Once thought to be under control, tuberculosis is now the number one cause of infection-related death worldwide and the sixth most significant cause of death overall. Transmission occurs by inhalation of airborne droplet nuclei that can be viable for days, and is facilitated by substance abuse, poverty, overcrowding, malnutrition, and, most importantly coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus. This article describes the history and current status of tuberculosis as a growing global health problem, transmission of the disease, risk factors for the general public and health care workers, and prevention of the disease.