Appendix:Catalan Swadesh list
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This is a Swadesh list of words in Catalan, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation[edit]
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List[edit]
| № | English | Catalan català edit (207) | IPA (key) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | jo | /ˈjɔ/ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | tu | /ˈtu/ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ell | /ˈeʎ/ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | nosaltres | /noˈzal.tɾes/ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | vosaltres | /voˈzal.tɾes/ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | ells | /ˈeʎs/ |
| 7 | this | aquest, aqueix | /aˈket/, /aˈkejʃ/ |
| 8 | that | aquell | /aˈkeʎ/ |
| 9 | here | ací, aquí | /aˈsi/, /aˈki/ |
| 10 | there | allà, allí | /aˈʎa/, /aˈʎi/ |
| 11 | who | qui | /ˈki/ |
| 12 | what | què, quin | /ˈke/, /ˈkin/ |
| 13 | where | on | /ˈon/ |
| 14 | when | quan | /ˈkwan/ |
| 15 | how | com | /ˈkɔm/ |
| 16 | not | no | /ˈno/ |
| 17 | all | tot | /ˈtot/ |
| 18 | many | molt | /ˈmolt/ |
| 19 | some | algun | /alˈɡun/ |
| 20 | few | poc | /ˈpɔk/ |
| 21 | other | altre | /ˈal.tɾe/ |
| 22 | one | un | /ˈun/ |
| 23 | two | dos | /ˈdos/ |
| 24 | three | tres | /ˈtɾes/ |
| 25 | four | quatre | ˈkwa.tɾe/ |
| 26 | five | cinc | /ˈsiŋk/ |
| 27 | big | gran, gros | /ˈɡɾan/, /ˈɡɾɔs/ |
| 28 | long | llarg | /ˈʎaɾk/ |
| 29 | wide | ample | /ˈam.ple/ |
| 30 | thick | gruixut | /ɡɾujˈʃut/ |
| 31 | heavy | pesat | /peˈzat/ |
| 32 | small | petit, menut, xic | /peˈtit/, /meˈnut/, /ˈt͡ʃik/ |
| 33 | short | curt | /ˈkuɾt/ |
| 34 | narrow | estret | /esˈtɾet/ |
| 35 | thin | prim | /ˈpɾim/ |
| 36 | woman | dona | /ˈdɔ.na/ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | home | /ˈɔ.me/ |
| 38 | man (human being) | humà | /uˈma/ |
| 39 | child | nen | /ˈnen/ |
| 40 | wife | muller, esposa | /muˈʎeɾ/, /esˈpɔ.za/ |
| 41 | husband | marit, espòs | /maˈɾit/, /esˈpɔs/ |
| 42 | mother | mare | /ˈma.ɾe/ |
| 43 | father | pare | /ˈpa.ɾe/ |
| 44 | animal | animal | /a.niˈmal/ |
| 45 | fish | peix | /ˈpejʃ/ |
| 46 | bird | ocell, au | /oˈseʎ/, ??? |
| 47 | dog | gos | /ˈɡos/ |
| 48 | louse | poll | /ˈpoʎ/ |
| 49 | snake | serp | /ˈseɾp/ |
| 50 | worm | cuc | /ˈkuk/ |
| 51 | tree | arbre | /ˈa.bɾe/ |
| 52 | forest | bosc | /ˈbɔsk/ |
| 53 | stick | bastó, pal | /basˈto/, /ˈpal/ |
| 54 | fruit | fruit, fruita | /ˈfɾujt/, /ˈfɾuj.ta/ |
| 55 | seed | llavor | /ʎaˈvoɾ/ |
| 56 | leaf | fulla | /ˈfu.ʎa/ |
| 57 | root | arrel | /aˈrɛl/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | escorça | /esˈkɔɾ.sa/ |
| 59 | flower | flor | /ˈflɔɾ/ |
| 60 | grass | herba | /ˈeɾ.ba/ |
| 61 | rope | corda | /ˈkɔɾ.da/ |
| 62 | skin | pell | /ˈpeʎ/ |
| 63 | meat | carn | /ˈkaɾn/ |
| 64 | blood | sang | /ˈsaŋk/ |
| 65 | bone | os | /ˈɔs/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | greix | /ˈɡɾejʃ/ |
