|
| |
|
|
A007526
|
|
a(n) = n(a(n-1) + 1), a(0) = 0.
(Formerly M3505)
|
|
52
|
|
|
|
0, 1, 4, 15, 64, 325, 1956, 13699, 109600, 986409, 9864100, 108505111, 1302061344, 16926797485, 236975164804, 3554627472075, 56874039553216, 966858672404689, 17403456103284420, 330665665962403999, 6613313319248080000, 138879579704209680021, 3055350753492612960484
(list;
graph;
refs;
listen;
history;
text;
internal format)
|
|
|
|
OFFSET
|
0,3
|
|
|
COMMENTS
|
Eighteenth- and nineteenth-century combinatorialists call this the number of (nonnull) "variations" of n distinct objects, namely the number of permutations of nonempty subsets of {1,...,n}. Some early references to this sequence are Izquierdo (1659), Caramuel de Lobkowitz (1670), Prestet (1675) and Bernoulli (1713). - Don Knuth, Oct 16 2001, Aug 16 2004
Stirling transform of A006252(n-1) = [0,1,1,2,4,14,38,...] is a(n-1) = [0,1,4,15,64,...]. - Michael Somos, Mar 04 2004
In particular, for n >= 1 a(n) is the number of nonempty sequences with n or fewer terms, each a distinct element of {1,...,n}. - Rick L. Shepherd, Jun 08 2005
a(n) = VarScheme(1,n). See A128195 for the definition of VarScheme(k,n). - Peter Luschny, Feb 26 2007
if s(n) is a sequence of the form s(0)=x, s(n)= n(s(n-1)+k), then s(n)= n!*x + a(n)*k. - Gary Detlefs, Jun 06 2010
|
|
|
REFERENCES
|
Jacob Bernoulli, Ars Conjectandi (1713), page 127.
Johannes Caramuel de Lobkowitz, Mathesis Biceps Vetus et Nova (Campania: 1670), volume 2, 942-943.
Sebastian Izquierdo, Pharus Scientiarum (Lyon: 1659), 327-328.
Jean Prestet, Elemens des Mathematiques (1675), page 341.
N. J. A. Sloane and Simon Plouffe, The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences, Academic Press, 1995 (includes this sequence).
|
|
|
LINKS
|
|
|
|
FORMULA
|
a(n) = floor(e*n! - 1). - Joseph K. Horn
a(n) = Sum_{r=1..n} A008279(n, r)= n!*(Sum_{k=0..n-1} 1/k!).
a(n) = n(a(n-1) + 1).
a(n) = Sum_{k=0..n-1} (n! / k!). - Ross La Haye, Sep 22 2004
a(n) = Sum_{k=1..n} (Product_{j=0..k-1} (n-j)). - Joerg Arndt, Apr 24 2011
Binomial transform of n! - !n. - Paul Barry, May 12 2004
For n > 0, a(n) = exp(1) * Integral_{x>=0} exp(-exp(x/n)+x) dx. - Gerald McGarvey, Oct 19 2006
a(n) = Integral_{x>=0} (((1+x)^n-1)*exp(-x)). - Paul Barry, Feb 06 2008
a(n) = GAMMA(n+2)*(1+(-GAMMA(n+1)+exp(1)*GAMMA(n+1, 1))/GAMMA(n+1)). - Thomas Wieder, May 02 2009
E.g.f.: -1/G(0) where G(k) = 1 - 1/(x - x^3/(x^2+(k+1)/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Jun 10 2012
Conjecture : a(n) = (n+2)*a(n-1) - (2*n-1)*a(n-2) + (n-2)*a(n-3). - R. J. Mathar, Dec 04 2012 [Conjecture verified by Robert FERREOL, Aug 04 2018]
G.f.: (Q(0) - 1)/(1-x), where Q(k)= 1 + (2*k + 1)*x/( 1 - x - 2*x*(1-x)*(k+1)/(2*x*(k+1) + (1-x)/Q(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 09 2013
