Trade Secret

A trade secret is information that provides a business with a competitive advantage. The following section provides examples of circumstances where trade secret protection was approved or denied. Courts have provided trade secret protection to formulas, patterns, plans, designs, physical devices, processes, software, and

Courts usually consider the following three factors in determining whether you have a trade secret:

(1) Is the information deemed to be a "trade secret" valuable to the business? Only secret information can be protected by trade secret law. Secrecy is typically determined by evaluating whether or not the information is "generally known" or "readily ascertainable." If the information is secret, you must consider whether the secret information is valuable to your business. How would you rank its value? Courts tend to find that the information is a trade secret if the information is so valuable as to significantly impact the operations of a business.

(2) What steps have been taken to keep the information secret? Trade secret laws require that you have taken some action to keep your information a secret. The security procedure taken to protect the information is often the most important evidence that the information constitutes a trade secret. For example, courts have often found that restricting access (on a "need to know" basis) to any sensitive information is a factor that helps to meet this requirement. Courts have also found that physical security, such as keeping written trade secret information in a locked drawer and granting very limited access to it, can meet this requirement. Generally, holders of trade secrets develop a formal system for safeguarding their trade secret information. Such a system can include, for example, reviewing information to be sure that the secret information is not included in documents sent to customers and competitors. In addition, proprietary notices can be placed on all documents containing information related to trade secrets and strict confidentiality provisions can be written into all consulting, manufacturing, employment, and/or non-disclosure agreements.

(3) To what extent do employees and others involved in the business know about the information? What about people outside the business? The extent that those in your business and those outside the business have access to the information can affect a court's decision as to whether you have a legal trade secret. Generally, courts have found the information to be public knowledge and not a trade secret if people who do not have a need to know the information have access to it. This is especially true if many people outside the company are familiar with the information.

Both trade secrets and patents are forms of intellectual property that can be used to protect innovations. Generally, the subject matter that can be protected by trade secrets is broader than that which can be protected by patents. Trade secret protection is available for both technical information and information that does not relate to technical innovations. Non-technical information for which trade secret protection can exist includes: business and marketing plans, and customer lists. Patent protection is generally available for technical innovations, including a new and useful process, machine, manufacture or composition of matter. Software and software-implemented business methods have the potential of being protected by both patents and trade secrets.

One of the differences between patent protection and trade secret protection is that patent protection requires the protected information become available to the public (through publication of the patent application and/or patent), whereas trade secret protection requires the protected information be kept secret. Therefore, if you patent a trade secret, once the application or patent is published, it will no longer be protected by trade secret laws. Accordingly, you have to choose between either patent protection or trade secret protection.

Another significant difference is that patent protection can provide a broader scope and stronger form of protection. For example, unlike trade secrets, patents can be enforced against someone who independently develops or "reverse engineers" an invention. Also, because patents are published and are made public, they also provide "defensive" protection - by being prior art so that someone else can't obtain patent rights in the invention.

A trade secret has it's own advantages. One significant advantage is that the term of protection for a trade secret has the potential to last forever - as long as the invention is kept a secret - whereas patents are only protected for a limited number of years (20 years from filing). Also, trade secrets can be less expensive to protect and to enforce.

In sum, the selection between patent protection and trade secret protection requires careful consideration of several factors. In particular, it is important to consider the nature of the subject matter being protected. Questions relevant to this decision include: Can it be independently developed?; can it be reverse engineered?; can it be maintained as a secret?; how long will the subject matter have market value?; and does the market value support investment in patent protection/enforcement?

One has ‘“misappropriated” a trade secret if he or she has told the trade secret information to others without the permission of the holder or has stolen the trade secret information from the holder. If you have received a letter stating that you have “misappropriated” a trade secret, see SAMPLE LETTERS. Also see TRADE SECRET LAWS.

Trade secrets are property right. As such, if you have a trade secret, you can license (i.e., lease) your trade secret to others. In legal terms, the money you receive from the license is often referred to as a

Yes, two (or more) individuals or entities can claim rights to the same trade secret on the same technology if both independently developed that technology and both keep it a secret, as long as the technology is not "generally known."

There are two types of legal contracts that are widely used to help businesses protect trade secrets: (1) non-disclosure agreements; and (2) non-compete agreements. Often, these agreements are included as part of an "employee agreement' that is signed upon commencement of employment.

(1) NON-DISCLOSURE AGREEMENTS (NDAs)

During the course of business, you may have to disclose your business secrets to your employees. What happens when you have a disloyal, untrustworthy, or dishonest employee and that employee knows your secrets? Is there anything you can do to stop the employee from telling others?

A non-disclosure agreement (NDA) is a confidentiality agreement that can be used to protect trade secrets. Often, during the regular course of business, your secret information may be disclosed to employees or business partners. An NDA requires that the information be kept a secret. The provisions of the agreement require the person to keep the information confidential. If someone has signed an NDA and uses your trade secret without your authorization, you can sue for damages and stop the violator.

(2) NON-COMPETE AGREEMENTS

During the regular course of business, you may have to disclose your business secrets to your employees. But what happens when these employees leave your company? By requiring your employees to sign a non-compete agreement, employees must agree not to work for a direct competitor for a certain amount of time after leaving your company. The theory behind this type of agreement is that after a certain amount of time, your trade secret will no longer be valuable because of technological changes as your business advances, and, accordingly, the technology will no longer need to be protected as a trade secret.

It is important to be aware that courts use a "rule of reason" in deciding whether a noncompete agreement is legal. In other words, the terms of a non-compete agreement must be reasonable as to the duration, territory, and scope of the activity. A restraint is generally enforceable if it is fairly designed to protect the employer

One has misappropriated a trade secret if he or she has acquired, disclosed, or used the trade secret information without the permission of the holder, where such activities were done through improper means (e.g., the trade secret information was stolen from the holder) or in breach of an obligation of confidentiality or non-use. If you have received a letter stating that you have misappropriated a trade secret (see SAMPLE LETTERS; also see TRADE SECRET LAWS), you should consult with an attorney.

Yes, trade secrets are property rights. As such, you can sell (i.e., assign) your trade secret to someone else. Please note, however, that courts generally prefer agreements to be in writing. You may wish to consult a lawyer in your local area to assist with writing an agreement that states the terms of the purchase.

Confidential information or trade secrets received during the course of an employer-employee relationship cannot be used or disclosed to the detriment of the employer during or after termination of the relationship, even if the employee and the employer had no express contract prohibiting the use or disclosure. However, an employee can use all the skills and knowledge he acquired during his employment, if the skills and knowledge are commonly used in the trade.

Many states have adopted the Uniform Trade Secrets Act, which is intended to provide states with a legal framework for improved trade-secret protection. The Act contains a definition of trade secrets which is consistent with common-law definitions. Factors used to determine if information is a trade secret include:

? The extent to which the information is known outside of the employer's business. ? The extent to which the information is known by employees and others involved in the business. ? The extent of measures taken by the employer to guard the secrecy of the information. ? The value of the information to the employer and to competitors. ? The amount of effort or money expended by the company in developing the information. ? The extent to which the information could be easily or readily obtained through an independent source.

Trade secrets need not be technical in nature. Market-related information such as information on current and future projects, as well as potential future opportunities for a firm, may constitute a trade secret.