川

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See also: 州, 巛, and 𫶧
川 U+5DDD, 川
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5DDD
← 巜
[U+5DDC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 州 →
[U+5DDE]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

Stroke order
3 strokes
Stroke order
See images of
Radical 47 川

川 (Kangxi radical 47, 巛+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 中中中 (LLL), four-corner 22000, composition ⿲丿丨丨)

Derived characters[edit]

Descendants[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 323, character 23
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 8673
  • Dae Jaweon: page 624, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 32, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+5DDD

Chinese[edit]

simp. and trad.
 川
alternative forms 巛
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 川 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 川 (Cantonese)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 川
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (川) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
川 *kʰjon
釧 *kʰjons
巛 *kʰuːn
巡 *sɢljun
馴 *sɢljun
紃 *sɢljun, *ɢljun
甽 *kljuns, *kʷeːnʔ
順 *ɢljuns
訓 *qʰuns

Pictogram (象形) – compare 水 (OC *qʰʷljilʔ).

Etymology[edit]

The Middle and Old Chinese reconstruction of this word is phonologically problematic (STEDT):

Schuessler (2007) relates this word to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kl(j)u(ŋ/k) (“river; valley”), whence 江 (OC *kroːŋ, “river”), 谷 (OC *kloːɡ, “valley”), Tibetan ཀླུང (klung, “river”), Burmese ချောင်း (hkyaung:, “stream”). STEDT notes that this does not account for the *-n coda.

STEDT instead compares it to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-t(w)əj-n ~ m-ti-s (“water; fluid; liquid; river; soak; spit”), whence 涕 (OC *tʰiːlʔ, “tears”), Proto-Kuki-Chin *tuj (“water; fluid; liquid”), Chepang तीः (“water; rain; river”); this depends on a reconstruction with a dental initial and requires positing an *‑n suffix not present in Tibeto-Burman languages.

Pronunciation[edit]

Note:
  • chhoan - literary;
  • chhng/chhuiⁿ - vernacular (only used in 尻川).
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: cuang1 / cuêng1 / ceng1
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshuang / tshueng / tshṳng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰuaŋ³³/, /t͡sʰueŋ³³/, /t͡sʰɯŋ³³/
Note:
  • cuang1/cuêng1 - literary (cuêng1 - Chaozhou);
  • ceng1 - vernacular (only used in 尻川).
Rime
Character 川
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 昌 (24)
Final (韻) 仙 (78)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 昌緣切
Baxter tsyhwen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡ɕʰiuᴇn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡ɕʰʷiɛn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡ɕʰjuæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/cʰwian/
Li
Rong 		/t͡ɕʰiuɛn/
Wang
Li 		/t͡ɕʰĭwɛn/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/t͡ɕʰi̯wɛn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		chuān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		cyun1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 川
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		chuān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsyhwen ›
Old
Chinese 		/*t.l̥u[n]/ (MC -jwen is irregular)
English stream, river

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 川
Reading # 1/1
No. 1628
Phonetic
component 		川
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		穿
Old
Chinese 		/*kʰjon/

Definitions[edit]

川

  1. river; stream; brook
    川流不息  ―  chuānliúbùxī  ―  to flow continuously
  2. Short for 四川 (Sìchuān, “Sichuan Province, China”).
    川菜  ―  chuāncài  ―  Sichuan cuisine
  3. plain
    平川  ―  píngchuān  ―  plain
  4. road
  5. Synonym of 汆 (cuān, “to boil food for a short time in boiled water”)
  6. Alternative form of 穿 (chuān)
  7. (Internet slang) Short for 川普 (Chuānpǔ, “Donald Trump”).
    挺川  ―  tǐngchuān  ―  to support Donald Trump
    川粉  ―  chuānfěn  ―  Trumpster
  8. a surname

See also[edit]

Compounds[edit]

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

川

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. river

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology[edit]

Kanji in this term
川
かわ
Grade: 1
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
河

From Old Japanese 川 (kapa),[1] from Proto-Japonic *kapa.[2]

First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[3]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

川(かわ) • (kawa) ←かは (kafa)?

  1. river, stream, brook

Synonyms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke, Stephen Wright Horn, et al. (eds.) (2023) “Old Japanese kapa”, in Oxford-NINJAL Corpus of Old Japanese‎[1]
  2. ^ Stewart A. Curry. (2004) Small linguistics: phonological history and lexical loans in Nakijin dialect Okinawan. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/11526
  3. ^ “川・河”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)‎[2] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
  4. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1974), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Second edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō

Korean[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Chinese 川 (MC tsyhwen).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᄎᆑᆫ (Yale: chywèn)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4] 내〯 (Yale: nǎy) 쳔 (Yale: chyèn)

Pronunciation[edit]

Hanja[edit]

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

川 (eumhun 내 천 (nae cheon))

  1. Hanja form? of 천 (“river; stream”). [affix]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

References[edit]

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [5]

Vietnamese[edit]

Han character[edit]

川: Hán Nôm readings: xuyên

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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