sa

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "sa"

Translingual[edit]

Symbol[edit]

sa

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Sanskrit.

Abau[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. woman

References[edit]

  • transnewguinea.org, citing D. C. Laycock, Languages of the Lumi Subdistrict (West Sepik District), New Guinea (1968), Oceanic Linguistics, 7 (1): 36-66

Acehnese[edit]

Acehnese cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa
    Ordinal : phôn

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation[edit]

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. one

Ainu[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa (Kana spelling サ)

  1. elder sister
    Synonym: nanna

References[edit]

  • John Batchelor (1905) An Ainu-English-Japanese dictionary (including a grammar of the Ainu language)‎[3], Tokyo, London: Methodist Publishing House; Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner Co., page 385
  • Vovin, Alexander V. (2016) “On the Linguistic Prehistory of Hokkaidō”, in Gruzdeva Ekaterina, Janhunen Juha, editors, Crosslinguistics and Linguistic Crossings in Northeast Asia. Papers on the Languages of Sakhalin and Adjacent Regions (Studia Orientalia; 117), Helsinki, pages 29–38

Albanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Albanian *si-a, a combination of two pronominal members, Proto-Indo-European *kʷih₂ and *h₂ew-/*h₂en-. Alternatively from Proto-Albanian *tšja[1] or, as per Meyer, from Greek σαν (san, “when, whenever”).[2]

Pronoun[edit]

sa

  1. how much

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Orel, Vladimir E. (1998) “sa”, in Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 392
  2. ^ Meyer, G. (1891) “sa”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache [Etymological Dictionary of the Albanian Language] (in German), Strasbourg: Karl J. Trübner, →DOI, page 375

Ama[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. rain

Atong (India)[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Numeral[edit]

sa (Bengali script সা)

  1. one

Synonyms[edit]

References[edit]

Bahnar[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Bahnaric *caː, from Proto-Mon-Khmer *caʔ (“to eat”); cognate with Halang cha, Koho saa, Semai ca, Pacoh cha, Khmer ស៊ី (si) and Mon စ (cɛˀ).

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. to eat

Balinese[edit]

Romanization[edit]

sa

  1. Romanization of ᬲ

Banjarese[edit]

Banjarese cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology[edit]

Shortened form of asa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. one

Derived terms[edit]

Catalan[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Old Catalan sa~san, from Latin sānus, from Proto-Indo-European *swā-n- (“healthy; whole; active; vigorous”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

sa (feminine sana, masculine plural sans, feminine plural sanes)

  1. healthy
Derived terms[edit]
Related terms[edit]

Etymology 2[edit]

From Latin ipsa.

Article[edit]

sa f

  1. (Balearic) nominative feminine singular of es

References[edit]

Chipewyan[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Compare South Slavey sa

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. sun
  2. watch

Drung[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/p-wa.

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. tooth

References[edit]

Ross Perlin (2019) A Grammar of Trung‎[4], Santa Barbara: University of California

Duriankere[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. water

Further reading[edit]

Duun[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. fire

Further reading[edit]

Eastern Cham[edit]

Eastern Cham cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation[edit]

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. one

Estonian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • Sa (optional capitalization)

Etymology[edit]

Short form of sina

Pronoun[edit]

sa (genitive su, partitive sind, long form sina)

  1. you, thou (in unstressed positions)
    Mis sa teed seal? ― What are you doing there?

Declension[edit]

Declension of sa
2nd person singular plural
long short long short
nominative sina sa teie te
genitive sinu su teie te
partitive sind teid
illative sinusse susse teisse
inessive sinus sus teis
elative sinust sust teist
allative sinule sulle teile
adessive sinul sul teil
ablative sinult sult teilt
translative sinuks – teieks teiks
terminative sinuni – teieni –
essive sinuna – teiena –
abessive sinuta – teieta –
comitative sinuga suga teiega –

See also[edit]

Estonian personal pronouns
singular plural
long short long short
1st person mina ma meie me
2nd person familiar sina sa teie te
polite Teie Te
3rd person animate tema ta nemad nad
inanimate see need

Further reading[edit]

  • “sa”, in [EKSS] Eesti keele seletav sõnaraamat [Descriptive Dictionary of the Estonian Language] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2009
  • “sa”, in [ÕS] Eesti õigekeelsussõnaraamat ÕS 2018 [Estonian Spelling Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2018, →ISBN
  • sa in Sõnaveeb (Eesti Keele Instituut)

Finnish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

See sinä.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /ˈsɑ/, [ˈs̠ɑ̝]
  • Rhymes: -ɑ
  • Syllabification(key): sa

Pronoun[edit]

sa

  1. (personal, archaic, poetic) you (singular; in archaic English: thou).

Synonyms[edit]

Further reading[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Old French sa, from Latin sua feminine form of suus.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /sa/
  • audio(file)

Determiner[edit]

sa f sg

  1. (possessive) his, her, its, their, one's
    Emma est allée chez sa sœur.
    Emma went to her sister's house.
    Pierre a perdu sa carte d’identité.
    Pierre has lost his identity card.
    Sa voiture est blanche.
    Their car is white.

Related terms[edit]

Possessee
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine
Possessor Singular First person mon1 ma mes
Second person ton1 ta tes
Third person son1 sa ses
Plural First person notre nos
Second person votre2 vos2
Third person leur leurs
1 Also used before feminine adjectives and nouns beginning with a vowel or mute h.
2 Also used as the polite singular form.

Further reading[edit]

Anagrams[edit]

Futuna-Aniwa[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Polynesian *saqa.

Adjective[edit]

sa

  1. bad
  2. ugly

Galician[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Either from Proto-Germanic *saliz (“house, hall”),[1] or from Proto-Germanic *sēaną (“to sow”).[2]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa f (plural sas)

  1. generation, litter
  2. sowing season

References[edit]

  • “sa” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
  1. ^ Joan Coromines, José A. Pascual (1983–1991) “sala”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos
  2. ^ Piel, J. M. (1973), "Betrachtungen zu hisp.-got. *sala, gal.-pg. Sáa, Sá", in Studia Iberica. Festschrift für Hans Flache. München: Francke Verlag. page 463.

Garo[edit]

Garo cardinal numbers
1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *tjak ~ g-t(j)ik. Cognate with Tibetan གཅིག (gcig), Burmese တစ် (tac).

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. one

Gothic[edit]

Romanization[edit]

sa

  1. Romanization of 𐍃𐌰

Guaraní[edit]

Adjective[edit]

sa

  1. (cardinal number) one hundred

Derived terms[edit]

Hadza[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. to rain

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. the form of sako or its inflections after a determiner

Haitian Creole[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From French ça.

