il

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "il"

Translingual[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Numeral[edit]

il

  1. (informal) A Roman numeral representing forty-nine (49).

See also[edit]

Akatek[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Mayan *il- Compare with Achi ilonik

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

il

  1. (transitive) to see, to watch, look at

References[edit]

Preliminary Classic Maya ‐ English, English ‐ Classic Maya Vocabulary of Hieroglyphic Readings by Erik Boot

2022. Akateko Living Dictionary. Living Tongues Institute for Endangered Languages. ( look "ʔil" wav recording )

Azerbaijani[edit]

Other scripts
Cyrillic ил
Abjad ایل

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Turkic *yïl (“year”).[1] Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰘𐰃𐰞 (yïl).[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • Audio(file)

Noun[edit]

il (definite accusative ili, plural illər)

  1. year
    Synonyms: sənə, (Classical Azerbaijani) sal, (Classical Azerbaijani) am
    uzun illər ― many years (literally, “long years”)
    Mən on ildir ki məktəbi bitirmişəm.
    It's been ten years since I finished school.

Declension[edit]

    Declension of il
singular plural
nominative il
 illər
definite accusative ili
 illəri
dative ilə
 illərə
locative ildə
 illərdə
ablative ildən
 illərdən
definite genitive ilin
 illərin
    Possessive forms of il
nominative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) ilim illərim
sənin (“your”) ilin illərin
onun (“his/her/its”) ili illəri
bizim (“our”) ilimiz illərimiz
sizin (“your”) iliniz illəriniz
onların (“their”) ili or illəri illəri
accusative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) ilimi illərimi
sənin (“your”) ilini illərini
onun (“his/her/its”) ilini illərini
bizim (“our”) ilimizi illərimizi
sizin (“your”) ilinizi illərinizi
onların (“their”) ilini or illərini illərini
dative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) ilimə illərimə
sənin (“your”) ilinə illərinə
onun (“his/her/its”) ilinə illərinə
bizim (“our”) ilimizə illərimizə
sizin (“your”) ilinizə illərinizə
onların (“their”) ilinə or illərinə illərinə
locative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) ilimdə illərimdə
sənin (“your”) ilində illərində
onun (“his/her/its”) ilində illərində
bizim (“our”) ilimizdə illərimizdə
sizin (“your”) ilinizdə illərinizdə
onların (“their”) ilində or illərində illərində
ablative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) ilimdən illərimdən
sənin (“your”) ilindən illərindən
onun (“his/her/its”) ilindən illərindən
bizim (“our”) ilimizdən illərimizdən
sizin (“your”) ilinizdən illərinizdən
onların (“their”) ilindən or illərindən illərindən
genitive
singular plural
mənim (“my”) ilimin illərimin
sənin (“your”) ilinin illərinin
onun (“his/her/its”) ilinin illərinin
bizim (“our”) ilimizin illərimizin
sizin (“your”) ilinizin illərinizin
onların (“their”) ilinin or illərinin illərinin

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*jɨl”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill
  2. ^ Abuseitova, M. Kh, Bukhatuly, B., editors (2008), “𐰖𐰃𐰞”, in TÜRIK BITIG: Ethno Cultural Dictionary, Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of Republic of Kazakhstan

Bunak[edit]

Noun[edit]

il

  1. water

Further reading[edit]

Danish[edit]

Noun[edit]

il c

  1. (rare) haste, speed

Verb[edit]

il

  1. imperative of ile

Epigraphic Mayan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Mayan *il-.

Verb[edit]

il

  1. to see

Faroese[edit]

Iljar (“soles”).

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse il.

Noun[edit]

il f (genitive singular iljar, plural iljar)

  1. the sole of the foot
f8 Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative il ilin iljar iljarnar
Accusative il ilina iljar iljarnar
Dative il ilini iljum iljunum
Genitive iljar iljarinnar ilja iljanna


French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Middle French il, from Old French il, from Vulgar Latin *illī, which is derived from Classical Latin ille.[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

il m (third-person singular, plural ils, accusative le, dative lui, emphatic lui, possessive determiner son)

  1. he (third-person singular masculine subject pronoun for human subject)
    Il est parti.
    He left.
  2. it (third-person singular subject pronoun for grammatically masculine objects)
    Je cherche mon livre. Où est-il ?
    I'm looking for my book. Where is it?
  3. (impersonal pronoun) Impersonal subject; it
    Il pleut.
    It’s raining.

Related terms[edit]

French personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative
(subject) 		Accusative
(direct complement) 		Dative
(indirect complement) 		Disjunctive
(tonic)
Singular First — je, j’ me, m’ moi
Second — tu te, t’ toi
Third Masculine il le, l’ lui lui
Feminine elle la, l’ elle
Gender neutral5 iel lea ellui
Indeterminate on1 — — —
Reflexive — se, s’4 soi4
Plural First — nous nous nous
Second — vous2 vous2,3 vous2
Third Masculine ils3 les leur eux
Feminine elles elles
Gender neutral5 iels elleux
1 Also used as the first person plural.
2 Also used as the polite singular form.
3 Also used when a group has both men and women.
4 Also used as third person plural reflexive.
5 Colloquial, and not in popular use.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Dauzat, Albert with Jean Dubois, Henri Mitterand (1964) chapter IL, in Nouveau dictionnaire étymologique (in French), Paris: Librairie Larousse

Further reading[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

Friulian[edit]

Friulian Definite Articles
singular plural
masculine il
l' 		i
feminine  la
l' 		lis

Alternative forms[edit]

  • al (Western and Southern Friulian)
  • el (Northern Friulian)

Etymology[edit]

From Latin illum, ultimately from ille.