| 67 | egg | ou | /ˈɔw/ |
| 68 | horn | corn, banya | /ˈkɔɾn/, /ˈba.ɲa/ |
| 69 | tail | cua | /ˈku.a/ |
| 70 | feather | ploma | /ˈplo.ma/ |
| 71 | hair | pèl, cabell | /ˈpɛl/, /kaˈbeʎ/ |
| 72 | head | cap | /ˈkap/ |
| 73 | ear | orella | /oˈɾe.ʎa/ |
| 74 | eye | ull | /ˈuʎ/ |
| 75 | nose | nas | /ˈnas/ |
| 76 | mouth | boca | /ˈbo.ka/ |
| 77 | tooth | dent | /ˈdent/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | llengua | /ˈʎen.ɡwa/ |
| 79 | fingernail | ungla | /ˈun.ɡla/ |
| 80 | foot | peu | /ˈpɛw/ |
| 81 | leg | cama | /ˈka.ma/ |
| 82 | knee | genoll | /d͡ʒeˈnoʎ/ |
| 83 | hand | mà | /ˈma/ |
| 84 | wing | ala | /ˈa.la/ |
| 85 | belly | panxa | /ˈpaɲ.t͡ʃa/ |
| 86 | guts | budells | /buˈdeʎs/ |
| 87 | neck | coll | /ˈkɔʎ/ |
| 88 | back | esquena | /esˈke.na/ |
| 89 | breast | pit | /ˈpit/ |
| 90 | heart | cor | /ˈkɔɾ/ |
| 91 | liver | fetge | /ˈfe.d͡ʒe/ |
| 92 | to drink | beure | /ˈbew.ɾe/ |
| 93 | to eat | menjar | /meɲˈd͡ʒaɾ/ |
| 94 | to bite | mossegar | /mo.seˈɡaɾ/ |
| 95 | to suck | xuclar, mamar, xarrupar | /t͡ʃuˈklaɾ/, /maˈmaɾ/, /t͡ʃa.ruˈpaɾ/ |
| 96 | to spit | escopir | /es.koˈpiɾ/ |
| 97 | to vomit | vomitar | /vo.miˈtaɾ/ |
| 98 | to blow | bufar | /buˈfaɾ/ |
| 99 | to breathe | respirar | /res.piˈɾaɾ/ |
| 100 | to laugh | riure | /ˈriw.ɾe/ |
| 101 | to see | veure | /ˈvew.ɾe/ |
| 102 | to hear | sentir, oir | /senˈtiɾ/, /oˈiɾ/ |
| 103 | to know | saber | /saˈbeɾ/ |
| 104 | to think | pensar | /penˈsaɾ/ |
| 105 | to smell | olorar | /o.loˈɾaɾ/ |
| 106 | to fear | témer | /ˈte.meɾ/ |
| 107 | to sleep | dormir | /doɾˈmiɾ/ |
| 108 | to live | viure | /ˈviw.ɾe/ |
| 109 | to die | morir | /moˈɾiɾ/ |
| 110 | to kill | matar | /maˈtaɾ/ |
| 111 | to fight | lluitar | /ʎujˈtaɾ/ |
| 112 | to hunt | caçar | /kaˈsaɾ/ |
| 113 | to hit | colpejar, picar | /kol.peˈd͡ʒaɾ/, /piˈkaɾ/ |
| 114 | to cut | tallar | /taˈʎaɾ/ |
| 115 | to split | partir, separar | /paɾˈtiɾ/, /se.paˈɾaɾ/ |
| 116 | to stab | apunyalar | /a.pu.ɲaˈlaɾ/ |
| 117 | to scratch | raspar, rascar, esgarrinxar | /rasˈpaɾ/, /rasˈkaɾ/, |
| 118 | to dig | cavar, excavar | /kaˈvaɾ/, /eks.kaˈvaɾ/ |
| 119 | to swim | nedar, nadar | /neˈdaɾ/, /naˈdaɾ/ |
| 120 | to fly | volar | /voˈlaɾ/ |
| 121 | to walk | caminar | /ka.miˈnaɾ/ |
| 122 | to come | venir, vindre | /veˈniɾ/, ??? |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | jeure (state) | /ˈd͡ʒew.ɾe/ |
| 124 | to sit | seure (state) | /ˈsɛw.ɾe/ |
| 125 | to stand | estar dret (state) | ??? |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | girar, tombar | /d͡ʒiˈɾaɾ/, /tomˈbaɾ/ |
| 127 | to fall | caure | /ˈkaw.ɾe/ |
| 128 | to give | donar, dar | /doˈnaɾ/, /ˈdaɾ/ |
| 129 | to hold | tenir (on hand) | /teˈniɾ/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | prémer, estrènyer | /ˈpɾe.meɾ/, /esˈtɾe.ɲeɾ/ |
| 131 | to rub | fregar | /fɾeˈɡaɾ/ |
| 132 | to wash | rentar, netejar | /renˈtaɾ/, /ne.teˈd͡ʒaɾ/ |
