ب

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See also: پ, ت, ث, and ٮ

ب U+0628, ب
ARABIC LETTER BEH
← ا
[U+0627] 		Arabic ة →
[U+0629]
ﺏ U+FE8F, ﺏ
ARABIC LETTER BEH ISOLATED FORM
← ﺎ
[U+FE8E] 		Arabic Presentation Forms-B ﺐ →
[U+FE90]
ﺐ U+FE90, ﺐ
ARABIC LETTER BEH FINAL FORM
← ﺏ
[U+FE8F] 		Arabic Presentation Forms-B ﺑ →
[U+FE91]
ﺑ U+FE91, ﺑ
ARABIC LETTER BEH INITIAL FORM
← ﺐ
[U+FE90] 		Arabic Presentation Forms-B ﺒ →
[U+FE92]
ﺒ U+FE92, ﺒ
ARABIC LETTER BEH MEDIAL FORM
← ﺑ
[U+FE91] 		Arabic Presentation Forms-B ﺓ →
[U+FE93]

Arabic[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب / ب‍ / ‍ب‍ / ‍ب • (bāʔ)

  1. The second letter of the Arabic alphabet. Its name is بَاء (bāʔ) and it has the sound of English b. It is preceded by أ (ʔ) and followed by ت (t).
See also[edit]

Symbol[edit]

ب / ب‍ / ‍ب‍ / ‍ب • (bāʔ)

  1. The second letter in traditional abjad order, which is used in place of numerals for list numbering (abjad numerals). It is preceded by أ (ʔ) and followed by ج (j).

Noun[edit]

ب • (b)

  1. Abbreviation of باب (bāb, “chapter”).

Etymology 2[edit]

Ultimately Proto-Semitic *bV- (“with, in, at, among”) with likely interrelation with Proto-Semitic *bayt- (“site, location; nest, house”); cognates with Ugaritic 𐎁 (b), Aramaic ב־, Classical Syriac ܒ-, Hebrew בְּ־ (bə-), Ge'ez በ (bä) and Egyptian bw.

Pronunciation[edit]

Preposition[edit]

بِـ • (bi-)

  1. denotes an instrument or tool, with, by (a means)
    طَرَقْتُ الْمِسْمَارَ بِمِطْرَقَةٍ
    ṭaraqtu l-mismāra bi-miṭraqatin
    I hit the nail with a hammer
    رَماهُم بِٱلْحِجَارَةِ
    ramāhum bi-l-ḥijārati
    He pelted them with stones.
  2. denotes the agent of unaccusative forms
    هُوَ يَتَقَوَّى بِهِ
    huwa yataqawwā bihi
    He is strengthened by it
    Coordinate term: (post-Classical) بِوَاسِطَة (biwāsiṭa, denotes the agent of passive forms)
  3. denotes accompaniment
    Coordinate term: مَعَ (maʕa)
    1. with (a component)
      قَهْوةٌ بِٱلْحَلِيبِ ― qahwatun bi-l-ḥalībi ― coffee with milk
    2. with (a quality); in (a state)
      بِسُرُورٍ ― bi-surūrin ― with pleasure
      بِٱمْتِيازٍ ― bi-mtiyāzin ― with success and distinction
  4. denotes proximity, with, to, next to, at (touching on, connected with, concerning)
    مَرْبُوطٌ بِشَجَرَةٍ ― marbūṭun bi-šajaratin ― tied to a tree
    لَا عَلاقةَ لَهُ بِٱلْمَوْضُوعِ ― lā ʕalāqata lahu bi-l-mawḍūʕi ― unrelated to the subject
  5. denotes inclusion, surrounding, or location, within (a place); in; on; at
    بِٱلْأَرْضِ ― bi-l-ʔarḍi ― on the earth/in or inside the ground
    بِٱلقَرْيةِ ― bi-l-qaryati ― in the village
    بِٱلْمَكْتَبَةِ ― bi-l-maktabati ― at the library
    بِٱلْمَكْتَبِ ― bi-l-maktabi ― at the office/in the desk
    Synonym: فِي (fī)
  6. denotes requital, giving or doing in return; for
    اِشْتَرَيْتُهُ بِأَلْفِ رِيَالٍ.
    ištaraytuhu bi-ʔalfi riyālin.
    I bought it for a thousand riyals.
  7. marks the predicate of a negative copula
    هُوَ لَيْسَ بِشَاهِدٍ وَلَا بِقَارِئٍ.
    huwa laysa bi-šāhidin wa-lā bi-qāriʔin.
    He is not one who witnessed [it] or read [it].
Inflection[edit]
    Inflected forms
Base form بِـ (bi-)
Personal-pronoun-
including forms 		Singular Dual Plural
Masculine Feminine Common Masculine Feminine
First person بِي (bī) بِنَا (binā)
Second person بِكَ (bika) بِكِ (biki) بِكُمَا (bikumā) بِكُمْ (bikum) بِكُنَّ (bikunna)
Third person بِهِ (bihi) بِهَا (bihā) بِهِمَا (bihimā) بِهِمْ (bihim) بِهِنَّ (bihinna)
Derived terms[edit]

