紅

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See also: 红
紅 U+7D05, 紅
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7D05
← 約
[U+7D04] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 紆 →
[U+7D06]

Translingual[edit]

Han character[edit]

紅 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+3, 9 strokes, cangjie input 女火一 (VFM), four-corner 21910, composition ⿰糹工)

Derived characters[edit]

References[edit]

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 916, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27243
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1343, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3363, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+7D05

Chinese[edit]

trad. 紅
simp. 红
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 紅 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 紅 (Cantonese)
  • 紅 (Classical)
  • 紅 (Gan)

Glyph origin[edit]

Historical forms of the character 紅
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (工) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
缸 *kroːŋ, *ɡroːŋ
篢 *kluːmʔ, *koːŋ
贑 *kluːmʔ
涳 *ŋr'oːŋ, *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
江 *kroːŋ
肛 *kroːŋ, *qʰroːŋ
扛 *kroːŋ
杠 *kroːŋ
豇 *kroːŋ
茳 *kroːŋ
釭 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
矼 *kroːŋ
玒 *kroːŋ, *koːŋ
虹 *kroːŋs, *koːŋs, *ɡoːŋ
腔 *kʰroːŋ
崆 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
羫 *kʰroːŋ
控 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
椌 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ
悾 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
跫 *kʰroːŋ, *kʰoŋ, *ɡoŋ
啌 *qʰroːŋ
谾 *qʰroːŋ, *qʰoːŋ
舡 *qʰroːŋ
缻 *ɡroːŋ
項 *ɡroːŋʔ
屸 *ɡ·roːŋ
功 *koːŋ
工 *koːŋ
疘 *koːŋ
魟 *koːŋ, *qʰoːŋ, *ɡoːŋ
攻 *koːŋ, *kuːŋ
愩 *koːŋ
碽 *koːŋ
貢 *koːŋs
羾 *koːŋs
空 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋs
箜 *kʰoːŋ
硿 *kʰoːŋ
埪 *kʰoːŋ
鵼 *kʰoːŋ
倥 *kʰoːŋ, *kʰoːŋʔ, *kʰoːŋs
鞚 *kʰoːŋs
叿 *qʰoːŋ
嗊 *qʰoːŋʔ
訌 *ɡoːŋ
紅 *ɡoːŋ
仜 *ɡoːŋ
葒 *ɡoːŋ
渱 *ɡoːŋ
鴻 *ɡoːŋ, *ɡoːŋʔ
汞 *ɡoːŋʔ
澒 *ɡoːŋʔ
鞏 *koŋʔ
巩 *koŋʔ
銎 *kʰoŋ, *qʰoŋ
恐 *kʰoŋʔ, *kʰoŋs
蛩 *ɡoŋ
筇 *ɡoŋ
桏 *ɡoŋ
邛 *ɡoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡoːŋ) : semantic 糸 (“silk”) + phonetic 工 (OC *koːŋ).

Etymology[edit]

彤 (OC *l'uːŋ, “red”) could be a variant of 紅 (OC *ɡoːŋ) (Schuessler, 2007). May be related to 虹 (OC *kroːŋs, *ɡoːŋ, “rainbow”).

Originally referred to lighter shades of red; gradually replaced 赤 (chì, “red”) as the basic color term for "red".

Pronunciation 1[edit]

Note:
  • è̤ng - colloquial;
  • hùng - literary ("successful;
  • red bunting").
Note:
  • âng - colloquial;
  • hông - literary.
Note:
  • ang5 - colloquial;
  • hong5 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 紅
Mandarin Beijing /xuŋ³⁵/
Harbin /xuŋ²⁴/
Tianjin /xuŋ⁴⁵/
Jinan /xuŋ⁴²/
Qingdao /xəŋ⁴²/
Zhengzhou /xuŋ⁴²/
Xi'an /xuŋ²⁴/
Xining /xuə̃²⁴/
Yinchuan /xuŋ⁵³/
Lanzhou /xũn⁵³/
Ürümqi /xuŋ⁵¹/
Wuhan /xoŋ²¹³/
Chengdu /xoŋ³¹/
Guiyang /xoŋ²¹/
Kunming /xoŋ³¹/
Nanjing /xoŋ²⁴/
Hefei /xəŋ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /xuəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /xuŋ¹³/
Hohhot /xũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ɦoŋ²³/
Suzhou /ɦoŋ¹³/
Hangzhou /ɦoŋ²¹³/
Wenzhou /ɦoŋ³¹/
Hui Shexian /xuʌ̃⁴⁴/
Tunxi /xan⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /xoŋ¹³/
Xiangtan /ɦən¹²/
Gan Nanchang /fuŋ⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fuŋ¹¹/
Taoyuan /fuŋ¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hoŋ²¹/
Nanning /huŋ²¹/
Hong Kong /huŋ²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hɔŋ³⁵/
/aŋ³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /øyŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /hoŋ⁵⁵/
/aŋ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hɔŋ³¹/
/aŋ³¹/
Rime
Character 紅
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 戸公切
Baxter huwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ɦuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ɦuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ɣuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ɦəwŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ɣuŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ɣuŋ/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ɣuŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		hóng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		hung4
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 紅
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		hóng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ huwng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡˁoŋ/
English pink