Article[edit]

il m sg (plural i)

  1. the

See also[edit]

Haitian Creole[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From French île.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

il

  1. island

Icelandic[edit]

Iljar (“soles”).

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse il, from Proto-Germanic *iljō.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

il f (genitive singular iljar, nominative plural iljar)

  1. the sole of the foot
    Honum sagðist vera illt í ilinni. ― He said his sole hurt.

Declension[edit]

declension of il
f-s1 singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative il ilin iljar iljarnar
accusative il ilina iljar iljarnar
dative il ilinni iljum iljunum
genitive iljar iljarinnar ilja iljanna

Derived terms[edit]

Ido[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

il (plural ili, possessive ilua, possessive plural ilui)

  1. Apocopic form of ilu; he, him

See also[edit]

    Personal pronouns in Ido
Singular Plural
Nominative Possessive Nominative Possessive
Singular Plural Singular Plural
First person  me  mea  mei  ni  nia  nii
Second person Formal  vu  vua  vui  vi  via  vii
Familiar  tu  tua  tui
Third person Masculine  ilu, il  ilua  ilui  ili  ilia  ilii
Feminine  elu, el  elua  elui  eli  elia  elii
Neuter  olu, ol  olua  olui  oli  olia  olii
Common  lu  lua  lui  li  lia  lii
Reflexive  su  sua  sui  su  sua  sui
Indefinite  onu, on  onua  onui  onu, on  onua  onui
Notes
The possessive plurals are seldom used.
The shortened forms are preferred.
The pangendered forms are preferred to the gendered or neuter forms in most scenarios.

Interlingua[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

il

  1. personal pronoun used with impersonal verbs
    Il ha multe arbores illac.
    There are many trees there.

Usage notes[edit]

Optional.

Irish[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old Irish il, from Proto-Celtic *ɸilus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-.

Adjective[edit]

il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)

  1. (literary) many
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

Adjective[edit]

il (genitive singular masculine il, genitive singular feminine ile, plural ile, comparative ile)

  1. Alternative form of oll (“great; huge, vast, immense”)

Declension[edit]

Declension of il
Singular Plural (m/f)
Positive Masculine Feminine (strong noun) (weak noun)
Nominative il il ile
Vocative il ile
Genitive ile ile il
Dative il il ile
Comparative níos ile
Superlative is ile

Mutation[edit]

Irish mutation
Radical Eclipsis with h-prothesis with t-prothesis
il n-il hil not applicable
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading[edit]

  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) chapter IL, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • Entries containing “il” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
  • Entries containing “il” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.

Italian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • el (archaic or regional)
  • 'l (archaic or pronunciation spelling)
  • i' (Tuscan pronunciation spelling)

Etymology[edit]

From earlier *ille, *elle, from Latin illum (and illud), ultimately from ille. The final vowel fell by apocope, and the /e/ (< Latin ⟨ē ĭ⟩) in monosyllable particles shifted to /i/ in Tuscan, compare in, di, ri-, mi. The form el is found in older texts and can still be heard regionally.

Patota claims this to be from the older form lo (from the same source), via an intermediate form l. The initial i would be a svarabhakti vowel added to the form l in order to make the pronunciation easier.[1]

Pronunciation[edit]

Article[edit]

Italian Definite Articles
singular plural
masculine il
lo/l' 		i
gli
feminine  la/l' le

il m sg (plural i)

  1. the

References[edit]

  1. ^ Patota, Giuseppe (2002) Lineamenti di grammatica storica dell'italiano (in Italian), Bologna: il Mulino, →ISBN, pages 123, 124

Anagrams[edit]

Middle French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old French il.

Pronoun[edit]

il m

  1. he
  2. it (impersonal, or referring to an unknown person)

Descendants[edit]

  • French: il

Norwegian Bokmål[edit]

Noun[edit]

il f or m (definite singular ila or ilen, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)

  1. sole of the foot
    Synonym: fotsåle

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old Norse il f, from Proto-Germanic *iljō f, *ili n.

Noun[edit]

il f (definite singular ila, indefinite plural iler, definite plural ilene)

  1. sole of the foot, especially the middle part
    Synonym: fotsole

Inflection[edit]

Historical inflection of il
indefinite singular definite singular indefinite plural definite plural
Aasen1 Il Ili Iljar Iljarna
1901 iljarne (iljane)
1917 ila, ili iljane
1938 ila [ili]
1959 iljar [iler] iljane [ilene]
2012 (current) il ila iler ilene

Forms in italics are currently considered non-standard. Forms in [brackets] were official, but considered second-tier. Forms in (parentheses) were allowed under Midlandsnormalen. 1Nouns were capitalised for most of the 19th century. Like il, see also fet and hes.

