Female representation in Economics, as of March 2024

These statistics draw on the published economists registered with the RePEc Author Service. Gender attribution is performed through pattern matching with NamSor. A category is listed if it has at least 50 members.

Overall, 18100 of 68286 economists are female, or a proportion of 26.5%.

Listings by

• Country
• US state
• Field
• Cohort
• Ranking

Each table can be sorted by clicking on table headers.

Female representation in Economics by country

Attribution to country is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

Country	# authors	# female	share(%)
Algeria	71.47	16	22.3
Argentina	389.04	98.05	25.2
Australia	1557.76	390.57	25
Austria	548.46	116.52	21.2
Azerbaijan	52.85	10	18.9
Bangladesh	183.55	19.14	10.4
Belgium	860.31	215.83	25
Bolivia	83.36	22.24	26.6
Brazil	877.16	141.26	16.1
Bulgaria	250.29	124.92	49.9
Cameroun	60.39	9.18	15.2
Canada	1726.71	365.7	21.1
Chile	451.42	67.87	15
China	1484.57	399.28	26.8
Colombia	687.71	156.24	22.7
Croatia	164.94	85.81	52
Czech Republic	521.49	167.41	32.1
Denmark	434.07	105.44	24.2
Ecuador	120.5	28.99	24
Egypt	108.09	42.8	39.5
Estonia	55.9	18	32.2
Ethiopia	65.48	15.5	23.6
Finland	266.52	64.84	24.3
France	3794.15	1226.11	32.3
Germany	3550.93	901.47	25.3
Ghana	125.14	9.74	7.7
Greece	594.07	140.07	23.5
Hong Kong	154.36	26.56	17.2
Hungary	313.2	89.33	28.5
India	1199.17	347.31	28.9
Indonesia	404.62	103.86	25.6
Iran	154.56	19	12.2
Ireland	335.07	109.35	32.6
Israel	244.25	41	16.7
Italy	3442.14	1129.47	32.8
Japan	1229.8	165.55	13.4
Kazakhstan	54.5	15.25	27.9
Luxembourg	177.88	43.82	24.6
North Macedonia	68.84	29.95	43.5
Malaysia	383.44	100.46	26.1
Mexico	426.19	78.31	18.3
Morocco	90.44	16.1	17.8
Netherlands	1182.51	267.38	22.6
New Zealand	280.67	61.92	22
Nigeria	357.76	60.55	16.9
Norway	485.53	94.15	19.3
Pakistan	510.64	110.46	21.6
Peru	240.16	43.39	18
Philippines	167.83	59.92	35.7
Poland	719.57	240.41	33.4
Portugal	699.2	251.36	35.9
Romania	1154.88	673.87	58.3
Russia	1575.37	707.8	44.9
Saudi Arabia	79.48	6.4	8
Singapore	205.36	43.75	21.3
Slovakia	148.09	52.46	35.4
Slovenia	52.26	12	22.9
South Africa	397.24	120.92	30.4
South Korea	399.01	89.94	22.5
Spain	2548.18	831.12	32.6
Sri Lanka	50.51	21.5	42.5
Sweden	725.97	184.03	25.3
Switzerland	1079.49	254.25	23.5
Taiwan	257.6	60.05	23.3
Thailand	151.6	60.63	39.9
Tunisia	255.29	80.43	31.5
Turkey	915.07	239.73	26.1
United Arab Emirates	105.46	19.64	18.6
United Kingdom	3881.05	995.31	25.6
Ukraine	207.9	75.8	36.4
Uruguay	129.75	49.85	38.4
United States	12361.33	2818.15	22.7
Viet Nam	209.6	57.75	27.5

Female representation in Economics by US state

Attribution to state is based on affiliations. For economists with multiple affiliations, affiliation shares set by the economist are considered.