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. can, to be able to

Determiner[edit]

sa

  1. this
  2. these
    • 2019 March 19, “Rankont ann Itali ant Anvwaye Espesyal Etazini ak Larisi sou Kriz Venezuela a”, in Lavwadlamerik‎[6]:
      Dapre Misey Guaido, 2 peyi sa yo ap defann sèlman enterè biznis yo ak Venezuela.
      According to Mr. Guaido, these two countries are only defending their business interests in Venezuela.
  3. that
  4. those

Pronoun[edit]

sa

  1. (demonstrative) this
  2. (demonstrative) these
  3. (demonstrative) that
  4. (demonstrative) those
  5. (interrogative) what
  6. (relative) what

Derived terms[edit]

Haroi[edit]

Haroi cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. one

Hausa[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Generally thought to be from Proto-Chadic (compare Proto-Central Chadic *ɬa, whence Mbuko slā, Uldeme slà, Bana slá, Muyang ɬà, Moloko ɬa, Zulgo-Gemzek sla, Podoko sla, Daba zlà, Lagwan nsla), but Newman dissents and considers it a possible borrowing.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sâ m (feminine sānìyā, plural shānū, possessed form sân)

  1. bull, ox, cattle

Higaonon[edit]

Preposition[edit]

sa

  1. of

Iban[edit]

Affix[edit]

sa

  1. short form for satu, often pronounced as se-.
  2. combine with a verb in nasal form e.g. se +‎ kayoh (kayoh means "paddle") to form a noun sengayoh (a paddle).
  3. combine with a verb in nasal form and a prefix pe- e.g. sa +‎ pe +‎ san (san means "a load") to form a noun sapenyan (as much as one can carry) and sa +‎ pe +‎ temu (temu means "opinion") to form sapenemu (as much as one knows).

References[edit]

  • Richards, Anthony. An Iban-English Dictionary, Volume 1 Clarendon Press. 1981.

Ido[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Determiner[edit]

sa

  1. (archaic) Alternative form of sua.
    • 1909-1910, Progreso – duesma yaro, page 40:
      Segun sa opiniono la max (maxim) importanta neceso por I.L. esas la max granda perfekteso, e ne la amaso di adheranti, [...]
      According to his opionion the most important necessity for an I.L. is the perfection, and not the amount of adherents, [...]

Igbo[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

  • (inherent tone): IPA(key): /sá/

Verb[edit]

sá

  1. to wash, to scrub.
    Ana m asa efere.
    I am washing plates.

Indonesian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Clipping of saya.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /sa/
  • Hyphenation: sa

Pronoun[edit]

sa

  1. (Papua) I (first person singular prononun)

Irish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”), from Proto-Celtic *in sindū/sindai (“in the m sg/f sg dative”), *in sindom/sindam (“into the m sg/f sg accusative”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Contraction[edit]

sa

  1. Contraction of i + an.
    Tá an fear sa bhád. ― The man is in the boat
    Tá na páistí ag súgradh sa tsráid. ― The children are playing in the street.
    Táimid inár suí sa seomra (or) tseomra. ― We are sitting in the room.

Usage notes[edit]

This contraction is obligatory, i.e. *i an never appears uncontracted. Used before consonant sounds only; otherwise, san is used. Triggers:

  • lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in Ulster varieties,
  • lenition of b, c, g, m, p, changes initial s to ts, and triggers eclipsis of f in Munster varieties,
  • eclipsis and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns while not affecting s in masculine nouns in Connacht varieties,
  • in An Caighdeán Oifigiúil causes lenition of b, c, f, g, m, p and changes initial s to ts in feminine nouns (An Córas Lárnach) or all nouns (Córas an tSéimhithe).

Often understood to be a contraction of ins an, but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while ins is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.

Related terms[edit]

Irish preposition contractions
Basic form Contracted with Copular forms
an (“the sg”) na (“the pl”) mo (“my”) do (“your”) a (“his, her, their; which (present)”) ár (“our”) ar (“which (past)”) (before consonant) (present/future before vowel) (past/conditional before vowel)
de (“from”) den de na
desna*		 de mo
dem*		 de do
ded*, det*		 dá dár dar darb darbh
do (“to, for”) don do na
dosna*		 do mo
dom*		 do do
dod*, dot*		 dá dár dar darb darbh
faoi (“under, about”) faoin faoi na faoi mo faoi do faoina faoinár faoinar faoinarb faoinarbh
i (“in”) sa, san sna i mo
im*		 i do
id*, it*		 ina inár inar inarb inarbh
le (“with”) leis an leis na le mo
lem*		 le do
led*, let*		 lena lenár lenar lenarb lenarbh
ó (“from, since”) ón ó na
ósna*		 ó mo
óm*		 ó do
ód*, ót*		 óna ónár ónar ónarb ónarbh
trí (“through”) tríd an trí na trí mo trí do trína trínár trínar trínarb trínarbh
*Dialectal.

References[edit]

  • Osborn Bergin (1916) “Irish Grammatical Tracts (Introductory)”, in Ériu, volume 8, Supplement, Royal Irish Academy, →DOI, →JSTOR, §67, page 17
  • McKenna, Lambert, editor (1944), Bardic Syntactical Tracts, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 113: “Before pl. art. i n- gives is na, ’sna; in such cases a h- gives as na. (…) Before sg. art. i n- is isin, san (often sa before consonants).”
  • G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), chapter I, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
  • Gramadach na Gaeilge: An Caighdeán Oifigiúil‎[7], Seirbhís Thithe an Oireachtais, 2017, pages 8–10, 15–18

Further reading[edit]

  • Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “sa”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
  • Entries containing “sa” in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm, 1959, by Tomás de Bhaldraithe.
  • Entries containing “sa” in New English-Irish Dictionary by Foras na Gaeilge.

Italian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • sà (misspelling)

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. third-person singular present indicative of sapere
    Giovanni sa dov'è Laura. ― Giovanni knows where Laura is.

References[edit]

Japanese[edit]

Romanization[edit]

sa

  1. Rōmaji transcription of さ
  2. Rōmaji transcription of サ

Jarai[edit]

Jarai cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. one

Kabyle[edit]

Kabyle cardinal numbers
 <  6 7 8  > 
    Cardinal : sa
    Arabic loanword : sebɛa

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Berber.

Pronunciation[edit]

Numeral[edit]

sa (feminine sat)

  1. seven
    Synonym: sebɛa

Kamakan[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. (Kotoxo) water

References[edit]

  • Chestmir Loukotka, La família lingüística Kamakan del Brasil
  • Márcio Silva Martins Andérbio, Revisão da família lingüística Kamakã proposta por Chestmir Loukotka (thesis, Université de Brasilia, 2007 page 52)

Lhao Vo[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-hjwəj-t (“water; liquid; body fluid”). Cognate with Lashi suid" and Burmese သွေး (swe:).

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. blood

References[edit]

  • Dr. Ola Hanson, "A Dictionary of the Kachin Language" (1906).

Ligurian[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. third-person singular present indicative of savéi

Livonian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

A shorter form of sinā.