Related terms[edit]

References[edit]

Old French[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Latin ille (masculine nominative).

Pronoun[edit]

il m sg (feminine ele)

  1. he (third-person masculine singular subject pronoun)
Descendants[edit]
  • Middle French: il
    • French: il

Etymology 2[edit]

From Vulgar Latin illī, nominative masculine plural of Latin ille.

Alternative forms[edit]

  • ils (late, analogic)

Pronoun[edit]

il m pl (feminine eles)

  1. they (third-person masculine plural subject pronoun)
    • c. 1170, Wace, Le Roman de Rou:
      S'il vos poent ataindre, ja vos areient tué.
      If they could range you, they would have already killed you.
Descendants[edit]
  • Middle French: ils

Old Irish[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Celtic *ɸilus, from Proto-Indo-European *pélh₁us, from Proto-Indo-European *pelh₁-. Cognate with Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌻𐌿 (filu, “much”), Ancient Greek πολύς (polús, “much”), Sanskrit पुरु (puru, “much”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

il (equative lir, comparative lia)

  1. much, many (usually as the first member of a compound, usually governs a plural noun)
    cosin taidbse il ― with much ostentation
    Is amlid do·rigéni Dia corp duini ó il-ballaib. ― Thus God has made man's body of many members.
    Is ferr precept oldaas labrad il-béelre. ― Preaching is better than speaking many languages.
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4d15
      In Belzefuth: is béss didu ind lïacc benir il-béim friss, et intí do·thuit foir ɔ·boing a chnámi, intí fora tuit-som immurgu at·bail-side.
      The Beelzebub: it is the custom, then, of the stone that many blows are hit on it, and he who falls upon it breaks his bones; however, he whom it falls on perishes
    • c. 845, St Gall Glosses on Priscian, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1975, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. II, pp. 49–224, Sg. 26b7
      De dliguth trá inna n-il-toimdden sin, is de gaibthi “igitur”; quasi dixisset “Ní fail ní nád taí mo dligeth-sa fair i ndegaid na comroircnech.”
      Of the law then, of those many opinions, it is thereof that he recites “igitur”; as if he had said, “There is nothing which my law does not touch upon after the erroneous ones.

Inflection[edit]

As a preposed adjective, usually uninflected, but the following forms are found occasionally:

  • Nominative/accusative plural: ili
  • Dative plural: ilib

Derived terms[edit]

Descendants[edit]

Mutation[edit]

Old Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Nasalization
il unchanged n-il
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every
possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Further reading[edit]

Old Norse[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *iljō, *ili (“sole”).

Noun[edit]

il f (genitive iljar, plural iljar)

  1. the sole of the foot

Declension[edit]

  Declension of il (strong jō-stem)
feminine singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative il ilin iljar iljarnar
accusative il ilina iljar iljarnar
dative il ilinni iljum iljunum
genitive iljar iljarinnar ilja iljanna

Descendants[edit]

  • Icelandic: il
  • Faroese: il
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: il
  • Norwegian Bokmål: il
  • Old Swedish: il

References[edit]

“il”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Somali[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Cushitic *ʔil-. Cognates include Oromo ija, Sidamo ille and Jiiddu el.[1]

Noun[edit]

il

  1. eye

References[edit]

  • “il” In: Abdullah Umar Mansur (1985) Qaamuska Afsoomaliga.
  1. ^ Salim Alio Ibro (1998) English-Jiddu-Somali Mini-Dictionary, Victoria, Australia: La Trobe University Language Center, →ISBN

Swedish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From ila (“to hurry”).

Noun[edit]

il c

  1. (archaic) a gust; a strong, abrupt rush of wind
  2. (archaic) Synonym of ilning
  3. (archaic) hurry

Declension[edit]

Declension of il 
Singular Plural
Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite
Nominative il ilen ilar ilarna
Genitive ils ilens ilars ilarnas

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

Turkish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Ottoman Turkish ایل (il), from Proto-Turkic *ēl (“realm”). Doublet of el.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

il (definite accusative ili, plural iller)

  1. province

Declension[edit]

Inflection
Nominative il
Definite accusative ili
Singular Plural
Nominative il iller
Definite accusative ili illeri
Dative ile illere
Locative ilde illerde
Ablative ilden illerden
Genitive ilin illerin

Tzotzil[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

il

  1. (transitive) to see

References[edit]

Yucatec Maya[edit]

Verb[edit]

il (transitive)

  1. to see
  2. to visit

Conjugation[edit]

conjugation of il
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
imperfective kin wilik ka wilik ku yilik k ilik ka wilikeʼex ku yilikoʼob
perfective tin wilaj ta wilaj tu yilaj t k ilaj ta wilajeʼex tu yilajoʼob
subjunctive ka in wilej ka a wilej ka u yilej ka k ilej ka a wileʼex ka u yiloʼob
imperative - ilej - - ileʼex -
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