; and, a large semicircular nymphaeum, decorated with columns and statues, is only represented by the stone blocks which formed the base of the superstructure.[13] The whole site is strewn with blocks of cut stone, fragments of moldings, and sculptured ornament.[13] The nymphaeum was supplied with water drawn from wadi Sbiba through a 9 km (5.6 mi) aqueduct.[15]

As part of a systematic survey, during the French protectorate of Tunisia, five location were listed on a 8 May 1895 state protection decree as three items for the site: the Sidi Okba mosque; rectangular enclosures A, B, C; and, the semicircular nymphaeum.[26] There are more unexcavated ruins.[15]

Massacre of sixty Christians[edit]

Sufes is known for sixty Christian martyrs commemorated, in the Roman Martyrology, on 30 August,[8]: 116–117 d [9][27] an event related to the legal persecution of pagans by the Christian Roman Empire. In 399, Honorius, through edicts to oppress pagan religion in ancient Rome, ordered the closing of pagan temples and the destruction of idols,[d] a cult statue of Hercules had been destroyed, and in retaliation the pagan inhabitants massacred sixty Christians.[8]: 116–117 d  The cult of Hercules at Sufes is attested by an inscription to that god found among the ruins.[e] Augustine of Hippo wrote a letter to the leaders of the colonia after the massacre.[f]

The bishopric[edit]

Titular See of Sufes
Information
DenominationCatholic Church
Sui iuris churchLatin Church
Current leadership
PopeFrancis
Titular BishopEdward Michael Deliman

The names of a few of the bishops of Sufes are recorded:[28]

  • Privatus (mentioned in 255)
  • Maximinus (mentioned in 411)
  • Eustratius (mentioned in 484)

Synod of Sufes[edit]

Sufes is also known for a church council that took place there in 525.[23]: 149  The Synod of Sufes was related to the preceding Synod of Junca.[29] Karl Josef von Hefele wrote that Giovanni Domenico Mansi assigned the year 523 to the Concilium Juncense (Junca) in the ecclesiastical province of Byzacena in Africa, which was previously assigned to the following year.[29][30]: col. 634 [g] Hefele wrote that Liberatus, primate of the ecclesiastical province of Byzacena and president of the Synod of Junca, wrote a letter to Archbishop Boniface of Carthage, in which Liberatus said that the peace of the Church was restored at the Synod of Junca and he assured that full ecclesiastical liberty prevailed in the ecclesiastical province of Byzacena.[29]: 130, 141 [30]: col. 633  What was further necessary, he wrote, would be conveyed through verbal messages by the bishops who were entrusted with the letter.[29] The peace of the Church had been disturbed partly by a conflict between Liberatus and a monastery and partly by Bishop Vincentius' of Girba (Girbitanus) invasion of the ecclesiastical province of Byzacena, although he belonged to the ecclesiastical province of Tripolis, and consequently exercised his authority over people outside his ecclesiastical jurisdiction.[29][30]: col. 633, 652  When there was no bishop in Carthage, because of Vandal persecution, the monks had requested the primate of the ecclesiastical province of Byzacena, who was near to them, to ordain one of them into the priesthood for the needs of the monastery. This was done. Liberatus inferred that the monastery was now subject to him but the monks recognized the archbishop of Carthage as their superior.[29]: 141  At the 525 Synod of Carthage, held after the Synod of Sufes, their abbot accused Liberatus of endeavoring to ruin their monastery and of excommunicating them.[29]: 141  They asserted that the monastery should neither be subjected to one single bishop nor the monks be treated by Liberatus as his own clergy.[29]: 142 

After the African bishops returned from exile and been freed from persecution, contests about their order of precedence broke out among them and some sought to get rid of their subordination to the archbishop of Carthage.[29]: 139  Fulgentius Ferrandus in his Bremarium Canonicum gives us a canon of the Synod of Junca, which runs thus: Ut in plebe aliena nullus sibi episcopus audeat vindicare.[29][30]: col. 633  Finally, we learn from the biography of Fulgentius of Ruspe that he was also present at the Synod of Junca (identified, by a transcription error, as Vincensis instead of Juncensis), and that the Synod gave him precedence over another bishop named Quodvultdeus. Quodvultdeus felt hurt by this, so Fulgentius of Ruspe requested at the next synod, the Synod of Sufes, also belonging to the province of Byzacena, that Quodvultdeus should again be given his previous precedence.[29] No more is known of the Synod of Sufes.[29]

See also[edit]