G.f.: 2/((1-x)*G(0)) - 1/(1-x), where G(k)= 1 + 1/(1 - x*(2*k+2)/(x*(2*k+3) - 1 + x*(2*k+2)/G(k+1))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, May 31 2013
a(n) = (...((((((0)+1)*1+1)*2+1)*3+1)*4+1)...*n). - Bob Selcoe, Jul 04 2013
G.f.: Q(0)/(2-2*x) - 1/(1-x), where Q(k)= 1 + 1/(1 - x*(k+1)/(x*(k+1) + (1-x)/Q(k+1) )); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Aug 09 2013
G.f.: (W(0) - 1)/(1-x), where W(k) = 1 - x*(k+1)/( x*(k+2) - 1/(1 - x*(k+1)/( x*(k+1) - 1/W(k+1) ))); (continued fraction). - Sergei N. Gladkovskii, Aug 25 2013
a(n) = (...(((((0)*1+1)*2+2)*3+3)*4+4)...*n+n). - Bob Selcoe, Apr 30 2014
0 = 1 + a(n)*(+1 + a(n+1) - a(n+2)) + a(n+1)*(+2 +a(n+1)) - a(n+2) for all n >= 0. - Michael Somos, Aug 30 2016
a(n) = n*hypergeom([1, 1-n], [], -1). - Peter Luschny, May 09 2017
Product_{n>=1} (a(n)+1)/a(n) = e, coming from Product_{n=1..N}(a(n)+1)/a(n) = Sum_{n=0..N} 1/n!. - Robert FERREOL, Jul 12 2018
O.g.f.: Sum_{k>=1} k^k*x^k/(1 + (k - 1)*x)^(k+1). - Ilya Gutkovskiy, Oct 09 2018
|
|
|
EXAMPLE
|
G.f. = x + 4*x^2 + 15*x^3 + 64*x^4 + 325*x^5 + 1956*x^6 + 13699*x^7 + ...
Consider the nonempty subsets of the set {1,2,3,...,n} formed by the first n integers. E.g., for n = 3 we have {1}, {2}, {3}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,3}, {1,2,3}. For each subset S we determine its number of parts, that is nprts(S). The sum over all subsets is written as sum_{S=subsets}. Then we have A007526 = Sum_{S=subsets} nprts(S)!. E.g., for n = 3 we have 1!+1!+1!+2!+2!+2!+3! = 15. - Thomas Wieder, Jun 17 2006
a(3)=15: Let the objects be a, b, and c. The fifteen nonempty ordered subsets are {a}, {b}, {c}, {ab}, {ba}, {ac}, {ca}, {bc}, {cb}, {abc}, {acb}, {bac}, {bca}, {cab} and {cba}.
|
|
|
MAPLE
|
A007526 := n -> add(n!/k!, k=0..n) - 1;
a := n -> n*hypergeom([1, 1-n], [], -1):
# third Maple program:
a:= proc(n) option remember;
`if`(n<0, 0, n*(1+a(n-1)))
end:
|
|
|
MATHEMATICA
|
Table[ Sum[n!/(n - r)!, {r, 1, n}], {n, 0, 20}] (* or *) Table[n!*Sum[1/k!, {k, 0, n - 1}], {n, 0, 20}]
Round@Table[E n Gamma[n, 1], {n, 0, 20}] (* Round is equivalent to FullSimplify here, but is much faster - Vladimir Reshetnikov, Oct 07 2016 *)
|
|
|
PROG
|
(PARI) {a(n) = if( n<1, 0, n * (a(n-1) + 1))}; /* Michael Somos, Apr 06 2003 */
(PARI) {a(n) = if( n<0, 0, n! * polcoeff(x * exp(x + x * O(x^n)) / (1 - x), n))}; /* Michael Somos, Mar 04 2004 */
(PARI) a(n)= sum(k=1, n, prod(j=0, k-1, n-j))
(Haskell)
a007526 n = a007526_list !! n
a007526_list = 0 : zipWith (*) [1..] (map (+ 1) a007526_list)
(GAP) a:=[0];; for n in [2..25] do a[n]:=(n-1)*(a[n-1]+1); od; a; # Muniru A Asiru, Aug 07 2018
|
|
|
CROSSREFS
|
|
|
|
KEYWORD
|
nonn,easy
|
|
|
AUTHOR
|
|
|
|
STATUS
|
approved
|
| |
|
|
![[124] Kapitel VII. Variationen ohne Wiederholung. (Page 121)](http://www.hti.umich.edu/t/text/gifcvtdir/abz9501.0001.001/00000307.tifs.gif){kind=link}