| | - Abbahu
- (from the article "Judaism") ...and Samaritans maintained renowned cultural institutions-the Jews too established an academy that was singularly free of patriarchal control. The outstanding rabbinic scholar there, Abbahu (c. 279-320), wielded great influence with the Roman authorities. Because he combined learning with personal wealth and political power, he attracted some of the most gifted...
- Abbas I
- viceroy of Egypt under the Ottomans from 1848 to 1854. Despite his relatively peaceful and prosperous reign as viceroy of Egypt, 'Abbas was largely vilified as selfish, secretive, cruel, and a reactionary. Nevertheless, some scholars have since noted that 'Abbas's much-blackened image may have owed a great deal to exaggerated ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abbas I
- shah of Persia from 1588 to 1629, who strengthened the Safavid dynasty by expelling Ottoman and Uzbek troops from Persian soil and by creating a standing army. He also made Esfahan the capital of Persia and fostered commerce and the arts, so that Persian artistic achievement reached a high point ... [9 Related Articles]
- Abbas II
- last khedive (viceroy) of Egypt, from 1892 to 1914, when British hegemony was established. His opposition to British power in Egypt made him prominent in the nationalist movement. [2 Related Articles]
- Abbas Mirza
- crown prince of the Qajar dynasty of Iran who introduced European military techniques into his country.
- Abbas, Abu
- Palestinian guerrilla leader (b. 1948/49?, near Haifa?, Palestine/Israel?-d. March 8/9, 2004, near Baghdad, Iraq), was best known as the mastermind behind the 1985 hijacking of the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro, during which a wheelchair-bound American Jewish man, Leon Klinghoffer, was shot and pushed into the sea; this act brought ...
- Abbas, Ferhat
- politician and leader of the national independence movement who served as the first president of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic. [1 Related Articles]
- Abbas, Mahmoud
- Palestinian politician, who served briefly as prime minister of the Palestinian Authority in 2003 and was elected its president in 2005 following the death of Yasir 'Arafat. [12 Related Articles]
- Abbasid Dynasty
- second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim Empire of the Caliphate. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in AD 750 and reigned as the 'Abbasid caliphate until destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258. [44 Related Articles]
- Abbati, Giuseppe
- (from the article "Macchiaioli") ...conscious scenes; Silvestro Lega (1826-95), who combined a clearly articulated handling of colour patches with a poetic feeling for his subject; and Raffaello Sernesi (1838-66) and Giuseppe Abbati (1836-68), both of whom also used colour in a highly original manner.
- Abbaye
- (from the article "Vildrac, Charles") Vildrac, along with the writer Georges Duhamel (later his brother-in-law) and others, founded the Abbaye, a community of young artists and writers who, from 1906 to 1907, lived together in the Paris suburb of Creteil. During World War II he was active in the French Resistance.influenced by Unanimism
- Abbe Pierre
- French Roman Catholic priest and social activist championed the cause of the homeless in France and throughout the world. The Emmaus movement, which he founded in 1949 with a single centre for the homeless in a Paris suburb, held its first World Assembly in 1969, and by 2007 Emmaus ...
- Abbe sine condition
- (from the article "Abbe, Ernst") ...design (such as the use of a condenser to provide strong, even illumination, introduced in 1870) and clearer understanding of magnification limits. He discovered the optical formula now called the Abbe sine condition, one of the requirements that a lens must satisfy if it is to form a sharp image, ...
- Abbe, Cleveland
- meteorologist who pioneered in the foundation and growth of the U.S. Weather Bureau, later renamed the National Weather Service.
- Abbe, Ernst
- physicist whose theoretical and technical innovations in optical theory led to great improvements in microscope design (such as the use of a condenser to provide strong, even illumination, introduced in 1870) and clearer understanding of magnification limits. He discovered the optical formula now called the Abbe sine condition, one of ... [6 Related Articles]
- abbess
- the title of a superior of certain communities of nuns following the Benedictine Rule, of convents of the Second Order of St. Francis (Poor Clares), and of certain communities of canonesses. The first historical record of the name is on a Roman inscription dated c. 514.
- Abbeville
- town, Somme departement, Picardy region, northern France, near the mouth of the canalized Somme, northwest of Amiens. Stone Age artifacts unearthed by Boucher de Crevecoeur de Perthes in 1844 attesting to early occupation of the site are displayed at the Musee Boucher-de-Perthes. The town ...