Notes and references[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ Sufes is listed in the itinerary of stops for 5 routes in the Antonine Itinerary:
    Aquae Regiae → Sufes;[10]: p. 21 route 47 
    Assuras → Thugga Terebenthina → Sufes → Sufetula → Nara → Madarsuma → Septiminicia → Tabalta → Macomades Minores → Thaenae;[10]: pp. 21–22 route 48 
    Tuburbo → Vallis → Coreva → Musti → Assuras → Thugga Terebenthina → Sufes → Sufetula → Nara → Madarsuma → Septiminicia → Tabalta → Cellae Picentinae Vicus → Tacape;[10]: pp. 22–23 route 49 
    Carthago → Inuca → Vallis → Coreva → Musti → Assuras → Thugga Terebenthina → Sufes → Sufetula;[10]: p. 23 route 51 
    Sufes → Marazanis → Aquae Regiae → Vicus Augusti → Hadrumetum.[10]: pp. 23–24 route 55 
    It is not shown on the Tabula Peutingeriana.[11]
  2. ^ Graham does not cite a translation of Al-Bakri. A translation, from Arabic into French, by William McGuckin de Slane, first published in 1859, describes it as a place where water and fruit were abundant; several creeks powered watermills; and the surroundings were gardens and produced perfect quality saffron.[19]
  3. ^ Ennabli cites Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) v.VIII no.259 and no.11429 which he supposes refer to it.[15]
  4. ^ Baxter cites Codex Theodosianus 16.10.16, 16.10.17, 16.10.18.[8]: 116–117 d 
  5. ^ Baxter cites Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL) v.VIII no.262[8]: 116–117 d 
  6. ^ epistula L
  7. ^ Hefele noted that, at column 652 Mansi gives a letter from Archbishop Boniface of Carthage addressed to the bishops who were at the Council of Junca. That letter was dated xvii. Kal. Januarii, anno primo (i.e. of the Vandal King Hilderic), and said that for the following year, Easter was on the vii. Idus April. That letter was consequently written in December 523, and thus dated the Synod of Junca.[29]: 130 [30]: col. 652 

References[edit]

