| | - Abu Nasr Mansur
- (from the article "mathematics") In addition, in the late 10th century Abu'l-Wafa' and the prince Abu Nasr Mansur stated and proved theorems of plane and spherical geometry that could be applied by astronomers and geographers, including the laws of sines and tangents. Abu Nasr's pupil al-Biruni (973-1048), who produced a vast amount of...
- Abu Nidal
- militant leader of the Fatah Revolutionary Council, more commonly known as the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO), or Abu Nidal Group, a Palestinian organization that engaged in numerous acts of terrorism beginning in the mid-1970s. [1 Related Articles]
- Abu Nidal Organization
- (from the article "Abu Nidal") militant leader of the Fatah Revolutionary Council, more commonly known as the Abu Nidal Organization (ANO), or Abu Nidal Group, a Palestinian organization that engaged in numerous acts of terrorism beginning in the mid-1970s.
- Abu Nuwas
- important poet of the early 'Abbasid period (750-835). [5 Related Articles]
- Abu Nuwas Street
- (from the article "Baghdad") ...copper, textile, and gold bazaars. South of Rashid Street a commercial area with shops, cinemas, and business offices has spread along Sa'dun Street. Parallel to Sa'dun, Abu Nuwas Street on the riverfront was once the city's showpiece and-as befits a thoroughfare named for a poet known for his libidinous verse-its ...
- Abu ol-Hasan Simjuri
- (from the article "Iran") ...in the Kuhestan region of southern Khorasan. Alp Tigin founded the Ghaznavid fortunes when he established himself at Ghazna (modern Ghazni, Afghanistan) in 962. He and Abu al-Hasan Simjuri, as Samanid generals, competed with each other for the governorship of Khorasan and control of the Samanid...role in Simjurid dynasty
- Abu Qir Bay
- semicircular inlet of the Mediterranean Sea, lying between Abu Qir Point (southwest) and the mouth of the Rosetta Branch (northeast) of the Nile River delta, in Lower Egypt. The bay was the scene of the Battle of the Nile (1798), in which an English fleet under Rear Admiral Sir Horatio ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abu Qubays, Mount
- (from the article "Mecca") ...Wadi Ibrahim and several of its short tributaries. It is surrounded by the Sirat Mountains, the peaks of which include Mount (Jabal) Ajyad, which rises to 1,332 feet, and Mount Abu Qubays, which attains 1,220 feet, to the east and Mount Qu'ayq'an, which reaches 1,401 feet, to the west. Mount ...
- Abu Risha, Sheikh Abdul Sattar
- (from the article "Iraq") ...following months the tribes were quite successful in this endeavour. In early September 2007, U.S. Pres. George W. Bush visited the province and met with members of the council, including its head, Sheikh Abdul Sattar Abu Risha. Ten days later the sheikh was killed by a roadside bomb aimed at ...
- Abu Rishah, 'Umar
- Syrian poet and diplomat, noted for his early poetry, which broke with the traditions of Arab classicism.
- Abu Rujmayn
- (from the article "Syria") Smaller mountains are scattered about the country. Among these are Mount Al-Duruz, which rises to an elevation of some 5,900 feet (1,800 metres) in the extreme south, and the Abu Rujmayn and Bishri Mountains, which stretch northeastward across the central part of the country.
- Abu Ruwaysh
- ancient Egyptian site of a 4th-dynasty (c. 2575-c. 2465 BCE) pyramid built by Redjedef, usually considered the third of the seven kings of that dynasty. The site is about 5 miles (8 km) northwest of the Pyramids of Giza (Al-Jizah) on the west bank of the Nile River. It is ...
- Abu Sa'id
- (from the article "Il-Khanid Dynasty") ...1304-16) converted to Shi'ite Islam in 1310. Oljeitu's conversion gave rise to great unrest, and civil war was imminent when he died in 1316. His son and successor, Abu Sa'id (reigned 1317-35), reconverted to Sunnite Islam and thus averted war. But during Abu Sa'id's reign factional disputes and internal disturbances...