Pronoun[edit]

sa

  1. you; second person pronoun, referring to the addressee

Declension[edit]

Declension of sa
singular (ikšlug) plural (pǟgiņlug)
nominative (nominatīv) sinā
sa 		tēg
teg
genitive (genitīv) sin täd
partitive (partitīv) sīnda tēḑi
dative (datīv) sinnõn
sin 		täddõn
tän
instrumental (instrumentāl) sinkõks tädkõks
illative (illatīv) sinnõ
sinnõz 		tēži
inessive (inesīv) sinsõ tēši
elative (elatīv) sinstõ tēšti

See also[edit]

References[edit]

Renāte Blumberga, Tapio Mäkeläinen, Karl Pajusalu (2013), Lībieši: vēsture, valoda un kultūra, Rīga: Līvõ Kultūr sidām, →ISBN

Louisiana Creole[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from French sera (“will be”) or similar (e.g., seras), an inflection of French être (“to be”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. (auxiliary, copulative) will be

Related terms[edit]

Lower Sorbian[edit]

Preposition[edit]

sa

  1. Obsolete spelling of za

Macanese[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Reduced form of sua. Semantically derived from Cantonese 嘅 (ge3, “possessive marker”).

Particle[edit]

sa

  1. particle appended after pronouns to denote ownership: -'s
    iou-sa filo ― my child
    êle-sa ― his; her; their (sg.)
    ilôtro-sa casa ― their (pl.) house
    uví mai-sa ladínha ― to listen to mother's scolding

Usage notes[edit]

  • According to native speakers, sa is more commonly used than sua.
  • The particle is not inflected for gender.
  • Almost always spelt connected using a hyphen in the vast majority of writings, but not mandatory.

Related terms[edit]

See also[edit]

Macanese personal pronouns (edit)
Person Singular Possessive Plural Possessive Reflexive Possessive
First iou, io, mi*, ieu* iou-sa, iou-sua#, minha, io-sa, io-sua# nôs, nosôtro* nôs-sa, nôsso, nôs-sua# onçóm su, onçóm-sa*, onçóm-sua#
Second vôs vôs-sa, vôsso, su, vôs-sua# vosôtro vosôtro-sa, su, vosôtro-sua#
Third êle, êla* êle-sa, su, êle-sua# ilôtro, elôtro*, olôtro*, ulôtro* ilôtro-sa, su, ilôtro-sua#

#: dated.
*: rare.

References[edit]

Malay[edit]

Malay cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Shortened form of esa, from Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation[edit]

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. (1924-1972) Obsolete spelling of se

Derived terms[edit]

Maltese[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Probably from Arabic حَتَّى (ḥattā, “until; as far as; even”). The form, though without doubt unusual, might be explained from earlier *ħta by assimilation in fast speech. Compare Moroccan Arabic حتى (ḥta). Compare also Spanish hasta, which, if related, might point to the existence of an obsolete Maghrebi variant *ḥastā (-). Joseph Aquilina preferred to derive the Maltese form from a contraction of Italian sino a, variant of fino a (“until; as far as”). Both may also have reinforced each other.

Pronunciation[edit]

Preposition[edit]

sa

  1. until
    Se nħobbok sal-aħħar nifs ta’ ħajti.
    I’ll love you until the last breath of my life.
  2. as far as

Derived terms[edit]

Mandarin[edit]

Romanization[edit]

sa (sa5／sa0, Zhuyin ˙ㄙㄚ)

  1. Hanyu Pinyin reading of 𠮿

sa

  1. Nonstandard spelling of sā.
  2. Nonstandard spelling of sǎ.
  3. Nonstandard spelling of sà.

Usage notes[edit]

  • Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Maranao[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. tea

References[edit]

Masalit[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. water

References[edit]

  • Timothy Leffel, Focus constructions in Masalit (New York University, 05/31/2011)

Matal[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Likely from Proto-Chadic *sa (“to drink”).[1] Cognate with Mpade se (“to drink”).

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. to drink
    Kà uwana may azà à gi, kavàw à gi tatak may, nəlay akə̀s à gi, katə̀ɗàw gi iyaw gəsà, gəgà məlok gà, kakə̀sàw gi la ahàl səla. (Mata 25:35)[2]
    For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink (lit: so I drank), I was a stranger and you welcomed me as a guest. (Matthew 25:35)
    Kəla uwabeyuwi uwana asà iyaw aŋa suwa uwanay, nəlay adàkəsay aya (Yuhana 4:13)[3]
    Everyone who drinks of this water will be thirsty again.(John 4:13)

Etymology 2[edit]

Likely from Proto-Chadic *(-)sə (“to come”).[4]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. to come
    La kità Yuhana asà à waŋ, azùw aw, asà aw, ŋgaha azladza tagòɗ kà: 'Masla la masasəɗok mawisiga.' (Mata 11:18)[5]
    For John came neither eating nor drinking, and they say, ‘He has a demon!’ (Matthew 11:18)
    La mavakay uwatà Yesu asà à uda la kay, ŋgaha ahàd adzà madzay la gay dərəv kà matapla tatak à azladza. (Matthew 13:1)[6]
    ​On that day Jesus came out of the house and was sitting by the sea. (Matthew 13:1)
    "Sà à waŋ, sà à waŋ", tagòɗ à mamətsay, ama mamətsay ahòy atà à ahàl. (Mafətala 9:6)[7]
    Come here, come here, they said to the death, but the death flew from them (Revelation 9:6)

References[edit]

  1. ^ Newman, Paul (1977) Chadic Classification and Reconstructions (Afroasiatic Linguistics; 5)‎[1], number 1, Malibu: Undena
  2. ^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/25#35
  3. ^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/John/4#13
  4. ^ Newman, Paul (1977) Chadic Classification and Reconstructions (Afroasiatic Linguistics; 5)‎[2], number 1, Malibu: Undena
  5. ^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/11#18
  6. ^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Matt/13#1
  7. ^ http://listen.bible.is/MFHWYI/Rev/9

Minangkabau[edit]

Minangkabau cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Malayic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. one

Synonyms[edit]

Derived terms[edit]

Northern Roglai[edit]

Northern Roglai cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. one

Norwegian Bokmål[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. simple past of si

Norwegian Nynorsk[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. past of seia

Ojibwe[edit]

Particle[edit]

sa

  1. emphasis marker
    Mii sa go ozhiitaawaad igo.
    They were getting ready.

References[edit]

Old French[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Latin sua, feminine of suus.

Determiner[edit]

sa f (masculine son, plural ses)

  1. his/hers/its (third-person singular possessive)

Descendants[edit]

  • French: sa

Old Frisian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Germanic *swa.

Conjunction[edit]

sā

  1. so
  2. as
  3. or

Old Irish[edit]

Determiner[edit]

sa

  1. Alternative spelling of so

Pali[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Alternative forms
Alternative forms

Pronoun[edit]

sa

  1. he, it

Adjective[edit]

sa

  1. masculine nominative singular of ta (“that”)

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. vocative singular of san (“dog”)

Palu'e[edit]

Palu'e cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *isa, *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *isa, *əsa, *asa.

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. one

Papiamentu[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Portuguese saber and Spanish saber and Kabuverdianu sabe.