Balti[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب (transliteration needed)

  1. The second letter of the Balti alphabet, written in the Perso-Arabic script

Burushaski[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب (transliteration needed)

  1. The fourth letter of the Burushaski alphabet, written in the Perso-Arabic script

Central Kurdish[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب / ب‍ / ‍ب‍ / ‍ب (bā)

  1. The second letter of the Kurdo-Arabic alphabet. Its name is با (ba) and it has the sound of English b. It is preceded by ا (a) and followed by پ (pi). Equivalent to b in the Kurdo-Latin alphabet.

See also[edit]

Chinese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب

  1. The second letter of the Xiao'erjing abjad.

Egyptian Arabic[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From the Ottoman Turkish convention.

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب • (be)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

See also[edit]

پ (be be-talat noʔaṭ)

Gujarati[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب • (be)

  1. The second letter of the Gujarati abjad, equivalent to the Gujarati letter બ.

Forms[edit]

Isolated form Final form Medial form Initial form
ب ـب ـبـ بـ

See also[edit]

  • Previous letter: ا
  • Next letter: پ

Hijazi Arabic[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (letter name): IPA(key): /ˈbaːʔ/
  • (phoneme): IPA(key): /b/

Letter[edit]

ب • (bāʔ)

  1. The second letter of the Arabic alphabet. Its name is بَاء (bāʔ), and is preceded by أ (ʔalif) and followed by ت (tāʔ).
Forms[edit]
Isolated form Final form Medial form Initial form
ب ـب ـبـ بـ

See also[edit]

  • پ (pāʔ)

Etymology 2[edit]

Probably from a shortened form of Arabic بَغْيْ (baḡy, “to want”).

Pronunciation[edit]

IPA(key): /bi/

Preposition[edit]

بِـ • (bi)

  2. -ing (prefix indicating the present continuous tense)
    بِيِتْكَلَّم
    biyitkallam
    he is speaking

Etymology 3[edit]

From Arabic بِ (bi).

Pronunciation[edit]

Preposition[edit]

بِـ • (bi)

  1. with, by (a means)
    بِالْمِطْرَقة
    bi-l-miṭraga
    with a mallet

Kashmiri[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب • (b)

  1. The second letter of the traditional alphabet chart of Kashmiri.

Forms[edit]

Isolated form Final form Medial form Initial form
ب ـب ـبـ بـ

See also[edit]

  • Previous letter: ا
  • Next letter: پ (p)

Kazakh[edit]

Alternative scripts
Arabic ب
Cyrillic Б, б
Latin B, b
Yañalif B, ʙ

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب • (b)

  1. The second letter of the Kazakh in Arabic Script. It represents the Cyrillic letter Б.

Forms[edit]

Isolated form Final form Medial form Initial form
ب ـب ـبـ بـ

See also[edit]

Khowar[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب (be)

  1. The second letter of the Khowar abjad.

Forms[edit]

Isolated form Final form Medial form Initial form
ب ـب ـبـ بـ

See also[edit]

  • Previous letter: أ
  • Next letter: پ

Kyrgyz[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (letter name): IPA(key): /be/
  • (phoneme): IPA(key): /b/, /w/, /v/

Letter[edit]

ب • (be)

  1. The second letter of the Kyrgyz in Arabic Script. It represents the Cyrillic letter Б

Forms[edit]

Isolated form Final form Medial form Initial form
ب ـب ـبـ بـ

See also[edit]

Malay[edit]

Malay Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ms

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (Name of letter) IPA(key): [bɐ]
  • (Phoneme, Syllable initial) IPA(key): [b]
  • (Phoneme, Syllable final) IPA(key): [p̚]

Letter[edit]

ب / ب‍ / ‍ب‍ / ‍ب

  1. The second letter of the Malay alphabet, written in the Arabic script.

See also[edit]

Northern Kurdish[edit]

Preposition[edit]

ب (bi)

  1. Arabic spelling of bi (“by”)

Ottoman Turkish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Arabic and Persian.

