| | - Abdulhak Hamid
- poet and playwright, considered one of the greatest Turkish Romantic writers. He was instrumental in introducing Western influences into Turkish literature. [2 Related Articles]
- Abdulhamid I
- Ottoman sultan from 1774 to 1789 who concluded the war with Russia by signing the humiliating Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca. By the terms of the treaty, Russia obtained the fortresses on the coast of the Sea of Azov, the area between the Dnieper and Bug rivers, and navigation and commercial ...
- Abdulhamid II
- Ottoman sultan from 1876 to 1909, under whose autocratic rule the reform movement of Tanzimat (Reorganization) reached its climax and who adopted a policy of pan-Islamism in opposition to Western intervention in Ottoman affairs. [12 Related Articles]
- Abdulla, Muhammed Said
- Tanzanian novelist generally regarded as the father of Swahili popular literature. [1 Related Articles]
- Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir
- Malayan-born writer who, through his autobiographical and other works, played an important role as a progenitor of modern Malay literature.
- Abdullah I
- statesman who became the first ruler (1946-51) of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. [7 Related Articles]
- Abdullah II
- king of Jordan from 1999 and a member of the Hashimite dynasty, considered by pious Muslims to be direct descendants of the Prophet Muhammad (see Ahl al-Bayt). [8 Related Articles]
- Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad
- a prominent figure in India's struggle for independence, who fought for the rights of Kashmir and won for it a semiautonomous status within India.
- Abdullahi dan Fodio
- (from the article "Usman dan Fodio") ...reputation increased, as did the size and importance of the community that looked to him for religious and political leadership. Particularly closely associated with him were his younger brother, Abdullahi, who was one of his first pupils, and his son, Muhammad Bello, both distinguished teachers and writers. But his own ...
- Abdulmecid I
- Ottoman sultan from 1839 to 1861 who issued two major social and political reform edicts known as the Hatt-i Serif of Gulhane (Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber) in 1839 and the Hatt-i Humayun (Imperial Edict) in 1856, heralding the new era of Tanzimat ("Reorganization"). [8 Related Articles]
- Abdulmecid II
- the last caliph and crown prince of the Ottoman dynasty of Turkey. [1 Related Articles]
- Abdurahman, Abdullah
- (from the article "South Africa") ...politically conscious Coloureds and Indians. Their first nationally based organization was the African Political (later People's) Organization, founded in Cape Town in 1902. Under the presidency of Abdullah Abdurahman, this body lobbied for Coloured rights and had links at times with other black political groups. Indians in the Transvaal, led ...
- Abe Isoo
- one of the founders of the Japanese socialist movement and titular head of the Social Mass Party (Shakai Taishuto) from its inception in 1932 until 1940. He is also remembered for introducing the game of baseball to Japan.
- Abe Kobo
- Japanese novelist and playwright noted for his use of bizarre and allegorical situations to underline the isolation of the individual. [2 Related Articles]
- Abe Masahiro
- statesman who negotiated the opening of Japan to trade and communication with Western nations after the arrival of Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his U.S. Navy fleet. [1 Related Articles]
- Abe Shinzo
- Japanese politician, who was prime minister of Japan from 2006 to 2007. [6 Related Articles]
- Abe, Kazushige
- (from the article "Literature") For the first half of 2005, the Akutagawa Prize, awarded semiannually to the most promising new Japanese writers of fiction, went to Kazushige Abe's short story "Gurando finare" ("Grand Finale"), first published in the December 2004 issue of Gunzo. A man whose wife and daughter abandoned him because of his ...
- abecedarius
- a type of acrostic in which the first letter of each line of a poem or the first letter of the first word of each stanza taken in order forms the alphabet. Examples of these are some of the Psalms (in Hebrew), such as Psalms 25 and 34, where successive ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abeche
- town, eastern Chad, between the wadis Chao and Sao. Historically it was the site of the capital of the Muslim sultanate of Ouaddai (q.v.), which dominated much of the area of Chad before French conquest was accomplished in 1912. The remains of the ancient capital include a palace, tombs of ...
- Abedi Ayew Pele
- Ghanaian football (soccer) player who was the only man to have won the African Player of the Year award three consecutive times (1991-93). As an attacking midfielder with Olympique de Marseille in France, Abedi Pele was one of the first African players to have an impact on club football in ...
- Abedin, Zainul
- (from the article "Bangladesh") Painting as an independent art form is a relatively recent phenomenon in Bangladesh. The main figure behind the art movement was Zainul Abedin, who first attracted attention with his sketches of the Bengal famine of 1943. After the partition of Pakistan from India in 1947, he was able to gather ...
- Abegg, Richard Wilhelm Heinrich
- physical chemist whose work contributed to the understanding of valence (the capacity of an atom to combine with another atom) in light of the newly discovered presence of electrons within the atom.
- Abejas phase
- (from the article "Mexico") ...farmers learned to produce hybrids to increase the size of the corn kernels. Avocados, chili peppers, amaranth, zapotes, tepary beans, and squashes were also primitive cultigens. During the Abejas phase (3400-2300 BC), use of cultivated plants increased at the expense of wild plants and, probably, at the expense of hunting. ...
- Abel
- in the Old Testament, second son of Adam and Eve, who was slain by his older brother, Cain (Genesis 4:1-16). According to Genesis, Abel, a shepherd, offered the Lord the firstborn of his flock. The Lord respected Abel's sacrifice but did not respect that offered by Cain. In a jealous ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abel Prize
- award granted annually for research in mathematics, in commemoration of the brilliant 19th-century Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel. The Niels Henrik Abel Memorial Fund was established on Jan. 1, 2002, and it is administered by the Norwegian Ministry of Education and Research. The main purpose ...