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. to know

Pawaia[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. water

References[edit]

  • Phonological Considerations of Pawaia, in Oceania Linguistic Monographs, issues 14-15 (1971)
  • Transnewguinea.org, citing both D. Trefry, A comparative study of Kuman and Pawaian (1969) and G. E. MacDonald, The Teberan Language Family, pages 111-121, in The Linguistic Situation in the Gulf District and Adjacent Area, Papua New Guinea (editor K. J. Franklin) (1973)

Rade[edit]

Rade cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. one

Rawang[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. to wait.

Etymology 2[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. bird; fowl.

Romani[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sa

  1. all

Romanian[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Vulgar Latin *sa, from Latin sua, the feminine form of suus.

Pronunciation[edit]

Determiner[edit]

sa f

  1. feminine singular of său: his/her

Pronoun[edit]

sa f (possessive pronouns)

  1. (preceded by "a") his/hers (that which is his or hers)

Sardinian[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

  • s' (apocopated, used before vowels)

Etymology[edit]

From Latin ipsa (“herself”), feminine of ipse (“himself”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Article[edit]

sa f (plural (Logudorese, Nuorese) sas or (Campidanese) is, masculine su)

  1. (Logudorese, Campidanese, Nuorese) the (feminine singular definite article)

References[edit]

  • Rubattu, Antoninu (2006) Dizionario universale della lingua di Sardegna, 2nd edition, Sassari: Edes
  • Wagner, Max Leopold (1960–1964) “ísse”, in Dizionario etimologico sardo, Heidelberg

Scottish Gaelic[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Middle Irish (i)sind, (i)sin, from Old Irish isin(d/t) (“in the m or f or n sg dative”), isin (“into the m or f sg accusative”), isa (“into the n sg accusative”).

Preposition[edit]

sa

  1. in the
    sa bhliadhna de dh'aois Chrìost ― in the year of our Lord, anno domini

Usage notes[edit]

  • Triggers lenition.
  • This form is used before nouns beginning with b, c, g, m or p; otherwise san is used instead.
  • Often understood to be a contraction of anns a', but the forms san, sa were in common use by the 12th century and accepted in Classical Gaelic poetry while anns is a later innovation with the -n- reintroduced by analogy.

Related terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • Osborn Bergin (1916) “Irish Grammatical Tracts (Introductory)”, in Ériu, volume 8, Supplement, Royal Irish Academy, →DOI, →JSTOR, §67, page 17
  • McKenna, Lambert, editor (1944), Bardic Syntactical Tracts, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies, page 113: “Before pl. art. i n- gives is na, ’sna; in such cases a h- gives as na. (…) Before sg. art. i n- is isin, san (often sa before consonants).”
  • G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), chapter I, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language

Serbo-Croatian[edit]

Preposition[edit]

sa (Cyrillic spelling са)

  1. Alternative form of s; used instead of s when the following word or group of words start with sibilants s, z, š or ž and before instrumental form of first-person pronoun ja (mnom).

Slovak[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Slavic *sę, from Proto-Balto-Slavic *sen, from Proto-Indo-European *swé.

Pronunciation[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sa

  1. replaces the accusative of any personal pronoun whenever the object, whether expressed or implied, is of the same person as the subject. Typically can be translated as the corresponding version of oneself:
    vidím sa v zrkadle ― I see myself in the mirror
    Koho vidíš v zrkadle? Seba. ― Whom do you see in the mirror? Myself.
  2. (reflexive) bound with certain verbs, similar to the Italian si. The pronoun is a part of the verb
    modliť sa ― to pray

Usage notes[edit]

  • In regular sentences, it has to be on the 2nd position of the sentence.
    Modlím sa. ― I am praying.
  • In sentences in the past tense, sa moves to the third position while the inflected form of the verb byť takes the 2nd position.
    Modlil som sa. ― I was praying.
  • In hypothetical sentences, sa moves to the fourth position of the sentences with the inflected form of byť occupying the 3rd position and the pronoun by taking the 2nd position.
    Modlil by som sa, keby... ― I would pray, if ...

See also[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • “sa”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV [Dictionary portal of the Ľ. Štúr Institute of Linguistics, Slovak Academy of Science] (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024

South Slavey[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Athabaskan *x̯ʷa. Cognates include Navajo shá and Dogrib sa.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): [sà(ʔ)]
  • Hyphenation: sa

Noun[edit]

sa (stem -za-)

  1. sun
  2. month

Declension[edit]

Possessive inflection of sa (-zaá)
singular plural
1st person sezaá naxezaá
2nd person nezaá
3rd person 1) — gizaá
2) mezaá gozaá
4th person yezaá
reflexive sp. ɂedezaá kedezaá
unsp. dezaá
reciprocal — ɂełezaá
indefinite ɂezaá
areal gozaá
1) Used when the subject is a group of human beings and the object is singular.
2) Used when the previous condition does not apply.

Derived terms[edit]

References[edit]

  • Keren Rice (1989) A Grammar of Slave, Berlin, West Germany: Mouton de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 215

Southern Ndebele[edit]

Verb[edit]

-sa?

  1. to take

Inflection[edit]

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Sranan Tongo[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From English shall or borrowed from Dutch zal.

Particle[edit]

sa

  1. Verbal marker for modal aspect.
  2. Verbal marker for the future tense.
    Synonym: o
    • 1975, “Basya Adyuku koni”, in Ursy M. Lichtveld, Jan Voorhoeve, editors, Creole drum. An Anthology of Creole Literature in Surinam‎[8], New Haven, London: Yale University Press, →ISBN, page 86:
      A krabdagu taki: - Angri e kiri mi ba. A di mi si yu e nyan, ne mi kon.
      Adyuku taki: - We san mi e nyan, mi no sabi efu yu sa nyan en. Na kasaba dokun mi tyari. Efu yu sa nyan en, dan mi sa gi yu.
      The crab-eating raccoon said: 'I'm starving, brother. When I saw that you're eating, I came over immediately.
      Adyuku said: 'I say, I don't know whether you'll [want to] eat what I'm eating. I brought cassava duckanoo. If you'll eat it, then I'll give it to you.
    • 1999, Hillary de Bruin, “Liederen uit de praktijk van de duman [Songs from the Winti priest's practice]”, in OSO. Tijdschrift voor Surinaamse taalkunde, letterkunde en geschiedenis‎[9], Instituut ter Bevordering van de Surinamistiek, →ISSN, page 152:
      Blesi sa kon bogobogo, Masra pramis' m'anga yu, Lek'wan alen a sa wiki, Kraf' den di bribi fu tru, Sula fu seigi, wan dei sa was' kon na gron, now wan tu dropu de spiti, ma sibibusi sa kon
      Blessing will come abundantly / the Lord promised to me and you / like a rainshower it will awaken / strengthen those who truly believe / With cataracts of blessing / one day the ground will be awash / now a few droplets are spitting / but torrential rains will come

Etymology 2[edit]

From English saw.

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. A saw (tool with a serrated blade, used for sawing).

Sumerian[edit]

Romanization[edit]

sa

  1. Romanization of 𒊓 (sa)

Swazi[edit]

Verb[edit]

-sá

  1. to dawn

Inflection[edit]

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Swedish[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Apocopic form of sade

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. (somewhat informal) past indicative of säga

Anagrams[edit]

Tagalog[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *sa. Compare Bikol Central sa, Cebuano sa, Hiligaynon sa, Waray-Waray ha, Tausug ha, and Gorontalo ta.