State	# authors	# female	share (%)
Alabama (United States)	93.83	19.8	21.1
Arkansas (United States)	51.48	9.16	17.7
Arizona (United States)	121.01	29.49	24.3
California (United States)	1165.58	255.03	21.8
Colorado (United States)	141.05	29.01	20.5
Connecticut (United States)	229.47	44.14	19.2
District of Columbia (United States)	2426.51	647.44	26.6
Florida (United States)	246.63	55.5	22.5
Georgia (United States)	299.74	67.92	22.6
Iowa (United States)	79.92	20.5	25.6
Illinois (United States)	542.97	101.91	18.7
Indiana (United States)	263.86	53.93	20.4
Kansas (United States)	68.04	11.89	17.4
Kentucky (United States)	88.44	15.9	17.9
Louisiana (United States)	85.67	17.8	20.7
Massachusetts (United States)	894.36	209.75	23.4
Maryland (United States)	231.55	46.96	20.2
Maine (United States)	52.8	12.75	24.1
Michigan (United States)	296.47	56.9	19.1
Minnesota (United States)	171.9	37.73	21.9
Missouri (United States)	241.59	61.77	25.5
North Carolina (United States)	323.04	59.97	18.5
New Hampshire (United States)	70.34	18.77	26.6
New Jersey (United States)	201.88	40.84	20.2
New York (United States)	1004.2	231.31	23
Ohio (United States)	287.33	65.27	22.7
Oklahoma (United States)	84.7	21.87	25.8
Oregon (United States)	63.79	18.5	29
Pennsylvania (United States)	545.01	129.89	23.8
Rhode Island (United States)	87.51	16.5	18.8
South Carolina (United States)	82.97	15.83	19
Tennessee (United States)	150.75	30.91	20.5
Texas (United States)	492.84	103.74	21
Utah (United States)	112.94	16.3	14.4
Virginia (United States)	351.34	78.23	22.2
Washington (United States)	100.1	26.62	26.5
Wisconsin (United States)	165.23	35.47	21.4

Female representation in Economics by field

Field is determined by the proportion of papers announced through NEP that are in a particular field. Note that a paper may be is several fields.

