| | - adaptive control
- (from the article "machine tool") Improvements in CNC machine tools depend on the refinement of adaptive control, which is the automatic monitoring and adjustment of machining conditions in response to variations in operation performance. With a manually controlled machine tool, the operator watches for changes in machining performance (caused, for example, by a dull tool ...
- adaptive equalization
- (from the article "telephone and telephone system") ...were fixed and often manually adjusted. The advent of the automatic equalizer permitted the transmission of data at high rates over the PSTN without any human intervention. Moreover, while adaptive equalization methods compensated for imperfections within the nominal three-kilohertz bandwidth of the voice circuit, advanced modulation methods permitted transmission at ...
- adaptive optics
- (from the article "Neptune") ...surface in the 1980s. In addition, astronomers have developed techniques for minimizing the effects of atmospheric distortion from Earth-based observation. The most successful of these, known as adaptive optics, continually processes information from infrared star images and applies it nearly instantaneously to correct the shape of the telescope mirror and ...
- adaptive radiation
- evolution of an animal or plant group into a wide variety of types adapted to specialized modes of life. Adaptive radiations are best exemplified in closely related groups that have evolved in a relatively short time. A striking example is the radiation, beginning in the Tertiary Period (beginning 65.5 million ... [6 Related Articles]
- adaptive thermogenesis
- (from the article "nutrition, human") ...the thermic effect of food (or diet-induced thermogenesis), accounts for about 10 percent of daily energy expenditure, varying somewhat with the composition of the diet and prior dietary practices. Adaptive thermogenesis, another small but important component of energy expenditure, reflects alterations in metabolism due to changes in ambient temperature, hormone ...
- Adar
- (from the article "Jewish calendar") ...Heshvan, or Marheshvan (Bul [October-November]), Kislev (November-December), Tevet (December-January), Shevat (January-February), and Adar (February-March). The 13th month of the leap year, Adar Sheni (or ve-Adar), is intercalated before Adar and so contains the religious observances normally occurring in Adar.JudaismMonths and ...
- Adar Doutchi
- (from the article "Niger") ...(fossilized valleys of rivers that formed tributaries of the Niger in ancient times) descend from the Air and the Iforas Massif of neighbouring Mali. The central region consists of the rocky Adar Doutchi and Majia areas; it is the region of the gulbi (dried-up valleys of former tributaries of the ...
- Adar Sheni
- (from the article "Jewish calendar") ...Kislev (November-December), Tevet (December-January), Shevat (January-February), and Adar (February-March). The 13th month of the leap year, Adar Sheni (or ve-Adar), is intercalated before Adar and so contains the religious observances normally occurring in Adar.
- Adarand Constructors v. Pena
- (from the article "affirmative action") ...racial discrimination could not be proved, and placed limits on the use of racial preferences by states that were stricter than those it applied to the federal government. In Adarand Constructors Pena (1995), the court ruled that federal affirmative action programs were unconstitutional unless they fulfilled a "compelling...
- Adare, Cape
- (from the article "Ross Sea") ...continental outline of Antarctica. The sea is a generally shallow marine region, approximately 370,000 sq mi (960,000 sq km) in area, centred at about 75° S, 175° W, and lying between Cape Adare in northern Victoria Land on the west and Cape Colbeck on Edward VII Peninsula on the east. ...
- Adarnase IV
- (from the article "Bagratid Dynasty") Another Bagratid, Adarnase IV, became king of Georgia in 888, and his line ruled there intermittently until 1505.
- adat
- customary law of the indigenous peoples of Malaysia and Indonesia. It was the unwritten, traditional code governing all aspects of personal conduct from birth to death. Two kinds of Malay adat law developed prior to the 15th century: Adat Perpateh developed in a matrilineal kinship structure in areas occupied by ... [2 Related Articles]
- Adat Perpateh
- (from the article "adat") ...of Malaysia and Indonesia. It was the unwritten, traditional code governing all aspects of personal conduct from birth to death. Two kinds of Malay adat law developed prior to the 15th century: Adat Perpateh developed in a matrilineal kinship structure in areas occupied by the Minangkabau people in Sumatra and ...
- Adat Temenggong
- (from the article "adat") ...kinds of Malay adat law developed prior to the 15th century: Adat Perpateh developed in a matrilineal kinship structure in areas occupied by the Minangkabau people in Sumatra and Negeri Sembilan; Adat Temenggong originated in bilaterally based territorial social units. Both adat forms were markedly transformed by Islamic and later ...
- adatom
- (from the article "electrochemical reaction") ...of the discharged ions into the crystal lattice, are separated in time and space, an intermediate species exists at the surface, that of relatively loosely bound and freely moving atoms, called adatoms. Since the electrons tend to join the rest in the bulk of the metal, adatoms appear to have ...