Pronunciation[edit]

Preposition[edit]

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

  1. indirect object marker: to
    Binigay ko na ang lahat sa kaibigan ko. ― I already gave everything to my friend.
  2. used to refer to the location of something or some action: in; at; on (not used in a positive equational sentence)
    Sa Pilipinas ako ipinanganak. ― I was born in the Philippines.
    Wala siya sa opisina. ― He's not at the office.
  3. used to refer towards a location: to; toward
    Pupunta siya sa sinehan mamaya. ― He's going to the movies later.
  4. used to refer to accompaniment: with; together with; in company with
    Sumama si Juan sa tatay niya. ― Juan went with his father.
  5. used to refer to a time period: at; on; in; during (of a year, month, day of the week, time of day, etc.)
    Sa Lunes kami uuwi. ― We're going home on Monday.
  6. used in comparisons: than
    Synonym: kaysa
    Mas mabilis ang eroplano sa kotse mo. ― The airplane is faster than your car.
  7. used to refer to a place of origin or where one comes from: from; of (usually with galing or tubo)
    Tubo siya sa Cebu. ― He is a native from Cebu.
  8. a prescribed point in time when something occurred: upon; on; at the time of
    Sa pagpasok niya sa bahay, tumunog ang telepono. ― Upon his entrance to the house, the telephone rang.
  9. used to refer to the cause: due to; from; of
    Namatay sila sa gutom. ― They died of hunger.
  10. used to refer to the basis: on the basis of; on
    Lumabas ang estudyante sa pahintulot ng guro. ― The student went out based on the permission from the teacher.
  11. used to refer to one's dependence on or use of: on; through the use of
    Nabuhay sila sa tubig at tinapay lamang. ― They lived only on water and bread.
  12. used in combination with other words to form more specific prepositional phrases
    sa pamamagitan ng ― by means of
    mula sa ― from
Usage notes[edit]
Derived terms[edit]
See also[edit]
Tagalog markers
Direct (ang) Indirect (ng) Oblique (sa)
Common Singular ang ng sa
Plural ang mga ng mga sa mga
Personal Singular si ni kay
Plural / Polite sina nina kina

Etymology 2[edit]

Influenced by Baybayin character ᜐ (sa).

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter S/s, in the Abakada alphabet.
    Synonyms: (in the Filipino alphabet) es, (in the Abecedario) ese
See also[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

See tsa.

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa (Baybayin spelling ᜐ)

  1. Obsolete form of tsa.

Further reading[edit]

  • “sa”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018

Talysh[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Cognate with Persian صد (sad).

Numeral[edit]

sa

Tausug[edit]

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *salaq.

Noun[edit]

sā

  1. fault, mistake

Tooro[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Inherited from Common Bantu *-ca (“empty”).

Pronunciation[edit]

Adjective[edit]

-sa (declinable)

  1. (rare) empty, bare
    Near-synonym: -onka
    bigere bisa ― barefoot

Declension[edit]

Inflected forms of -sa
Noun class indefinite definite
singular plural singular plural
1/2 musa basa omusa abasa
3/4 musa misa omusa emisa
5/6 lisa masa erisa amasa
7/8 kisa bisa ekisa ebisa
9/10 nsa nsa ensa ensa
11/10 rusa orusa
12/14 kasa busa akasa obusa
13 tusa otusa
14/6 busa masa obusa amasa
15/6 kusa okusa
16 hasa ahasa

Derived terms[edit]

  • busa (“naked; nothing”)

References[edit]

  1. Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎[10], Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 349
  2. Rubongoya, L. T. (2013) Katondogorozi y'Orunyoro-Rutooro n'Orungereza [Runyoro-Rutooro-English and English-Runyoro-Rutooro dictionary]‎[11], Kampala: Modrug Publishers, →ISBN, page 352
  3. Entry 9239 at Bantu Lexical Reconstructions 3

Tunica[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. dog

Turkish[edit]

Phrase[edit]

sa

  1. (Internet) Initialism of selamünaleyküm.

Vietnamese[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Sino-Vietnamese word from 紗.

Noun[edit]

sa

  1. (medicine equipment) gauze

Etymology 2[edit]

Alternative forms[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. to fall (especially from the sky); to drop down; to prolapse

Welsh[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa (not mutable)

  1. (South Wales) first-person singular present negative colloquial of bod
    Sa i’n gwybod.
    I don’t know.
  2. (colloquial) Contraction of basai.

Usage notes[edit]

Unlike other negative verb forms, the present negative form—and so, which is used for all other persons—is not complemented by ddim after the subject.

West Frisian[edit]

Conjunction[edit]

sa

  1. so

Further reading[edit]

  • “sa (I)”, in Wurdboek fan de Fryske taal (in Dutch), 2011

West Makian[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. (stative) to be bad
  2. (stative) to be rotten

Conjugation[edit]

Conjugation of sa (stative verb)
singular plural
inclusive exclusive
1st person tisa misa asa
2nd person nisa fisa
3rd person inanimate isa disa
animate masa
imperative —, sa —, sa

References[edit]

  • Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours‎[12], Pacific linguistics

Western Cham[edit]

Western Cham cardinal numbers
 <  0 1 2  > 
    Cardinal : sa

Etymology[edit]

From Proto-Chamic *sa, from Proto-Malayo-Chamic *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Sumbawan *əsa, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əsa, from Proto-Austronesian *əsa.

Pronunciation[edit]

Numeral[edit]

sa

  1. one

Xaragure[edit]

Etymology[edit]

Compare Drehu xe (“smack”).

Verb[edit]

sa

  1. hit

References[edit]

  • Claire Moyse-Faurie, Constructions expressing middle, reflexive and reciprocal situations in some Oceanic languages, in Reciprocals and Reflexives: Theoretical and Typological Explorations

Xhosa[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

Verb[edit]

-sa?

  1. to take
Inflection[edit]

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Etymology 2[edit]

Pronunciation[edit]

Ideophone[edit]

sâ

  1. Signifies scattering.

Yámana[edit]

Pronoun[edit]

sa

  1. you

Zhuang[edit]

Etymology[edit]

This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Related to Mandarin 沙 (shā) or Lao ຊາຍ (sāi) and Thai ทราย (traai)?”

Pronunciation[edit]

Noun[edit]

sa (Sawndip form 砟, 1957–1982 spelling sa)

  1. sand

Adjective[edit]

sa (1957–1982 spelling sa)

  1. sandy

Zou[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *saa.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /sà/
  • Hyphenation: sa

Adjective[edit]

sa

  1. hot

Etymology 2[edit]

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *shaa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sja-n.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /sǎ/
  • Hyphenation: sa

Noun[edit]

sá

  1. meat
  2. animal
Derived terms[edit]

Etymology 3[edit]

From Proto-Kuki-Chin *tshaʔ.