Field	# authors	# female	share (%)
NEP-ACC: Accounting and Auditing	159.26	43.5	27.3
NEP-AFR: Africa	297.62	71.29	23.9
NEP-AGE: Economics of Ageing	331.76	102.97	31
NEP-AGR: Agricultural Economics	1391.95	388.08	27.8
NEP-ARA: MENA - Middle East and North Africa	364.19	107.27	29.4
NEP-BAN: Banking	839.92	206.07	24.5
NEP-BEC: Business Economics	433.51	92.7	21.3
NEP-BIG: Big Data	220.29	51.07	23.1
NEP-CBA: Central Banking	1218.63	245.13	20.1
NEP-CBE: Cognitive and Behavioural Economics	368.72	94.18	25.5
NEP-CDM: Collective Decision-Making	327.12	64.08	19.5
NEP-CFN: Corporate Finance	265.89	52.88	19.8
NEP-CIS: Confederation of Independent States	445.8	193.55	43.4
NEP-CMP: Computational Economics	346.43	74.8	21.5
NEP-CNA: China	260.82	86.18	33
NEP-COM: Industrial Competition	704.16	131.51	18.6
NEP-CSE: Economics of Strategic Management	342.39	107.97	31.5
NEP-CTA: Contract Theory and Applications	156.51	31.92	20.4
NEP-CUL: Cultural Economics	83.09	33.69	40.5
NEP-CWA: Central and Western Asia	296.95	72.71	24.4
NEP-DCM: Discrete Choice Models	200.04	48.59	24.2
NEP-DEM: Demographic Economics	182.75	78.45	42.9
NEP-DES: Economic Design	132.05	24.74	18.7
NEP-DEV: Development	705.15	210.3	29.8
NEP-DGE: Dynamic General Equilibrium	1250.86	237.01	18.9
NEP-ECM: Econometrics	797.38	124	15.5
NEP-EDU: Education	502.38	165.24	32.8
NEP-EEC: European Economics	671.69	169.93	25.2
NEP-EFF: Efficiency and Productivity	501.37	124.09	24.7
NEP-ENE: Energy Economics	1380.25	332.37	24
NEP-ENT: Entrepreneurship	337.19	78.77	23.3
NEP-ENV: Environmental Economics	1723.4	462.97	26.8
NEP-ETS: Econometric Time Series	345.88	51.89	15
NEP-EUR: Microeconomic European Issues	811.52	307.92	37.9
NEP-EVO: Evolutionary Economics	148.12	26.56	17.9
NEP-EXP: Experimental Economics	1226.31	343.58	28
NEP-FDG: Financial Development and Growth	398.42	105.28	26.4
NEP-FIN: Finance	69.14	8.57	12.4
NEP-FMK: Financial Markets	223.47	39.03	17.4
NEP-FOR: Forecasting	246.25	53.33	21.6
NEP-GEN: Gender	111.6	61.77	55.3
NEP-GEO: Economic Geography	512.24	113.02	22
NEP-GER: German Papers	178.06	41.75	23.4
NEP-GRO: Economic Growth	221.11	45.66	20.6
NEP-GTH: Game Theory	614.14	111.61	18.1
NEP-HAP: Economics of Happiness	118.95	37.36	31.4
NEP-HEA: Health Economics	894.39	297.64	33.2
NEP-HIS: Business, Economic and Financial History	859.14	180.14	20.9
NEP-HME: Heterodox Microeconomics	273.45	74.84	27.3
NEP-HPE: History and Philosophy of Economics	272.52	46.96	17.2
NEP-HRM: Human Capital and Human Resource Management	258.14	74.06	28.6
NEP-IAS: Insurance Economics	279.92	74.22	26.5
NEP-ICT: Information and Communication Technologies	143.31	40.9	28.5
NEP-IFN: International Finance	208.04	44.75	21.5
NEP-IND: Industrial Organization	185.19	38.29	20.6
NEP-INO: Innovation	634.28	173.01	27.2
NEP-INT: International Trade	1259.55	343.45	27.2
NEP-IPR: Intellectual Property Rights	125.22	30.51	24.3
NEP-ISF: Islamic Finance	202.52	57.4	28.3
NEP-IUE: Informal and Underground Economics	142.14	41.06	28.8
NEP-KNM: Knowledge Management and Knowledge Economy	140.47	44.49	31.6
NEP-LAB: Labour Economics	1178.36	374.35	31.7
NEP-LAM: Central and South America	203.83	56.74	27.8
NEP-LAW: Law and Economics	292.25	75.14	25.7
NEP-LMA: Labor Markets - Supply, Demand, and Wages	530.63	163.6	30.8
NEP-LTV: Unemployment, Inequality and Poverty	229.91	61.55	26.7
NEP-MAC: Macroeconomics	3814.3	743.88	19.5
NEP-MFD: Microfinance	123.34	35.22	28.5
NEP-MIC: Microeconomics	591.44	84.56	14.2
NEP-MIG: Economics of Human Migration	376.56	132.97	35.3
NEP-MKT: Marketing	101.65	28.65	28.1
NEP-MON: Monetary Economics	1481.17	302.98	20.4
NEP-MST: Market Microstructure	94.67	20.27	21.4
NEP-NET: Network Economics	193.53	39.18	20.2
NEP-NEU: Neuroeconomics	73.04	34.41	47.1
NEP-OPM: Open Economy Macroeconomics	385.35	88.59	22.9
NEP-ORE: Operations Research	373.34	71.11	19
NEP-PAY: Payment Systems and Financial Technology	341.86	95.04	27.8
NEP-PBE: Public Economics	613.33	138.01	22.5
NEP-PKE: Post Keynesian Economics	196	40.39	20.6
NEP-POL: Positive Political Economics	420.98	89.12	21.1
NEP-PPM: Project, Program and Portfolio Management	70.73	22.46	31.7
NEP-PUB: Public Finance	241.6	49.94	20.6
NEP-REG: Regulation	367.06	87.43	23.8
NEP-RES: Resource Economics	61.14	15.38	25.1
NEP-RMG: Risk Management	389.25	74.97	19.2
NEP-SBM: Small Business Management	421.86	116.58	27.6
NEP-SEA: South East Asia	619.3	154.67	24.9
NEP-SOC: Social Norms and Social Capital	302.73	89.28	29.4
NEP-SOG: Sociology of Economics	86.8	21.06	24.2
NEP-SPO: Sports and Economics	86.24	8.59	9.9
NEP-TID: Technology and Industrial Dynamics	333.73	83.99	25.1
NEP-TRA: Transition Economics	729.44	279.02	38.2
NEP-TRE: Transport Economics	190.47	45.76	24
NEP-TUR: Tourism Economics	63	18.32	29
NEP-UPT: Utility Models and Prospect Theory	359.05	73.95	20.5
NEP-URE: Urban and Real Estate Economics	1936.52	524.01	27