  1. ^ Annuario Pontificio 2013 (Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2013, ISBN 978-88-209-9070-1), p. 977
  2. ^ Chow, Gabriel, ed. (16 October 2012). "Titular Episcopal See of Sufes, Tunisia". GCatholic.org. Toronto, CA: Gabriel Chow. Archived from the original on 19 January 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  3. ^ "Sufes". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  4. ^ Wolters, Martin (ed.). "Titularsitze" [Titular See]. Die Apostolische Nachfolge (in German). Hamminkeln, DE: Martin Wolters. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  5. ^ Talbert, Richard J A; Bagnall, Roger S, eds. (2000). "Map 33 Theveste-Hadrumetum". Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (atlas). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. grid D1. ISBN 0-691-03169-X. LCCN 00030044. OCLC 43970336.
  6. ^ a b Hitchner, R.B. (2000) [chapter compiled 1997]. "Map 33 Theveste-Hadrumetum Directory" (CD-ROM). In Talbert, Richard J. A (ed.). Map-by-Map Directory to accompany Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World (digital gazetteer). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03169-X. LCCN 00030044. OCLC 43970336. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 December 2012.
  7. ^ Hitchner, R. B. (23 October 2012). "Places: 324815 (Sufes)" (digital gazetteer). Pleiades. DARMC, R. Talbert, J. Åhlfeldt, R. Warner, S. Gillies, T. Elliott. Ancient World Mapping Center and Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. Archived from the original on 15 December 2018. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Augustine of Hippo (1930) [composed c. 399]. Select Letters (PDF). Loeb classical library. Latin authors. translation by James Houston Baxter. London, GB: William Heinemann. pp. 116–119. LCCN 31026351. OCLC 685465. letter 50. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  9. ^ a b c d Pétridès, Sophron (1913). "Sufetula" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. The "Roman Martyrology" mentions on 30 August the martyrs of Sufetula, who seem to belong rather to Sufes (St. Augustine, "Letters", 50).
  10. ^ a b c d e f Parthey, Gustav; Pinder, Moritz Eduard, eds. (1848). Itinerarium Antonini Avgvsti et Hierosolymitanvm ex libris manvscriptis [Antonine Itinerary] (in Latin). Berlin, DE: Berolini, Friderici Nicolai. Africa pp. 21–23,25; p. 385. LCCN 17004633. OCLC 5694279. Retrieved 9 December 2012. Alt URL
  11. ^ Tabula Peutingeriana (Map). Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  12. ^ a b Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Guérin, Victor (1862). Voyage archéologique dans la Régence de Tunis [Archaeological journey in the Regency of Tunis] (in French). Vol. v.1. Paris, FR: Henri Plon. pp. 369–374. ISBN 9780598935915. OCLC 930978. Retrieved 12 December 2012. Alt URL
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Graham, Alexander (1886). "Remains of the Roman Occupation of North Africa, with special reference to Tunisia". Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects. new ser. 2 (20). London, GB: Royal Institute of British Architects: 177. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  14. ^ a b c Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: Playfair, Robert Lambert (1877). Travels in the footsteps of Bruce in Algeria and Tunis. London, GB: C. Kegan Paul. pp. 191–192. LCCN 06013511. OCLC 657140555. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  15. ^ a b c d e f g Ennabli, Abdelmajid (1976). "SUFES (Sbiba) Tunisia". In Stillwell, Richard; MacDonald, William Lloyd; McAlister, Marian Holland (eds.). The Princeton encyclopedia of classical sites (Perseus Digital Library ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03542-3. LCCN 75030210. OCLC 224222650. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  16. ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Africa, Roman" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  17. ^ Archdiocese of Tunis. "Catholic and Donatist Africa in 411" (map). The Church at the time of the Romans: the origins. Tunis, TN: Archdiocese of Tunis. Archived from the original on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  18. ^ Archdiocese of Tunis. "The Martyrs". Tunis, TN: Archdiocese of Tunis. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  19. ^ Bakrī, ʿAbd Allâh ibn ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz Abū ʿUbayd al- (1913) [composed in Arabic 1068; translation first published in 1859]. Description de l'Afrique septentrionale [Description of northern Africa] (in French). Translated from Arabic into French by William McGuckin de Slane (revue et corrigée ed.). Algiers, DZ: A. Jourdan. pp. 106, 279. LCCN 41027355. OCLC 5667917. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  20. ^ Hitchner, R. B. (23 October 2012). "Places: 324816 (Sufetula)" (digital gazetteer). Pleiades. DARMC, R. Talbert, Johan Åhlfeldt, R. Warner, Sean Gillies, Tom Elliott. Ancient World Mapping Center and Institute for the Study of the Ancient World. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2012.
  21. ^ Greenhalgh, Michael (2012). Constantinople to Córdoba: Dismantling Ancient Architecture in the East, North Africa and Islamic Spain. Leiden, NL; Boston, MA: Brill. p. 271. ISBN 978-90-04-21246-6. LCCN 2012015412. OCLC 789149840. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  22. ^ Kjeilen, Tore. Kjeilen, Tore (ed.). "Sbiba: Ruins without visitors". LexicOrient. Archived from the original on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2012.
  23. ^ a b c Leone, Anna (2007). Changing Townscapes in North Africa from Late Antiquity to the Arab Conquest. Munera: studi storici sulla tarda antichità. Vol. 28. Bari, IT: Edipuglia. pp. 149, 265, 365. ISBN 978-88-7228-498-8. LCCN 2008355408. OCLC 191814506. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  24. ^ Kjeilen, Tore. Kjeilen, Tore (ed.). "Sbiba: Byzantine fortress". LexicOrient. Archived from the original on 13 November 2011. Retrieved 10 December 2012.
  25. ^ a b Diehl, Charles (1894). Rapport sur deux missions archéologiques dans l'Afrique du nord, avril-juin 1892 et mar-mai 1893 [Report on two archaeological missions in North Africa, April–June 1892 and March–May 1893] (monograph). Extrait des Nouvelles Archives des Missions scientifiques et littéraires (in French). Paris, FR: E. Leroux. pp. 119–123. hdl:2027/mdp.39015067017619. OCLC 645323306. Retrieved 17 December 2012.
  26. ^ "Kasserine". Gestion du patrimoine culturel de la Tunisie (in French). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  27. ^ Catholic Church (1916) [1897]. "The Thirtieth Day of August" (PDF). In Pope Benedict XIV (ed.). Roman Martyrology. translated from Latin into English by James Gibbons (revised according to the copy printed in Rome 1914 ed.). Baltimore, MD: John Murphy. p. 263. Archived from the original on 23 March 2007. Retrieved 9 December 2012. [...]—At Colonia Suffetulana, in Africa, sixty blessed martyrs, who were murdered by the furious Gentiles.—[...]
  28. ^ Stefano Antonio Morcelli, Africa christiana, Volume I, Brescia 1816, pp. 287–288
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain: von Hefele, Karl Josef (1895). "Synods at Junca and Sufes in Africa" (PDF). In Clark, William R (ed.). A history of the councils of the church: from the original documents. Vol. v. 4. AD 451–680. translated from German into English by the editor (English translation ed.). Edinburgh, GB: T. & T. Clark. pp. 130–131, 139. Archived from the original on 2 June 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
  30. ^ a b c d e Mansi, Giovanni Domenico; Labbe, Philippe; Cossart, Gabriel (1901) [first published 1762]. Mansi, Giovanni Domenico; Coleti, Niccoló (eds.). Tomus Octavus: Ab CCCCXCII ad annum DXXXVI inclusive [Tome Eight: From the year 492 to 536 inclusive] (monograph). Sacrorum conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio (in Latin). Vol. v. 8 (AD 492–536) (Editio novissima, facsimile reproduction ed.). Paris, FR: expensis H. Welter. col. 633–634, 652. hdl:2027/njp.32101078252077. OCLC 686101748. Retrieved 12 December 2012.
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