Pronunciation[edit]

  • IPA(key): /sâ/
  • Hyphenation: sa

Adjective[edit]

sà

  1. dense, thick

References[edit]

  • Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 62

Zulu[edit]

Etymology 1[edit]

From Proto-Bantu *-kéa.

Verb[edit]

-sá

  1. (intransitive) to dawn
Inflection[edit]
Tone H
Infinitive ukusa
Positive Negative
Infinitive ukusa ukungasi
Imperative
Simple + object concord
Singular yisa -se
Plural yisani -seni
Present
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyasa, ngisa engisayo, engisa ngisa angisi engingasi ngingasi
2nd singular uyasa, usa osayo, osa usa awusi ongasi ungasi
1st plural siyasa, sisa esisayo, esisa sisa asisi esingasi singasi
2nd plural niyasa, nisa enisayo, enisa nisa anisi eningasi ningasi
Class 1 uyasa, usa osayo, osa esa akasi ongasi engasi
Class 2 bayasa, basa abasayo, abasa besa abasi abangasi bengasi
Class 3 uyasa, usa osayo, osa usa awusi ongasi ungasi
Class 4 iyasa, isa esayo, esa isa ayisi engasi ingasi
Class 5 liyasa, lisa elisayo, elisa lisa alisi elingasi lingasi
Class 6 ayasa, asa asayo, asa esa awasi angasi engasi
Class 7 siyasa, sisa esisayo, esisa sisa asisi esingasi singasi
Class 8 ziyasa, zisa ezisayo, ezisa zisa azisi ezingasi zingasi
Class 9 iyasa, isa esayo, esa isa ayisi engasi ingasi
Class 10 ziyasa, zisa ezisayo, ezisa zisa azisi ezingasi zingasi
Class 11 luyasa, lusa olusayo, olusa lusa alusi olungasi lungasi
Class 14 buyasa, busa obusayo, obusa busa abusi obungasi bungasi
Class 15 kuyasa, kusa okusayo, okusa kusa akusi okungasi kungasi
Class 17 kuyasa, kusa okusayo, okusa kusa akusi okungasi kungasi
Recent past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngisile, ngisē engisile, engisē ngisile, ngisē angisanga engingasanga ngingasanga
2nd singular usile, usē osile, osē usile, usē awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
1st plural sisile, sisē esisile, esisē sisile, sisē asisanga esingasanga singasanga
2nd plural nisile, nisē enisile, enisē nisile, nisē anisanga eningasanga ningasanga
Class 1 usile, usē osile, osē esile, esē akasanga ongasanga engasanga
Class 2 basile, basē abasile, abasē besile, besē abasanga abangasanga bengasanga
Class 3 usile, usē osile, osē usile, usē awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
Class 4 isile, isē esile, esē isile, isē ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 5 lisile, lisē elisile, elisē lisile, lisē alisanga elingasanga lingasanga
Class 6 asile, asē asile, asē esile, esē awasanga angasanga engasanga
Class 7 sisile, sisē esisile, esisē sisile, sisē asisanga esingasanga singasanga
Class 8 zisile, zisē ezisile, ezisē zisile, zisē azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 9 isile, isē esile, esē isile, isē ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 10 zisile, zisē ezisile, ezisē zisile, zisē azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 11 lusile, lusē olusile, olusē lusile, lusē alusanga olungasanga lungasanga
Class 14 busile, busē obusile, obusē busile, busē abusanga obungasanga bungasanga
Class 15 kusile, kusē okusile, okusē kusile, kusē akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Class 17 kusile, kusē okusile, okusē kusile, kusē akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Remote past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngāsa engāsa ngāsa angisanga engingasanga ngingasanga
2nd singular wāsa owāsa wāsa awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
1st plural sāsa esāsa sāsa asisanga esingasanga singasanga
2nd plural nāsa enāsa nāsa anisanga eningasanga ningasanga
Class 1 wāsa owāsa āsa akasanga ongasanga engasanga
Class 2 bāsa abāsa bāsa abasanga abangasanga bengasanga
Class 3 wāsa owāsa wāsa awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
Class 4 yāsa eyāsa yāsa ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 5 lāsa elāsa lāsa alisanga elingasanga lingasanga
Class 6 āsa āsa āsa awasanga angasanga engasanga
Class 7 sāsa esāsa sāsa asisanga esingasanga singasanga
Class 8 zāsa ezāsa zāsa azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 9 yāsa eyāsa yāsa ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 10 zāsa ezāsa zāsa azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 11 lwāsa olwāsa lwāsa alusanga olungasanga lungasanga
Class 14 bāsa obāsa bāsa abusanga obungasanga bungasanga
Class 15 kwāsa okwāsa kwāsa akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Class 17 kwāsa okwāsa kwāsa akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Potential
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngingasa — ngingasa ngingese — ngingese
2nd singular ungasa — ungasa ungese — ungese
1st plural singasa — singasa singese — singese
2nd plural ningasa — ningasa ningese — ningese
Class 1 angasa — engasa angese — engese
Class 2 bangasa — bengasa bangese — bengese
Class 3 ungasa — ungasa ungese — ungese
Class 4 ingasa — ingasa ingese — ingese
Class 5 lingasa — lingasa lingese — lingese
Class 6 angasa — engasa angese — engese
Class 7 singasa — singasa singese — singese
Class 8 zingasa — zingasa zingese — zingese
Class 9 ingasa — ingasa ingese — ingese
Class 10 zingasa — zingasa zingese — zingese
Class 11 lungasa — lungasa lungese — lungese
Class 14 bungasa — bungasa bungese — bungese
Class 15 kungasa — kungasa kungese — kungese
Class 17 kungasa — kungasa kungese — kungese
Immediate future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngizokusa engizokusa ngizokusa angizukusa engingezukusa ngingezukusa
2nd singular uzokusa ozokusa uzokusa awuzukusa ongezukusa ungezukusa
1st plural sizokusa esizokusa sizokusa asizukusa esingezukusa singezukusa
2nd plural nizokusa enizokusa nizokusa anizukusa eningezukusa ningezukusa
Class 1 uzokusa ozokusa ezokusa akazukusa ongezukusa engezukusa
Class 2 bazokusa abazokusa bezokusa abazukusa abangezukusa bengezukusa
Class 3 uzokusa ozokusa uzokusa awuzukusa ongezukusa ungezukusa
Class 4 izokusa ezokusa izokusa ayizukusa engezukusa ingezukusa
Class 5 lizokusa elizokusa lizokusa alizukusa elingezukusa lingezukusa
Class 6 azokusa azokusa ezokusa awazukusa angezukusa engezukusa
Class 7 sizokusa esizokusa sizokusa asizukusa esingezukusa singezukusa
Class 8 zizokusa ezizokusa zizokusa azizukusa ezingezukusa zingezukusa
Class 9 izokusa ezokusa izokusa ayizukusa engezukusa ingezukusa
Class 10 zizokusa ezizokusa zizokusa azizukusa ezingezukusa zingezukusa
Class 11 luzokusa oluzokusa luzokusa aluzukusa olungezukusa lungezukusa
Class 14 buzokusa obuzokusa buzokusa abuzukusa obungezukusa bungezukusa
Class 15 kuzokusa okuzokusa kuzokusa akuzukusa okungezukusa kungezukusa
Class 17 kuzokusa okuzokusa kuzokusa akuzukusa okungezukusa kungezukusa
Remote future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyokusa engiyokusa ngiyokusa angiyukusa engingeyukusa ngingeyukusa
2nd singular uyokusa oyokusa uyokusa awuyukusa ongeyukusa ungeyukusa
1st plural siyokusa esiyokusa siyokusa asiyukusa esingeyukusa singeyukusa
2nd plural niyokusa eniyokusa niyokusa aniyukusa eningeyukusa ningeyukusa
Class 1 uyokusa oyokusa eyokusa akayukusa ongeyukusa engeyukusa
Class 2 bayokusa abayokusa beyokusa abayukusa abangeyukusa bengeyukusa
Class 3 uyokusa oyokusa uyokusa awuyukusa ongeyukusa ungeyukusa
Class 4 iyokusa eyokusa iyokusa ayiyukusa engeyukusa ingeyukusa
Class 5 liyokusa eliyokusa liyokusa aliyukusa elingeyukusa lingeyukusa
Class 6 ayokusa ayokusa eyokusa awayukusa angeyukusa engeyukusa
Class 7 siyokusa esiyokusa siyokusa asiyukusa esingeyukusa singeyukusa
Class 8 ziyokusa eziyokusa ziyokusa aziyukusa ezingeyukusa zingeyukusa
Class 9 iyokusa eyokusa iyokusa ayiyukusa engeyukusa ingeyukusa
Class 10 ziyokusa eziyokusa ziyokusa aziyukusa ezingeyukusa zingeyukusa
Class 11 luyokusa oluyokusa luyokusa aluyukusa olungeyukusa lungeyukusa
Class 14 buyokusa obuyokusa buyokusa abuyukusa obungeyukusa bungeyukusa
Class 15 kuyokusa okuyokusa kuyokusa akuyukusa okungeyukusa kungeyukusa
Class 17 kuyokusa okuyokusa kuyokusa akuyukusa okungeyukusa kungeyukusa
Present subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngise ngingasi
2nd singular use ungasi
1st plural sise singasi
2nd plural nise ningasi
Class 1 ase angasi
Class 2 base bangasi
Class 3 use ungasi
Class 4 ise ingasi
Class 5 lise lingasi
Class 6 ase angasi
Class 7 sise singasi
Class 8 zise zingasi
Class 9 ise ingasi
Class 10 zise zingasi
Class 11 luse lungasi
Class 14 buse bungasi
Class 15 kuse kungasi
Class 17 kuse kungasi
Past subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngasa ngangasa, angasa, angangasa
2nd singular wasa wangasa, awasa, awangasa
1st plural sasa sangasa, asasa, asangasa
2nd plural nasa nangasa, anasa, anangasa
Class 1 wasa wangasa, akasa, akangasa
Class 2 basa bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 3 wasa wangasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 4 yasa yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 5 lasa langasa, alasa, alangasa
Class 6 asa angasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 7 sasa sangasa, asasa, asangasa
Class 8 zasa zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 9 yasa yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 10 zasa zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 11 lwasa lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa
Class 14 basa bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 15 kwasa kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa
Class 17 kwasa kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa