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 紅
Reading # 1/1
No. 4055
Phonetic
component 		工
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		洪
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡoːŋ/

Definitions[edit]

紅

  1. red
    紅色／红色  ―  hóngsè  ―  red (color)
    紅茶／红茶  ―  hóngchá  ―  black tea (literally, “red tea”)
    紅包／红包  ―  hóngbāo  ―  red packet
    紅綠色盲／红绿色盲  ―  hónglǜ sèmáng  ―  red-green colour blindness
  2. (colloquial) popular; in vogue
    翻紅／翻红  ―  fānhóng  ―  to be popular again
    邁克爾·傑克遜沒有以前那麼紅了。 [MSC, trad.]
    迈克尔·杰克逊没有以前那么红了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Màikè'ěr Jiékèxùn méiyǒu yǐqián nàme hóng le. [Pinyin]
    Michael Jackson is not as popular as he used to be.
  3. the red clothes and bunting used on festive occasions
    披紅／披红  ―  pīhóng  ―  to drape in red silk as a sign of honor or for festivity
  4. festive occasion; wedding
    紅白喜事／红白喜事  ―  hóngbáixǐshì  ―  weddings and funerals
  5. (figurative) revolutionary; Communist; Red
    紅軍／红军  ―  hóngjūn  ―  Red army
    又紅又專／又红又专  ―  yòuhóngyòuzhuān  ―  to have a procommunist mindset along with professional skill
  6. (business, finance) bonus; extra dividend
    分紅／分红  ―  fēnhóng  ―  distribute or draw dividends
  7. (literary) flower
    殘紅／残红  ―  cánhóng  ―  fallen petals
  8. (literary) beautiful woman
  9. (literary) blood
    落紅／落红  ―  luòhóng  ―  to bleed as an indication of a broken virginity
  10. (euphemistic, Cantonese, Hakka) blood tofu
    豬紅／猪红 [Cantonese]  ―  zyu1 hung4 [Jyutping]  ―  pig blood tofu
    雞紅／鸡红 [Cantonese]  ―  gai1 hung4 [Jyutping]  ―  chicken blood tofu
  11. a surname: Hong

Synonyms[edit]