- Abbeville
- city, seat (1854) of Vermilion parish, southern Louisiana, U.S., on the Vermilion River, 20 miles (32 km) south-southwest of Lafayette. It was founded in 1843 by a Capuchin missionary, Pere Antoine Desire Megret, who patterned it on a French Provencal village. First called La Chapelle and settled by Acadians from ...
- Abbeville
- city, seat of Abbeville county, northwestern South Carolina, U.S. French Huguenots in 1764 settled the site, which was named for Abbeville, France, by John de la Howe. The city is regarded by some as the "Cradle and the Grave of the Confederacy"; it was there that a secessionist meeting was ...
- Abbeville
- county, northwestern South Carolina, U.S. It lies in a hilly piedmont region bounded to the southwest by the state's Richard B. Russell Lake border with Georgia; the Saluda River forms the county's northeastern border. Calhoun Falls State Park is on the lake, which is formed by the Richard B. Russell ...
- Abbevillian industry
- prehistoric stone-tool tradition generally considered to represent the oldest occurrence in Europe of a bifacial (hand-ax) technology. The Abbevillian industry dates from an imprecisely determined part of the Middle Pleistocene, somewhat less than 700,000 years ago. It was recovered from high terrace sediments of the lower Somme valley, in a ... [2 Related Articles]
- abbey
- group of buildings housing a monastery or a convent, centred on an abbey church or a cathedral and under the direction of an abbot or an abbess. In this sense, an abbey consists of a complex of buildings serving the needs of a self-contained religious community. The term abbey is ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abbey Theatre
- Dublin theatre, established in 1904. It grew out of the Irish Literary Theatre (founded in 1899 by William Butler Yeats and Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory, and devoted to fostering Irish poetic drama), which in 1902 was taken over by the Irish National Dramatic Society, led by W.G. and Frank J. ... [10 Related Articles]
- Abbey, Edward
- American writer whose works, set primarily in the Southwestern United States, reflect an uncompromising environmentalist philosophy.
- Abbey, Edwin Austin
- American painter and one of the foremost illustrators of his day.
- abbhutadhamma
- (from the article "anga") 8. Abbhutadhamma, or adbhutadharma ("wondrous phenomena"), stories of miracles and supernatural events.
- Abbo of Fleury, Saint
- (from the article "Aimoin") ...St. Benedict, completing the second and third books of the Miracula Sancti Benedicti in 1005 (the first book had been the work of an earlier writer). He also wrote the biography of the abbot Abbo (d. 1004), who suggested that Aimoin compose a history of the Franks. His Historia Francorum, ...
- abbot
- the superior of a monastic community that follows the Benedictine Rule (Benedictines, Cistercians, Camaldolese, Trappists) and of certain other orders (Premonstratensians, canons regular of the Lateran). The word derives from the Aramaic ab ("father"), or aba ("my father"), which in the Septuagint (the Greek translation of the Old Testament) and ... [6 Related Articles]
- Abbot, Charles Greeley
- American astrophysicist who, as director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Washington, D.C., for almost four decades, engaged in a career-long campaign to demonstrate that the Sun's energy output varies and has a measurable effect on the Earth's weather. [1 Related Articles]
- Abbot, George
- (from the article "Archbishops of Canterbury") ...didactic worth. The first Bible in English to exclude the Apocrypha was the Geneva Bible of 1599. The King James Version of 1611 placed it between the Old and New Testaments. In 1615 Archbishop George Abbot forbade the issuance of Bibles without the Apocrypha, but editions of the King James ...
- Abbot, Henry Larcom
- (from the article "Earth sciences") A complicated empirical formula for the discharge of streams resulted from the studies of Andrew Atkinson Humphreys and Henry Larcom Abbot in the course of the Mississippi Delta Survey of 1851-60. Their formula contained no term for roughness of channel and on this and other grounds was later found to ...
- Abbotsford
- former home of the 19th-century novelist Sir Walter Scott, situated on the right bank of the River Tweed, Scottish Borders council area, historic county of Roxburghshire, Scotland. Scott purchased the original farm, then known as Carley Hole, in 1811 and transformed it (1817-25) into a Gothic-style baronial mansion now known ...
- Abbott and Costello
- American comedic duo who performed on stage and in films, radio, and television. Bud Abbott (original name William Alexander Abbott; b. Oct. 2, 1895, Asbury Park, N.J., U.S., -d. April 24, 1974, Woodland Hills, Calif., ) and Lou Costello (original name Louis Francis Cristillo; b. March 6, 1906, Paterson, N.J., ...