- adaxial meristem
- (from the article "angiosperm") ...of at a right angle to the stem, as in dicotyledons. The leaf buttress begins as a ring that encloses the stem. The upper portion of the buttress develops a meristem on the side facing the stem (adaxial meristem). Growth at this adaxial meristem forms the flattened leaf with the ...
- Adcock, Fleur
- New Zealand-born British poet known for her tranquil domestic lyrics intercut with flashes of irony and glimpses of the fantastic and the macabre.
- Adcock, Joseph Wilbur
- American baseball player who hit 336 home runs in a 17-year career in the major leagues; although he once hit four home runs in a single game and established the major league record for total bases (18), his most famous hit came on May 26, 1959, when, playing for the ...
- Adda River
- river, in the Lombardia (Lombardy) regione of northern Italy, issuing from small lakes in the Rhaetian Alps at 7,660 feet (2,335 m). The Adda flows southward from Bormio to Tirano, where it turns west past Sondrio to enter Lake Como near its northern end after a course of 194 miles ... [1 Related Articles]
- Addagoppe
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") The next king was the Aramaean Nabonidus (Nabu-na'ihc 556-539) from Harran, one of the most interesting and enigmatic figures of ancient times. His mother, Addagoppe, was a priestess of the god Sin in Harran; she came to Babylon and managed to secure responsible offices for her son at court. The ...
- Addams, Charles
- cartoonist whose drawings, known mostly through The New Yorker magazine, became famous in the United States as examples of macabre humour.
- Addams, Jane
- American social reformer and pacifist, cowinner (with Nicholas Murray Butler) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1931. She is probably best known as the founder of Hull House in Chicago, one of the first social settlements in North America. [7 Related Articles]
- addax
- (species Addax nasomaculatus), desert-dwelling antelope, family Bovidae (order Artiodactyla), once found throughout the Sahara but now much reduced in numbers and distribution and threatened with extinction from overhunting. A heavy-bodied, short-legged, gregarious antelope, the addax is characterized by broad hooves that are adapted to travel in loose sand and by ... [1 Related Articles]
- adder
- any of several groups of venomous snakes of the viper family, Viperidae, and the Australo-Papuan death adders, viperlike members of Elapidae, the cobra family. The name adder may also be applied to certain other snakes, such as the hognose snake (Heterodon), a harmless North American genus. Among ... [2 Related Articles]
- adder's-tongue fern
- (from the article "Ophioglossaceae") The genus Ophioglossum (adder's-tongue ferns), with 25-30 tropical and temperate species, has sporangia in two rows near the tip of a usually unbranched, narrow, fertile spike. The genus Botrychium, with about 50 species, distributed throughout the world, includes the grape ferns, moonworts, and rattlesnake fern; some of these species have ...
- Adderley Street
- (from the article "Cape Town") ...led from the shore inland to the Dutch East India Company's produce garden became the main thoroughfare. Originally called the Heerengracht, for the canal in Amsterdam of that name, it was renamed Adderley Street in 1850. Other main roads paralleled it as the town grew. In Strand Street, on what ...
- Adderley, Cannonball
- one of the most prominent and popular American jazz musicians of the 1950s and '60s whose exuberant music was firmly in the bop school but which also employed the melodic sense of traditional jazz. A multi-instrumentalist, Adderley is best-known for his work on alto saxophone and for his recordings with ... [1 Related Articles]
- Adderley, Nat
- American cornetist and songwriter who starred in the popular "soul jazz" quintet headed (1959-75) by his older brother, Cannonball Adderley. [2 Related Articles]
- Adderley, Paul
- (from the article "Bahamas, The") Area: 13,939 sq km (5,382 sq mi) | Population (2006 est.): 327,000 | Capital: Nassau | Chief of state: Queen Elizabeth II, represented by Governors-General Paul Adderley (acting) and, from February 1, Arthur Dion Hanna | Head of government: Prime Minister Perry Christie |
- addiction
- (from the article "Health effects of primary smoke constituents") If opium were the only drug of abuse, and the only kind of abuse were one of habitual, compulsive use, discussion of addiction might be a simple matter. But opium is not the only drug of abuse, and there are probably as many kinds of abuse as there are drugs ...
- adding machine
- (from the article "adding machine") a type of calculator (q.v.) used for performing simple arithmetical operations.adding machineMechanical adding machine.Roger McLassusadding-up game
- (from the article "card game") ...The aim is to collect or capture cards by methods other than trick taking (casino, slap jack, gops, snap, beggar-my-neighbour, battle). Many-but by no means all-are children's games.Adding-up games. A running total is kept of the face values of cards played to the table, and the aim is to make ...
- Addis Ababa
- capital and largest city of Ethiopia. It is located on a well-watered plateau surrounded by hills and mountains, in the geographic centre of the country. [8 Related Articles]
- Addis Ababa Agreement
- (from the article "Sudan, history of the") ...SSLM, representing General Lagu, maintained a dialogue with the Sudanese government over proposals for regional autonomy and the ending of hostilities. These talks culminated in the signing of the Addis Ababa Agreement on February 27, 1972. The agreement ended the 17-year conflict between the Anya Nya and the Sudanese army ...