Letter[edit]

ب • (be)

  1. The second letter of the Ottoman Turkish alphabet. Its name is با (ba, be).

Preposition[edit]

ب • (be or bi)

  1. with
    بخرد ― intelligent (literally, “with intelligence”)
  2. at; in
  3. to; into
  4. for; because of

References[edit]

Pashto[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب • (be)

  1. The second letter of the Pashto alphabet.

Forms[edit]

Isolated form Final form Medial form Initial form
ب ـب ـبـ بـ

See also[edit]

  • Previous letter: ا
  • Next letter: پ

Persian[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (phoneme, all dialects) IPA(key): /b/
  • (Letter name)
    • (Classical, Dari) IPA(key): /bɑː/, /beː/
    • (Iran) IPA(key): /bɒː/, /be/
      • audio (Iran)(file)
    • (Tajik) IPA(key): /bɔː/, /beː/

Letter[edit]

ب / ب‍ / ‍ب‍ / ‍ب • (be)

  1. The second letter of the Perso-Arabic alphabet. It is preceded by ا and followed by پ. Its name is به (be) or بِ (be).

Etymology 2[edit]

From Middle Persian [script needed] (bʾ /⁠bē⁠/, “out, away, forth”, also preverbal particle of unclear additional meanings), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *bʰe.[1]

In Classical Persian the prefix did not indicate the subjunctive, but had diverse and generally vague meanings depending on the context. The development into a subjunctive marker went hand in hand with the displacement of the simple present by the durative present in می (mi-). Thereby be- became more and more associated with the subjunctive position and was ultimately grammaticalised in this function. The use of simple present for the subjunctive is now literary, while its use for the indicative is archaic/poetic.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (Dari)
    • IPA(key): /bɪ-/
    • IPA(key): (before a syllable with the vowel /ʊ/) /bʊ-/
    • IPA(key): (before a vowel) /bij-/

Prefix[edit]

ب‍ـ • (be-)

  1. Marks the present subjunctive of most verbs.
    می‌خوام پانکراستو بخورم. ― mi-xâm pânkrâs-et-o bo-xoram. ― I want to eat your pancreas.
    • 2020, “ماکرون: لوکاشنکو باید برود [Macron: Lukashenko must go]”, in Euronews Persian‎[4]:
      واضح است که لوکاشنکو باید برود.
      vâze ast ke lukâšenko bâyad be-ravad.
      It is clear that Lukashenko must go.
  2. Marks the imperative of most verbs.
    این را ببین. ― in-râ be-bin. ― Look at this.
    راحت بخواب. ― râhat be-xâb. ― Sleep well.
  3. (archaic) Adds an emphatic sense to a verb in the simple past.
Usage notes[edit]

Unlike the other verbal prefix می (mi-), the negative prefix نـ (na-) replaces ب‍ـ (be-) rather than attaching to it:

  • بگو (be-gu, “say!”) > نگو (na-gu, “don't say!”)

The prefix is not used with most compound verbs whose verbal element is کردن (kardan) or شدن (šodan); in these cases, the imperative or subjunctive is marked by the bare present stem. In literary language, it may be also omitted for other verbs.

The verbs بودن (budan, “to be”) and داشتن (dâštan, “to have”) are irregular: the imperative and subjunctive of the former uses the stem باش (bâš) without ب‍ـ (be-), and the latter uses the past participle داشته (dâšte) in conjunction with بودن (budan), e.g. داشته باش (dâšte bâš, “have!”)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Thomas Jügel (2013) “The Verbal Particle BE in Middle Persian”, in Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft‎[1], volume 67, number 1, pages 29—56

South Levantine Arabic[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Arabic بِ (bi).

Pronunciation[edit]

Preposition[edit]

بـ • (bi-)

  1. in, at, on
    Synonym: في (fi)
  2. with, by means of
    Synonym: في (fi)

Particle[edit]

بـ • (b-)

  1. prefix indicating the present tense

Tunisian Arabic[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Arabic بِ (bi).

Preposition[edit]

ب (b)

  1. with
    نحب قهوة بالحليب ― nḥib qahwa b-li-ḥlīb ― I like coffee with milk
    ترعش بالخوف ― turʕuš bi-l-ḵūf ― She is shaking with fear

Inflection[edit]

inflected forms of ب
Base form ب (b)
Personal-pronoun-
including forms 		singular plural
m f
1st person بي (biyya) بينا (bīna)
2nd person بيك (bīk) بيكم (bīkum)
3rd person بيه (bīh) بيها (bīha) بيهم (bīhum)

Urdu[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب • (be)

  1. The second letter of the Urdu abjad.

Forms[edit]

Isolated form Final form Medial form Initial form
ب ـب ـبـ بـ

See also[edit]

  • Previous letter: ا
  • Next letter: پ (p)

Uyghur[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب • (be)

  1. The third letter of the Uyghur alphabet.

Forms[edit]

Isolated form Final form Medial form Initial form
ب ـب ـبـ بـ

See also[edit]

  • Previous letter: ئە (e)
  • Next letter: پ (p)

Yoruba[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Letter[edit]

ب (b)

  1. The second letter of the Yorùbá alphabet in the Ajami Script.

Forms[edit]

Isolated form Final form Medial form Initial form
ب ـب ـبـ بـ

See also[edit]

  • Previous letter: ا
  • Next letter: د
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