- Abbott, Berenice
- photographer best known for her photographic documentation of New York City in the late 1930s and for her preservation of the works of Eugene Atget. [3 Related Articles]
- Abbott, Bud
- (from the article "Abbott and Costello") Abbott was born into a circus family, and he managed burlesque houses before he met Costello. He spent much time backstage studying the top American comics of the day, including W.C. Fields, Bert Lahr, and the comedy team of Bobby Clark and Paul McCullough. In 1923 Abbott produced his own ...
- Abbott, Diane
- British politician, the first woman of African descent elected to the House of Commons. Abbott's parents, originally from Jamaica, immigrated to the United Kingdom in the early 1950s. She was educated at Harrow County Grammar School for Girls and received a degree in history from the University of Cambridge in ...
- Abbott, Edith
- American social worker, educator, and author who was instrumental in promoting the professional practice and academic discipline of social work in the United States.
- Abbott, George
- American theatrical director, producer, playwright, actor, and motion-picture director who staged some of the most popular Broadway productions from the 1920s to the '60s. [2 Related Articles]
- Abbott, Grace
- American social worker, public administrator, educator, and reformer who was important in the field of child-labour legislation. Abbott wrote articles on this subject as well as on maternity for the Encyclopaedia Britannica (see the Britannica Classics: Law Relating to Children; Maternity and Infant Welfare).
- Abbott, Jacob
- American teacher and writer, best known for his many books for young readers. [1 Related Articles]
- Abbott, Lyman
- American Congregationalist minister and a leading exponent of the Social Gospel movement.
- Abbott, Peggy
- (from the article "Margaret Abbott: A Study Break") A wealthy young socialite, Margaret ("Peggy") Abbott spent the years 1899 to 1902 living in Paris with her mother, the novelist Mary Abbott. There the 22-year-old Margaret studied art, took in the sights, and enjoyed high-society life.Olympic GamesOlympic GamesParis, France, ...
- Abbott, Robert
- (from the article "eleusis") card game invented by Robert Abbott and first described in Martin Gardner's "Mathematical Games" column in Scientific American (July 1959). A more-refined version appeared in Abbott's New Card Games (1967), with a further extension privately published in 1977.
- Abbott, Robert S.
- (from the article "Chicago Defender") Founded in 1905 by Robert S. Abbott, the Chicago Defender originally was a four-page weekly newspaper. Like the white-owned Hearst and Pulitzer newspapers, the Defender, under Abbott, used sensationalism to boost circulation. Editorials attacking white oppression and the lynching of African Americans helped increase ...
- Abbott, Sir John
- lawyer, statesman, and prime minister of Canada from 1891 to 1892.
- Abbottabad
- city, east-central North-West Frontier Province, northern Pakistan. It is situated 38 miles (61 km) northeast of Rawalpindi. A hill station (4,120 feet [1,256 metres]), it lies on a plateau at the southern corner of the Rash (Orash) Plain and is the gateway to the picturesque Kagan Valley. It is connected ...
- Abbou, Mohammed
- (from the article "Tunisia") ...in 2007 to protest their confinement. At the end of July, however, 22 of those prisoners were released, most of them Renaissance Party members or sympathizers. They included Daniel Zarrouk and Mohammed Abbou, a lawyer who had been sentenced in April 2005 to three and a half years' imprisonment. Meanwhile, ...
- abbreviation
- in communications (especially written), the process or result of representing a word or group of words by a shorter form of the word or phrase. Abbreviations take many forms and can be found in ancient Greek inscriptions, in medieval manuscripts (e.g., "DN" for "Dominus Noster"), and in the Qur'an. Cicero's ... [4 Related Articles]
- ABC
- tabloid daily newspaper published in Madrid and long regarded as one of Spain's leading papers. It was founded as a weekly in 1903 by journalist Torcuato Luca de Tena y Alvarez-Ossorio, who later (1929) was made the marques de Luca de Tena by King Alfonso XIII in recognition of his ...
- Abd al-Aziz
- sultan of Morocco from 1894 to 1908, whose reign was marked by an unsuccessful attempt to introduce European administrative methods in an atmosphere of increasing foreign influence. [2 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Ghani
- Syrian mystic prose and verse writer on the cultural and religious thought of his time.
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