Etymology 2[edit]

Clipping of -yisa.

Verb[edit]

-sa

  1. (transitive) to take to
  2. (transitive) to convey, to send, to transfer
Inflection[edit]
Tone L
Infinitive ukusa
Positive Negative
Infinitive ukusa ukungasi
Imperative
Simple + object concord
Singular yisa -se
Plural yisani -seni
Present
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyasa, ngisa engisayo, engisa ngisa angisi engingasi ngingasi
2nd singular uyasa, usa osayo, osa usa awusi ongasi ungasi
1st plural siyasa, sisa esisayo, esisa sisa asisi esingasi singasi
2nd plural niyasa, nisa enisayo, enisa nisa anisi eningasi ningasi
Class 1 uyasa, usa osayo, osa esa akasi ongasi engasi
Class 2 bayasa, basa abasayo, abasa besa abasi abangasi bengasi
Class 3 uyasa, usa osayo, osa usa awusi ongasi ungasi
Class 4 iyasa, isa esayo, esa isa ayisi engasi ingasi
Class 5 liyasa, lisa elisayo, elisa lisa alisi elingasi lingasi
Class 6 ayasa, asa asayo, asa esa awasi angasi engasi
Class 7 siyasa, sisa esisayo, esisa sisa asisi esingasi singasi
Class 8 ziyasa, zisa ezisayo, ezisa zisa azisi ezingasi zingasi
Class 9 iyasa, isa esayo, esa isa ayisi engasi ingasi
Class 10 ziyasa, zisa ezisayo, ezisa zisa azisi ezingasi zingasi
Class 11 luyasa, lusa olusayo, olusa lusa alusi olungasi lungasi
Class 14 buyasa, busa obusayo, obusa busa abusi obungasi bungasi
Class 15 kuyasa, kusa okusayo, okusa kusa akusi okungasi kungasi
Class 17 kuyasa, kusa okusayo, okusa kusa akusi okungasi kungasi
Recent past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngisile, ngisē engisile, engisē ngisile, ngisē angisanga engingasanga ngingasanga
2nd singular usile, usē osile, osē usile, usē awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
1st plural sisile, sisē esisile, esisē sisile, sisē asisanga esingasanga singasanga
2nd plural nisile, nisē enisile, enisē nisile, nisē anisanga eningasanga ningasanga
Class 1 usile, usē osile, osē esile, esē akasanga ongasanga engasanga
Class 2 basile, basē abasile, abasē besile, besē abasanga abangasanga bengasanga
Class 3 usile, usē osile, osē usile, usē awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
Class 4 isile, isē esile, esē isile, isē ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 5 lisile, lisē elisile, elisē lisile, lisē alisanga elingasanga lingasanga
Class 6 asile, asē asile, asē esile, esē awasanga angasanga engasanga
Class 7 sisile, sisē esisile, esisē sisile, sisē asisanga esingasanga singasanga
Class 8 zisile, zisē ezisile, ezisē zisile, zisē azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 9 isile, isē esile, esē isile, isē ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 10 zisile, zisē ezisile, ezisē zisile, zisē azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 11 lusile, lusē olusile, olusē lusile, lusē alusanga olungasanga lungasanga
Class 14 busile, busē obusile, obusē busile, busē abusanga obungasanga bungasanga
Class 15 kusile, kusē okusile, okusē kusile, kusē akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Class 17 kusile, kusē okusile, okusē kusile, kusē akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Remote past
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngāsa engāsa ngāsa angisanga engingasanga ngingasanga
2nd singular wāsa owāsa wāsa awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
1st plural sāsa esāsa sāsa asisanga esingasanga singasanga
2nd plural nāsa enāsa nāsa anisanga eningasanga ningasanga
Class 1 wāsa owāsa āsa akasanga ongasanga engasanga
Class 2 bāsa abāsa bāsa abasanga abangasanga bengasanga
Class 3 wāsa owāsa wāsa awusanga ongasanga ungasanga
Class 4 yāsa eyāsa yāsa ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 5 lāsa elāsa lāsa alisanga elingasanga lingasanga
Class 6 āsa āsa āsa awasanga angasanga engasanga
Class 7 sāsa esāsa sāsa asisanga esingasanga singasanga
Class 8 zāsa ezāsa zāsa azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 9 yāsa eyāsa yāsa ayisanga engasanga ingasanga
Class 10 zāsa ezāsa zāsa azisanga ezingasanga zingasanga
Class 11 lwāsa olwāsa lwāsa alusanga olungasanga lungasanga
Class 14 bāsa obāsa bāsa abusanga obungasanga bungasanga
Class 15 kwāsa okwāsa kwāsa akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Class 17 kwāsa okwāsa kwāsa akusanga okungasanga kungasanga
Potential
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngingasa — ngingasa ngingese — ngingese
2nd singular ungasa — ungasa ungese — ungese
1st plural singasa — singasa singese — singese
2nd plural ningasa — ningasa ningese — ningese
Class 1 angasa — engasa angese — engese
Class 2 bangasa — bengasa bangese — bengese