- Addis Ababa University
- (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...colleges of liberal arts, technology, public health, building, law, social work, business, agriculture, and theology were opened in the 1950s and '60s. In 1961 Haile Selassie I University (now Addis Ababa University) was created to centralize the administration of higher education in the country. The Derg expanded primary education and ...
- Addis Ababa, Treaty of
- (from the article "Adwa, Battle of") The Treaty of Addis Ababa, signed in October 1896, abrogated the Treaty of Wichale and reestablished peace. The Italian claim to a protectorate over all Ethiopia was thereafter abandoned, and the Italian colony of Eritrea, finally delimited by a treaty of peace (September 1900), was reduced to a territory of ...
- Addison
- county, western Vermont, U.S. It is bounded by Lake Champlain (constituting the border with New York state) to the west and the Green Mountains to the east. Lowlands in the west give way to foothills and mountains in the east. The county is drained by Otter Creek, the state's longest ...
- Addison disease
- rare disorder defined by destruction of the outer layer of the adrenal glands, the hormone-producing organs located just above the kidneys. [7 Related Articles]
- Addison, Christopher Addison, 1st Viscount, Baron Addison Of Stallingborough
- British surgeon and statesman who was prominent in both Liberal and Labour governments between the wars and after World War II.
- Addison, John Mervyn
- British composer who specialized for more than 40 years in writing effective, lightly orchestrated scores for motion pictures and television programs and incidental music for the theatre. Among Addison's most admired films were Seven Days to Noon (1950), Tom Jones (1963), for which he won an Academy Award, the Oscar-nominated ... [1 Related Articles]
- Addison, Joseph
- English essayist, poet, and dramatist, who, with Richard Steele, was a leading contributor to and guiding spirit of the periodicals The Tatler and The Spectator. His writing skill led to his holding important posts in government while the Whigs were in power. [11 Related Articles]
- Addison, Thomas
- English physician after whom Addison's disease, a metabolic dysfunction caused by atrophy of the adrenal cortex, and Addison's (pernicious) anemia were named. He was the first to correlate a set of disease symptoms with pathological changes in one of the endocrine glands.
- addition
- (from the article "Field axioms") ...objects. The number c is called the sum of a and b; and each of the latter is called a summand. The operation of forming the sum is called addition, the symbol + being read as "plus." This is the simplest binary operation, where binary refers to the process of ...
- addition polyimide
- (from the article "industrial polymers, major") ...rings coupled by imide linkages-that is, linkages in which two carbonyl (CO) groups are attached to the same nitrogen (N) atom. There are two categories of these polymers, condensation and addition. The former are made by step-growth polymerization and are linear in structure; the latter are synthesized by heat-activated addition ...
- addition polymer
- (from the article "surface coating") Step-growth polymers include polyesters, epoxies, polyurethanes, polyamides, melamine, and phenolic resins. They are formed most often by reactions between two dissimilar monomers-acids and alcohols in the case of polyesters. This general class of polymers is used widely in the field of organic coatings. Chain-growth polymers are built up by the ...
- addition polymerization
- (from the article "polymerization") Two classes of polymerization usually are distinguished. In condensation polymerization, each step of the process is accompanied by formation of a molecule of some simple compound, often water. In addition polymerization, monomers react to form a polymer without the formation of by-products. Addition polymerizations usually are carried out in the ...
- addition reaction
- any of a class of chemical reactions in which an atom or group of atoms is added to a molecule. [9 Related Articles]
- Additional Act
- (from the article "Maria II") ...to reinstate an earlier, more democratic constitution. The conflict was not resolved until Saldanha, at the head of the reform movement known as the Regeneration, modified the Charter with the Additional Act (1852). This remained the Portuguese constitution until 1910.
- additional-member system
- (from the article "New Zealand") The New Zealand election on Sept. 17, 2005, broke new constitutional ground as mixed member proportional (MMP) voting returned 121 members of Parliament, an increase of one from the previously fixed 120-member House of Representatives. Prime Minister Helen Clark's government was elected to a third three-year term, but Clark was ...
- additive
- (from the article "electrochemical reaction") A converse process is the smoothing of the original surface irregularities, which may occur when some foreign species, called an additive, is present in solution and adsorbs on the surface and inhibits the process of discharge. If those molecules are incorporated into a growing deposit, a situation may arise in ...
- additive
- (from the article "fibre, man-made") In order to achieve certain desirable fibre properties that cannot be obtained by polymers alone or to overcome certain deficiencies of polymers, various additives are mixed into polymer melts or solutions prior to the spinning of fibres. Some of the more common additives are heat and light stabilizers (especially important ...
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