  • (red):
Dialectal synonyms of 紅 (“red”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 赤, 紅, 彤
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 紅
Mandarin Beijing 紅
Taiwan 紅
Tianjin 紅
Tangshan 紅
Cangzhou 紅
Baoding 紅
Shijiazhuang 紅
Chifeng 紅
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 紅
Harbin 紅
Shenyang 紅
Yantai (Muping) 紅
Qingdao 紅
Jinan 紅
Luoyang 紅
Wanrong 紅
Zhengzhou 紅
Xi'an 紅
Yinchuan 紅
Lanzhou 紅
Xining 紅
Ürümqi 紅
Wuhan 紅
Chengdu 紅
Chongqing 紅
Guiyang 紅
Kunming 紅
Guilin 紅
Liuzhou 紅
Xuzhou 紅
Yangzhou 紅
Nanjing 紅
Hefei 紅
Nantong 紅
Malaysia 紅
Singapore 紅
Cantonese Guangzhou 紅
Hong Kong 紅
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 紅
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 紅
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 紅
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 紅
Macau 紅
Guangzhou (Panyu) 紅
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 紅
Guangzhou (Conghua) 紅
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 紅
Foshan 紅
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 紅
Foshan (Shunde) 紅
Foshan (Sanshui) 紅
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 紅
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 紅
Zhuhai (Qianshan) 紅
Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka) 紅
Zhuhai (Doumen) 紅
Jiangmen (Baisha) 紅
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 紅
Taishan 紅
Kaiping (Chikan) 紅
Enping (Niujiang) 紅
Heshan (Yayao) 紅
Dongguan 紅
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 紅
Yangjiang 紅
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 紅
Singapore (Guangfu) 紅
Gan Nanchang 紅
Lichuan 紅
Pingxiang 紅
Hakka Meixian 紅
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 紅
Dongguan (Qingxi) 紅
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 紅
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 紅
Wuhua (Huacheng) 紅
Heyuan (Bendihua) 紅
Wengyuan 紅
Liannan 紅
Conghua (Lütian) 紅
Jiexi 紅
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 紅
Changting 紅
Wuping (Yanqian) 紅
Ninghua 紅
Yudu 紅
Ningdu 紅
Tonggu (Sandu) 紅
Ganzhou (Panlong) 紅
Dayu 紅
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 紅
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 紅
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 紅
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 紅
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 紅
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 紅
Hong Kong 紅
Mengshan (Xihe) 紅
Luchuan 紅
Senai (Huiyang) 紅
Kuching (Hepo) 紅
Huizhou Jixi 紅
Shexian 紅
Jin Taiyuan 紅
Xinzhou 紅
Linhe 紅
Jining 紅
Hohhot 紅
Zhangjiakou 紅
Handan 紅
Northern Min Jian'ou 紅
Eastern Min Fuzhou 紅
Southern Min Xiamen 紅
Xiamen (Tong'an) 紅
Quanzhou 紅
Yongchun 紅
Zhangzhou 紅
Zhao'an 紅
Taipei (Wanhua) 紅
Kaohsiung 紅
Yilan 紅
Changhua (Lukang) 紅
Taichung 紅
Taichung (Wuqi) 紅
Tainan 紅
Taitung 紅
Hsinchu 紅
Penghu (Magong) 紅
Penang (Hokkien) 紅
Singapore (Hokkien) 紅
Manila (Hokkien) 紅
Chaozhou 紅
Shantou 紅
Shantou (Chenghai) 紅
Jieyang 紅
Haifeng 紅
Bangkok (Teochew) 紅
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 紅
Singapore (Teochew) 紅
Leizhou 紅
Wenchang 紅
Haikou 紅
Singapore (Hainanese) 紅
Shaojiang Min Shaowu 赤
Zhongshan Min Shaxi (Longdu) 紅
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 紅
Shehua Fu'an 赤
Fuding 赤
Luoyuan 赤
Sanming 紅
Shunchang 紅
Hua'an 紅
Guixi (Zhangping) 紅
Cangnan 赤
Jingning 赤
Lishui 赤
Longyou 赤
Chaozhou 紅
Fengshun 紅
Wu Shanghai 紅
Shanghai (Chongming) 紅
Suzhou 紅
Danyang 紅
Hangzhou 紅
Ningbo 紅
Wenzhou 紅
Jinhua 紅
Xiang Changsha 紅
Loudi 紅

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 2[edit]

Note:
  • kang - vernacular;
  • kong - literary.

Definitions[edit]

紅

  1. † Substitute character for 功 (gōng).
  2. † Substitute character for 工 (gōng).
    女紅／女红  ―  nǚgōng  ―  the feminine arts (e.g. needlework, sewing, embroidery)
  3. Placename in the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period in Chinese history, northeast of modern Tai'an, Shandong.

Compounds[edit]

Pronunciation 3[edit]

Definitions[edit]

紅

  1. † Substitute character for 絳／绛 (jiàng).

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Kanji[edit]

紅

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings[edit]

Compounds[edit]

Compounds

Etymology 1[edit]

紅 (kurenai, beni, kō): hexadecimal color code #D71345
紅 (kurenai, beni): the safflower, Carthamus tinctorius
Kanji in this term
紅
くれない
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

⟨kure no2 awi⟩ → /kurenawi/ → /kurenai/

From Old Japanese.

Shift from 呉の藍 (Kure no ai),[1][2] itself a compound of 呉 (Kure, “China”) +‎ の (no, possessive particle) +‎ 藍 (ai, “indigo → dye”)). The safflower, from which the crimson dye was extracted, was brought to Japan from China.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

紅(くれない) • (kurenai) ←くれなゐ (kurenawi)?

  1. the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
    Synonyms: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro), 丹紅 (tankō)
  2. the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), from which this color is extracted
    Synonyms: 呉の藍 (Kure no ai), 紅花 (kōka, benibana), 末摘花 (suetsumuhana)
    • 905, Kokin Wakashū (book 13, poem 661)
      紅(くれなゐ)の色(いろ)にはいでじ隠(かく)れ沼(ぬ)の下(した)にかよひて恋(こひ)は死(し)ぬとも
      kurenai no iro ni wa ideji kakure nu no shita ni kayoite koi wa shinu to mo
      I shall not show it as a safflower flaunts its red―not though I perish of a love kept as secret as streams in a hidden marsh.[3]
  3. a 伽羅 (kyara)-class incense
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Proverbs[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

紅(くれない) • (Kurenai) ←くれなゐ (kurenawi)?