Female representation in Economics by cohort

Cohort is based on information listed in the RePEc Genealogy.

Cohort	# authors	# female	share (%)
1971	54	3	5.5
1972	53	1	1.8
1973	66	5	7.5
1974	69	1	1.4
1975	90	4	4.4
1976	89	7	7.8
1977	60	2	3.3
1978	87	11	12.6
1979	77	5	6.4
1980	89	5	5.6
1981	101	3	2.9
1982	100	8	8
1983	124	14	11.2
1984	100	11	11
1985	124	6	4.8
1986	143	16	11.1
1987	144	18	12.5
1988	166	28	16.8
1989	171	18	10.5
1990	186	19	10.2
1991	202	28	13.8
1992	213	34	15.9
1993	233	36	15.4
1994	210	34	16.1
1995	277	45	16.2
1996	286	47	16.4
1997	263	41	15.5
1998	313	71	22.6
1999	349	73	20.9
2000	425	85	20
2001	405	102	25.1
2002	434	102	23.5
2003	422	93	22
2004	417	79	18.9
2005	466	106	22.7
2006	472	112	23.7
2007	521	130	24.9
2008	554	135	24.3
2009	566	145	25.6
2010	536	146	27.2
2011	522	131	25
2012	516	108	20.9
2013	481	126	26.1
2014	453	112	24.7
2015	436	102	23.3
2016	360	88	24.4
2017	333	72	21.6
2018	334	88	26.3
2019	269	61	22.6
2020	252	67	26.5
2021	203	49	24.1
2022	171	36	21
2023	136	36	26.4

Female representation in Economics by ranking

Proportion of females in 5-percentile groups taken from the rankings of economists, all-time publications and last 10 years of publications.

%ile	All (%)	10Y (%)
1-1	5.8	10.5
2-2	9.5	11.4
3-3	8.4	15.8
4-4	10.5	15.9
5-5	10.6	17.1
6-10	15.1	18.4
11-15	18	21.8
16-20	20.5	22.6
21-25	23.1	23.8
26-30	24.9	25.6
31-40	25.8	27.1
41-50	28	28.1
51-100

The data presented here are experimental. They are based on a sample of the research output in Economics and Finance. Only material catalogued in RePEc is considered. For any citation based criterion, only works that could be parsed by the CitEc project are considered. For any ranking of people, only those registered with the RePEc Author Service can be taken into account. And for rankings of institutions, only those listed in EDIRC and claimed as affiliation by the respective, registered authors can be measured. Thus, this list is by no means based on a complete sample. You can help making this more comprehensive by encouraging more publications to be listed (instructions) and more authors to register (form). For more details on the various rankings that are available as well for documentation, follow this link.

Credits:

• Citations from CitEc project by José Manuel Barrueco Cruz, University of Valencia, Spain. Hardware provided by Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Económicas (IVIE), Valencia, Spain.
• Abstract views and downloads statistics from LogEc project by Sune Karlsson, Örebro University, Sweden.
• Author registration by Ivan Kumanov, Minsk, Belarus.
• Institutions database and ranking computations by Christian Zimmermann, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis.
• RePEc has been initiated by Thomas Krichel.