| 133 | to wipe | eixugar | /ej.ʃuˈɡaɾ/ |
| 134 | to pull | estirar | /es.tiˈɾaɾ/ |
| 135 | to push | empènyer | /emˈpe.ɲeɾ/ |
| 136 | to throw | llançar | /ʎanˈsaɾ/ |
| 137 | to tie | lligar | /ʎiˈɡaɾ/ |
| 138 | to sew | cosir | /koˈziɾ/ |
| 139 | to count | comptar | /komˈtaɾ/ |
| 140 | to say | dir | /ˈdiɾ/ |
| 141 | to sing | cantar | /kanˈtaɾ/ |
| 142 | to play | jugar | /d͡ʒuˈɡaɾ/ |
| 143 | to float | flotar, surar | /floˈtaɾ/, /suˈɾaɾ/ |
| 144 | to flow | fluir | /fluˈiɾ/ |
| 145 | to freeze | gelar, glaçar | /d͡ʒeˈlaɾ/, /ɡlaˈsaɾ/ |
| 146 | to swell | inflar | /imˈflaɾ/ |
| 147 | sun | sol | /ˈsɔl/ |
| 148 | moon | lluna | /ˈʎu.na/ |
| 149 | star | estel, estrella | /esˈtɛl/, /esˈtɾe.ʎa/ |
| 150 | water | aigua | /ˈaj.ɡwa/ |
| 151 | rain | pluja | /ˈplu.d͡ʒa/ |
| 152 | river | riu | /ˈriw/ |
| 153 | lake | llac | /ˈʎak/ |
| 154 | sea | mar | /ˈmaɾ/ |
| 155 | salt | sal | /ˈsal/ |
| 156 | stone | pedra | /ˈpe.dɾa/ |
| 157 | sand | arena, sorra | ???, /ˈso.ra/ |
| 158 | dust | pols | /ˈpols/ |
| 159 | earth | terra | /ˈtɛ.ra/ |
| 160 | cloud | núvol | /ˈnu.vol/ |
| 161 | fog | boira | /ˈbɔj.ɾa/ |
| 162 | sky | cel | /ˈsɛl/ |
| 163 | wind | vent | /ˈvent/ |
| 164 | snow | neu | /ˈnew/ |
| 165 | ice | gel, glaç | /ˈd͡ʒɛl/, /ˈɡlas/ |
| 166 | smoke | fum | /ˈfum/ |
| 167 | fire | foc | /ˈfɔk/ |
| 168 | ash | cendra | /ˈsɛn.dɾa/ |
| 169 | to burn | cremar | /kɾeˈmaɾ/ |
| 170 | road | carretera | /ka.reˈte.ɾa/ |
| 171 | mountain | muntanya | /munˈta.ɲa/ |
| 172 | red | vermell, roig | /veɾˈmeʎ/, /ˈrɔt͡ʃ/ |
| 173 | green | verd | /ˈvɛɾt/ |
| 174 | yellow | groc | /ˈɡɾɔk/ |
| 175 | white | blanc | /ˈblaŋk/ |
| 176 | black | negre | /ˈne.ɡɾe/ |
| 177 | night | nit | /ˈnit/ |
| 178 | day | dia | /ˈdi.a/ |
| 179 | year | any | /ˈaɲ/ |
| 180 | warm | calent, càlid | /kaˈlent/, /ˈka.lit/ |
| 181 | cold | fred | /ˈfɾet/ |
| 182 | full | ple | ˈple/ |
| 183 | new | nou | /ˈnɔw/ |
| 184 | old | vell | /ˈveʎ/ |
| 185 | good | bo, bé | /ˈbɔ/, /ˈbe/ |
| 186 | bad | dolent, roí | /doˈlent/, /roˈi/ |
| 187 | rotten | podrit | /poˈdɾit/ |
| 188 | dirty | brut | /ˈbɾut/ |
| 189 | straight | recte | /ˈrɛk.te/ |
| 190 | round | rodó, redó | /roˈdo/, /reˈdo/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | esmolat, agut | /ez.moˈlat/, /aˈɡut/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | esmussat, rom | /ez.muˈsat/, ??? |
| 193 | smooth | llis, suau | ???, /suˈaw/ |
| 194 | wet | humit, mullat | /uˈmit/, /muˈʎat/ |
| 195 | dry | sec | /ˈsek/ |
| 196 | correct | correcte | /koˈrɛk.te/ |
| 197 | near | prop, vora | /ˈpɾɔp/, /ˈvɔ.ɾa/ |
| 198 | far | lluny | /ˈʎuɲ/ |
| 199 | right | dret, dreta | /ˈdɾet/, /ˈdɾe.ta/ |
| 200 | left | esquerre, esquerra | /esˈkɛ.re/, /esˈkɛ.ra/ |
| 201 | at | a, en | ???, /en/ |
| 202 | in | dins, en | /ˈdins/, /en/ |
| 203 | with | amb | əm/ |
| 204 | and | i | ??? |
| 205 | if | si | /ˈsi/ |
| 206 | because | perquè | /peɾˈke/ |
| 207 | name | nom | /ˈnɔm/ |