- Abu Sa'id
- (from the article "Jahan Shah") ...Shah's rule the Kara Koyunlu extended their domain over Iraq, Fars, and Esfahan (1453). In 1458 he invaded Khorasan and seized Herat from the Timurid Abu Sa'id, but the growing power of the Ak Koyunlu (q.v.; White Sheep) under Uzun Hasan (q.v.) brought about an agreement between Abu Sa'id and...
division ...
- Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi
- (from the article "Qarmatian") ...the sect in southern Iraq in the second half of the 9th century. The Qarmatians became notorious for an insurrection in Syria and Iraq in 903-906 and for the exploits of two Bahraini leaders, Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi and his son and successor, Abu Tahir Sulayman, who invaded Iraq several times ...
- Abu Sa'id ibn Abu al-Khayr
- (from the article "Persian literature") Probably the first Persian poems written by mystics were robaiyat. An extensive collection of these poems is attributed to Abu Sa'id ibn Abu al-Khayr, who died in 1049. He would be the first mystical poet in Persian literature, but one of his hagiographers asserts that he did ...
- Abu Sahl al-Kuhi
- (from the article "mathematics") However, not only arithmetic and algebra but geometry too underwent extensive development. Thabit ibn Qurrah, his grandson Ibrahim ibn Sinan (909-946), Abu Sahl al-Kuhi (died c. 995), and Ibn al-Haytham solved problems involving the pure geometry of conic sections, including the areas and volumes of plane and solid figures formed ...
- Abu Salabikh, Tall
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...took place at the end of the 4th millennium. The earliest Akkadian names and words occur in written sources of the 27th century. The names of several Akkadian scribes are found in the archives of Tall Abu Salabikh, near Nippur in central Babylonia, synchronous with those of Shuruppak (shortly after ...
- Abu Sayyaf
- (from the article "Philippines") In the southern Philippines, the heaviest fighting in three years disrupted a government cease-fire with Islamic extremists seeking a separate Muslim state. The terrorist groups Abu Sayyaf and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front, both of which U.S. officials said were linked to al-Qaeda, on July 10 killed 14 marines in ...
- Abu Seif, Salah
- Egyptian filmmaker whose movies, noted for their realism and progressive political messages, drew criticism from Muslim religious leaders and the Egyptian government; several of his films were banned (b. May 10, 1915--d. June 23, 1996).
- Abu Shahrayn
- (from the article "Abu Shahrayn") mound in southern Iraq, site of the ancient Sumerian city of Eridu (q.v.).for more general content related to this topicEridu
- Abu Simbel
- site of two temples built by the Egyptian king Ramses II (reigned 1279-13 BCE), now located in Aswan muhafazah (governorate), southern Egypt. In ancient times the area was at the southern frontier of pharaonic Egypt, facing Nubia. The four colossal statues of Ramses in front of the ... [6 Related Articles]
- Abu Sir
- ancient site between Al-Jizah (Giza) and Saqqarah, northern Egypt, where three 5th-dynasty (c. 2465-c. 2325 BCE) kings (Sahure, Neferirkare, and Neuserre) built their pyramids. The pyramids were poorly constructed (in comparison with Egyptian monuments of similar types) and are now in a state of disrepair. The adjoining mortuary temples are ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abu Sufyan
- (from the article "Muhammad") The Quraysh, however, did not give up their quest to destroy the nascent Islamic community. With that goal in mind, in 624-625 they dispatched an army of 3,000 men under the leader of Mecca, Abu Sufyan. Muhammad led his forces to the side of a mountain near Medina called Uhud, ...
- Abu Taghlib
- (from the article "Hamdanid Dynasty") ...and expanded westward into Syria. In 979 the Hamdanids were driven out of Mosul by the Buyid 'Adud ad-Dawlah, who was then annexing Iraq to his domains, and Abu Taghlib (reigned 969-979) was forced to seek refuge and help from the Fatimids of Egypt, though without success. 'Adud ad-Dawlah later ...
- Abu Tahir Sulayman
- (from the article "Qarmatian") ...became notorious for an insurrection in Syria and Iraq in 903-906 and for the exploits of two Bahraini leaders, Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi and his son and successor, Abu Tahir Sulayman, who invaded Iraq several times and in 930 sacked Mecca and carried off the Black Stone of the Ka'bah. See ...