Class 3 ungasa — ungasa ungese — ungese
Class 4 ingasa — ingasa ingese — ingese
Class 5 lingasa — lingasa lingese — lingese
Class 6 angasa — engasa angese — engese
Class 7 singasa — singasa singese — singese
Class 8 zingasa — zingasa zingese — zingese
Class 9 ingasa — ingasa ingese — ingese
Class 10 zingasa — zingasa zingese — zingese
Class 11 lungasa — lungasa lungese — lungese
Class 14 bungasa — bungasa bungese — bungese
Class 15 kungasa — kungasa kungese — kungese
Class 17 kungasa — kungasa kungese — kungese
Immediate future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngizokusa engizokusa ngizokusa angizukusa engingezukusa ngingezukusa
2nd singular uzokusa ozokusa uzokusa awuzukusa ongezukusa ungezukusa
1st plural sizokusa esizokusa sizokusa asizukusa esingezukusa singezukusa
2nd plural nizokusa enizokusa nizokusa anizukusa eningezukusa ningezukusa
Class 1 uzokusa ozokusa ezokusa akazukusa ongezukusa engezukusa
Class 2 bazokusa abazokusa bezokusa abazukusa abangezukusa bengezukusa
Class 3 uzokusa ozokusa uzokusa awuzukusa ongezukusa ungezukusa
Class 4 izokusa ezokusa izokusa ayizukusa engezukusa ingezukusa
Class 5 lizokusa elizokusa lizokusa alizukusa elingezukusa lingezukusa
Class 6 azokusa azokusa ezokusa awazukusa angezukusa engezukusa
Class 7 sizokusa esizokusa sizokusa asizukusa esingezukusa singezukusa
Class 8 zizokusa ezizokusa zizokusa azizukusa ezingezukusa zingezukusa
Class 9 izokusa ezokusa izokusa ayizukusa engezukusa ingezukusa
Class 10 zizokusa ezizokusa zizokusa azizukusa ezingezukusa zingezukusa
Class 11 luzokusa oluzokusa luzokusa aluzukusa olungezukusa lungezukusa
Class 14 buzokusa obuzokusa buzokusa abuzukusa obungezukusa bungezukusa
Class 15 kuzokusa okuzokusa kuzokusa akuzukusa okungezukusa kungezukusa
Class 17 kuzokusa okuzokusa kuzokusa akuzukusa okungezukusa kungezukusa
Remote future
Positive absolute Positive relative Positive participial Negative absolute Negative relative Negative participial
1st singular ngiyokusa engiyokusa ngiyokusa angiyukusa engingeyukusa ngingeyukusa
2nd singular uyokusa oyokusa uyokusa awuyukusa ongeyukusa ungeyukusa
1st plural siyokusa esiyokusa siyokusa asiyukusa esingeyukusa singeyukusa
2nd plural niyokusa eniyokusa niyokusa aniyukusa eningeyukusa ningeyukusa
Class 1 uyokusa oyokusa eyokusa akayukusa ongeyukusa engeyukusa
Class 2 bayokusa abayokusa beyokusa abayukusa abangeyukusa bengeyukusa
Class 3 uyokusa oyokusa uyokusa awuyukusa ongeyukusa ungeyukusa
Class 4 iyokusa eyokusa iyokusa ayiyukusa engeyukusa ingeyukusa
Class 5 liyokusa eliyokusa liyokusa aliyukusa elingeyukusa lingeyukusa
Class 6 ayokusa ayokusa eyokusa awayukusa angeyukusa engeyukusa
Class 7 siyokusa esiyokusa siyokusa asiyukusa esingeyukusa singeyukusa
Class 8 ziyokusa eziyokusa ziyokusa aziyukusa ezingeyukusa zingeyukusa
Class 9 iyokusa eyokusa iyokusa ayiyukusa engeyukusa ingeyukusa
Class 10 ziyokusa eziyokusa ziyokusa aziyukusa ezingeyukusa zingeyukusa
Class 11 luyokusa oluyokusa luyokusa aluyukusa olungeyukusa lungeyukusa
Class 14 buyokusa obuyokusa buyokusa abuyukusa obungeyukusa bungeyukusa
Class 15 kuyokusa okuyokusa kuyokusa akuyukusa okungeyukusa kungeyukusa
Class 17 kuyokusa okuyokusa kuyokusa akuyukusa okungeyukusa kungeyukusa
Present subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngise ngingasi
2nd singular use ungasi
1st plural sise singasi
2nd plural nise ningasi
Class 1 ase angasi
Class 2 base bangasi
Class 3 use ungasi
Class 4 ise ingasi
Class 5 lise lingasi
Class 6 ase angasi
Class 7 sise singasi
Class 8 zise zingasi
Class 9 ise ingasi
Class 10 zise zingasi
Class 11 luse lungasi
Class 14 buse bungasi
Class 15 kuse kungasi
Class 17 kuse kungasi
Past subjunctive
Positive Negative
1st singular ngasa ngangasa, angasa, angangasa
2nd singular wasa wangasa, awasa, awangasa
1st plural sasa sangasa, asasa, asangasa
2nd plural nasa nangasa, anasa, anangasa
Class 1 wasa wangasa, akasa, akangasa
Class 2 basa bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 3 wasa wangasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 4 yasa yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 5 lasa langasa, alasa, alangasa
Class 6 asa angasa, awasa, awangasa
Class 7 sasa sangasa, asasa, asangasa
Class 8 zasa zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 9 yasa yangasa, ayasa, ayangasa
Class 10 zasa zangasa, azasa, azangasa
Class 11 lwasa lwangasa, alwasa, alwangasa
Class 14 basa bangasa, abasa, abangasa
Class 15 kwasa kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa
Class 17 kwasa kwangasa, akwasa, akwangasa

References[edit]

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