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 2[edit]

紅 (beni): lipstick
紅 (beni): rouge
Kanji in this term
紅
べに
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

*/peni/ → /beni/

First attested in The Pillow Book, completed in 1002.

Shift from *heni, attested in the Wamyō Ruijushō (938 CE) with the original sense of "rouge".

The ni is definitely 丹 (ni, “red earth, cinnabar”), while the initial pe/be remains uncertain.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

紅(べに) • (beni) 

  1. the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
    Synonyms: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro), 丹紅 (tankō)
  2. Short for 紅花 (benibana). the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), from which this color is extracted
  3. the crimson pigment extracted from safflower petals, used in cosmetics and as a food coloring
    Synonym: 臙脂 (enji)
  4. rouge (red cosmetic traditionally made from safflowers)
    Synonym: 頬紅 (hōbeni)
  5. lipstick, lip liner (also traditionally made from safflowers)
    Synonym: 口紅 (kuchibeni)
Derived terms[edit]
Derived terms
Idioms[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

紅(べに) • (Beni) 

  1. a female given name
  2. a surname

Etymology 3[edit]

紅 (aka): hexadecimal color code #FF0000
Kanji in this term
紅
あか
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

Alternative spelling for 赤 (aka, “red”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

紅(あか) • (aka) 

  1. Alternative spelling of 赤 (aka, “red”)
Usage notes[edit]

The 紅 spelling for aka carries connotations of a deeper red or crimson color.

Proper noun[edit]

紅(あか) • (Aka) 

  1. a female given name

Etymology 4[edit]

紅 (momi): A princess doll showing the momi kimono liner.
Kanji in this term
紅
もみ
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

From 揉み (momi, “kneading”, stem form of verb momu), by extension from the kneading of cloth during the dyeing process.

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

紅(もみ) • (momi) 

  1. silk cloth dyed an even shade of one color, often a deep gold dyed again with crimson, traditionally used as a kimono liner
    Synonym: 本紅 (hon-momi)
Derived terms[edit]

Proper noun[edit]

紅(もみ) • (Momi) 

  1. a female given name

Etymology 5[edit]

紅 (kō): hexadecimal color code #D71345
Kanji in this term
紅
こう
Grade: 6
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 紅 (MC huwng).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

紅(こう) • (kō) 

  1. the color crimson, a vivid red edging towards pink
    Synonym: 紅色 (kurenai-iro, kōshoku, beni-iro)
Idioms[edit]
Derived terms[edit]

Affix[edit]

紅(こう) • (kō) 

  1. crimson
  2. safflower
  3. female
  4. Substitute character for 工: work done by women

Proper noun[edit]

紅(こう) • (Kō) 

  1. a female given name

References[edit]

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ Helen Craig McCullough (1985) Brocade by Night: Kokin Wakashū and the Court Style in Japanese Classical Poetry, Stanford University Press, →ISBN, page 264

Korean[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Hanja[edit]

紅 (eumhun 붉을 홍 (bulgeul hong))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Etymology 2[edit]

Hanja[edit]

紅 (eumhun 상복 공 (sangbok gong))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Old Japanese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Shift from 呉の藍 (Kure no2 awi),[1][2] itself a compound of 呉 (Kure, “China”) +‎ の (no2, possessive particle) +‎ 藍 (awi, “indigo → dye”).

Noun[edit]

紅 (kurenawi) (kana くれなゐ)

  1. a safflower, Carthamus tinctorius
    • c. 759, Man’yōshū, book 19, poem 4139:
      , text here
      春苑紅尓保布桃花下照道尓出立𡢳嬬
      paru no2 so2no2 kurenawi nipopu momo no2 pana sitaderu mi1ti ni idetatu woto2me1
      (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

  • Japanese:紅(くれない) (kurenai)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira (1995) 大辞泉 (in Japanese), First edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Vietnamese[edit]

Chữ Hán[edit]

紅: Hán Việt readings: hồng (胡(hồ)公(công)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], hường[5]
紅: Nôm readings: hồng[1][2][4][5][3], hường[2][6][5], hông[7]

  1. chữ Hán form of hồng (“pink”).
  2. chữ Hán form of hường (“pink”).

Compounds[edit]

Derived terms

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Hồ (1976).
  7. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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