- Abu Talib
- (from the article "Muhammad") ...died when he was six years old. Now completely orphaned, he was brought up by his grandfather 'Abd al-Muttalib, who also died two years later. He was then placed in the care of Abu Talib, Muhammad's uncle and the father of 'Ali, Muhammad's cousin. Later in life Muhammad would repay ...
- Abu Talib Kalim
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...(died 1602), the author of an important, though biased, historical work, deeply influenced the Emperor's religious ideas. Among 17th-century Mughal court poets, the most outstanding is Abu Talib Kalim (died 1651), who came from Hamadan. Abounding in descriptive passages of great virtuosity, his poignant and often pessimistic verses have become ...
- Abu Tammam
- poet and editor of an anthology of early Arabic poems known as the Hamasah. [4 Related Articles]
- Abu Widan, Ahmad Pasha
- (from the article "Sudan, history of the") His successor, Ahmad Pasha Abu Widan, continued his policies with but few exceptions and made it his primary concern to root out official corruption. Abu Widan dealt ruthlessly with offenders or those who sought to thwart his schemes to reorganize taxation. He was particularly fond of the army, which reaped ...
- Abu Ya'qub Yusuf
- (from the article "Almohads") ...the Almoravid state in 1147, subjugating the Maghrib, and captured Marrakech, which became the Almohad capital. Almoravid domains in Andalusia, however, were left virtually intact until the caliph Abu Ya'qub Yusuf (reigned 1163-84) forced the surrender of Sevilla (Seville) in 1172; the extension of Almohad rule over the rest of ...
- Abu Yahya
- (from the article "Marinid dynasty") ...group-traditional allies of the Umayyad caliphs of Cordoba in Spain. The Marinids had been established in eastern Morocco for more than a century when, in 1248, their ruler, Abu Yahya, captured Fes (Fez) and made it the Marinid capital. With the defeat of the last of the Almohads and the ...
- Abu Yahya Abu Bakr
- (from the article "Abu al-Hasan 'Ali") Abu al-Hasan expanded his influence in Tunisia and married a daughter of Abu Bakr, the Hafsid ruler of Tunisia, which by 1342 had become a virtual vassal state. After Abu Bakr's death Abu al-Hasan invaded Tunisia and captured Tunis (Sept. 15, 1347), but in the following April he was badly ...
- Abu Yusuf
- (from the article "Hanafiyah") ...Basra. Hanafi legal thought (madhhab) developed from the teachings of the theologian Imam Abu Hanifah (c. 700-767) by such disciples as Abu Yusuf (d. 798) and Muhammad ash-Shaybani (749/750-805) and became the official system of Islamic legal interpretation of the 'Abbasids,...
- Abu Yusuf Ya'qub
- (from the article "Marinid dynasty") ...Yahya, captured Fes (Fez) and made it the Marinid capital. With the defeat of the last of the Almohads and the capture of Marrakech in 1269, the Marinids, under Abu Yusuf Ya'qub, became masters of Morocco. In order to fulfill what they viewed as the duty of Muslim sovereignty and ...
- Abu Zaby
- constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial States, or Trucial Oman). Though its international boundaries are disputed, it is unquestionably the largest of the country's seven constituent emirates, with more than three-fourths of the area of the entire federation. Its rich oil fields, both onshore and in the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abu Zakariyya' Yahya
- (from the article "Hafsid dynasty") Amazigh (Berber) dynasty of the 13th-16th century in Ifriqiyyah (Tunisia and eastern Algeria), founded by the Almohad governor Abu Zakariyya' Yahya about 1229. In the 20 years of his rule, Abu Zakariyya' kept the various tribal disputes and intrigues under control, ensured Hafsid economic prosperity by trade...patronage of Ibn al-Abbar
- Abu Zayd al-Saruji
- (from the article "Hariri, al-") ...al-khawass). The Maqamat recounts in the words of the narrator, al-Harith ibn Hammam, his repeated encounters with Abu Zayd al-Saruji, an unabashed confidence artist and wanderer possessing all the eloquence, grammatical knowledge, and poetic ability of al-Hariri himself....
- Abu Zayd, Nasr Hamid
- Even five years after he was declared an apostate by a high court, ordered to divorce his wife, and, in effect, forced out of his homeland, Egyptian academic Nasr Hamid Abu Zayd continued to serve as a focal point for those concerned with the human and civil rights excesses of ...
- Abu'l Khayr
- (from the article "Kazakhstan") ...catastrophe, the "Great Disaster," has never faded among the Kazakhs. The next and last Dzungar invasion hit the Middle Horde, but-thanks to the skills of that horde's khan, Abu'l-Khayr (1718-49), who managed to forge a temporary all-Kazakh alliance-it was less devastating. The elimination of the Dzungar threat came in the ...
- Abu'l-Khayr Khan
- (from the article "Uzbekistan") ...northwestern Siberia, where they probably adopted the name Uzbek from the admired Muslim ruler of the Golden Horde, Oz Beg (Uzbek) Khan (reigned 1312-41). A descendant of Genghis Khan, Abu'l-Khayr (Abu al-Khayr) at age 17 rose to the khanship of the Uzbek confederation in Siberia in 1428. During his 40-year ...
- Abu'l-Wafa'
- a distinguished Muslim astronomer and mathematician, who made important contributions to the development of trigonometry. [1 Related Articles]
- Abu, Mount
- (from the article "Abu") city, southwestern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is situated on the slopes of Mount Abu, an isolated feature of the Aravali Range. The city is a noted hill resort, and the Jaina temples at nearby Dilwara, built of white marble, are famous. Tejpal temple, built about AD 1200, is known ...
- Abu-Assad, Hany
- (from the article "Performing Arts") ...was the portrait of a retiree who returns to Istanbul from teaching in a poor village and finds disillusionment on all sides. Paradise Now, directed by Dutch Palestinian Hany Abu-Assad, though perhaps somewhat compromised by the number of its national partners (Israel, The Netherlands, Germany, and France), remained an intelligent ...
- Abu-Jaber, Diana
- (from the article "Literary Voices for Islam in the West") The virtue of the veiled woman that Aboulela portrays, however, is questioned by Diana Abu-Jaber, an Arab American writer, in Crescent (2003). Rana, a veiled Muslim student in the U.S., relates her numerous love affairs and affirms her ability to seduce any man she wants. She explains her veiling by ...
- Abubakar, Abdusalam
- Nigerian military leader, who served as head of state (1998-99). [2 Related Articles]
- Abubakar, Atiku
- (from the article "Nigeria") ...of the ruling People's Democratic Party (PDP), the victorious candidate, with a landslide 24.6 million votes. Former military head of state Muhammadu Buhari won 6.6 million votes, and Vice Pres. Atiku Abubakar took 2.6 million. The PDP won control of 28 of the 36 states, but Lagos, the largest city, ...
- Abuit, Roger
- (from the article "Vanuatu") Area: 12,190 sq km (4,707 sq mi) | Population (2004 est.): 216,000 | Capital: Vila | Chief of state: Presidents John Bernard Bani, Roger Abuit (acting) from March 24, Alfred Maseng from April 12, Abuit (acting) from May 11, Josias Moli (acting) from July 29, and, from August 16, Kalkot ...
- Abuja
- federal capital territory, central Nigeria, created in 1976. The territory is located north of the confluence of the Niger and Benue rivers. It is bordered by the states of Niger to the west and northwest, Kaduna to the northeast, Plateau to the east and south, and Kogi to the southwest. ...
- Abuja
- city and capital of Nigeria. It lies in the central part of the Abuja federal capital territory (created 1976), approximately 300 miles (480 km) northeast of Lagos, the former capital (until 1991). During the 1980s the new capital city (designed by the Department of Architecture of Ahmadu Bello University in ... [6 Related Articles]
- Abukuma-sammyaku
- (Japanese: Abukuma Mountains), range in northern Honshu, Japan, extending for 106 miles (170 km) north to south and paralleling the Pacific coast of Fukushima Prefecture (ken), Tohoku Region (chiho). Its southern end extends into Ibaraki Prefecture of Kanto Region. The mountain range is 30 miles wide, and the individual peaks ... [1 Related Articles]
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