- Abel Tasman National Park
- wildlife preserve in northwestern South Island, New Zealand. Established in 1942, it was named for Abel Tasman, the Dutch navigator. With an area of 55,699 acres (22,541 hectares), it extends inland for about 6 miles (10 km) from the beaches of Tasman Bay on its western shores between Separation Point ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abel, Carl Friedrich
- symphonist of the pre-Classical school and one of the last virtuosos of the viola da gamba.
- Abel, John Jacob
- American pharmacologist and physiological chemist who made important contributions to a modern understanding of the ductless, or endocrine, glands. He isolated adrenaline in the form of a chemical derivative (1897) and crystallized insulin (1926). He also invented a primitive artificial kidney.
- Abel, Niels Henrik
- Norwegian mathematician, a pioneer in the development of several branches of modern mathematics. [4 Related Articles]
- Abel, Rudolf
- Soviet intelligence officer, convicted in the United States in 1957 for conspiring to transmit military secrets to the Soviet Union. He was exchanged in 1962 for the American aviator Francis Gary Powers, who had been imprisoned as a spy in the Soviet Union since 1960. [1 Related Articles]
- Abel, Sidney Gerald
- Canadian ice hockey player and coach (b. Feb. 22, 1918, Melville, Sask.-d. Feb. 8, 2000, Farmington Hills, Mich.), was a longtime star with the Detroit Red Wings, helping the team to win three Stanley Cup titles (1943, 1950, 1952) and four consecutive regular-season titles (1949-52). Together with Gordie Howe and ...
- Abel, Sir Frederick Augustus
- English chemist and explosives specialist who, with the chemist Sir James Dewar, invented cordite (1889), later adopted as the standard explosive of the British army. Abel also made studies of dust explosions in coal mines, invented a device for testing the flash point of petroleum, and found a way to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abel, Theodora Mead
- American clinical psychologist and educator who combined sociology and psychology in her work.
- Abelam
- (from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") The art of the Abelam tribe, which lived in the Prince Alexander Mountains, was tied to a vigorous ceremonial life. It thus presents a far more spectacular scene. Their pyramidal ceremonial houses, centres for cults of yam growing and initiation, were built on the grandest scale known in New Guinea. ...
- Abelard, Peter
- French theologian and philosopher best known for his solution of the problem of universals and for his original use of dialectics. He is also known for his poetry and for his celebrated love affair with Heloise. [19 Related Articles]
- Abeles, Sir Peter
- Hungarian-born Australian business executive who immigrated to Australia in 1949 and soon after cofounded Alltrans Pty Ltd., a small transport company with two trucks; by 1999 Alltrans had merged with or taken over several other firms, and the resulting multinational corporation, TNT Ltd., had transportation operations in at least 180 ...
- Abelian group
- (from the article "mathematics") Examples of groups include the integers with * interpreted as addition and the positive rational numbers with * interpreted as multiplication. An important property shared by some groups but not all is commutativity: for every element a and b, a * b = b * a. The rotations of an object in the plane around a ...
- Abelian theorem
- (from the article "Abel, Niels Henrik") ...then the world centre for mathematics, where he called on the foremost mathematicians and completed a major paper on the theory of integrals of algebraic functions. His central result, known as Abel's theorem, is the basis for the later theory of Abelian integrals and Abelian functions, a generalization of elliptic ...
- Abell, A.S.
- newspaper editor and publisher, and founder, with two other investors, of the Philadelphia Public Ledger and the Baltimore Sun. [1 Related Articles]
- Abell, Kjeld
- dramatist and social critic, best known outside Denmark for two plays, Melodien der blev vaek (1935; English adaptation, The Melody That Got Lost, 1939) and Anna Sophie Hedvig (1939; Eng. trans., 1944), which defends the use of force by the oppressed against the oppressor.
- Abelson, Philip Hauge
- American physical chemist who proposed the gas diffusion process for separating uranium-235 from uranium-238 and in collaboration with the U.S. physicist Edwin Mattison McMillan discovered the element neptunium. [5 Related Articles]
- Abemama Atoll
- coral atoll of the northern Gilbert Islands, part of Kiribati, in the west-central Pacific Ocean. Capt. Charles Bishop, who reached the atoll in 1799, named it Roger Simpson Island for one of his associates. Seat of the area's ruling family in the 19th century, the atoll was the site of ...
- Abenaki
- Algonquian-speaking North American Indian tribe that united with other tribes in the 17th century to furnish mutual protection against the Iroquois Confederacy. The name refers to their location "toward the dawn." In its earliest known form, the Abenaki Confederacy consisted of tribes or bands living east and northeast of present-day ... [8 Related Articles]
- Abenaki Confederacy
- (from the article "Abenaki") ...with other tribes in the 17th century to furnish mutual protection against the Iroquois Confederacy. The name refers to their location "toward the dawn." In its earliest known form, the Abenaki Confederacy consisted of tribes or bands living east and northeast of present-day New York state, including Abenaki, Passamaquoddy and ...
- Abendmusiken
- (from the article "Buxtehude, Dietrich") ...are their main sources. All are imbued with a devout simplicity that contrasts strongly with the elaborations of their Bachian successors. It is possible that some were written for the famous Abendmusiken, concerts of mixed vocal and instrumental music held in St. Mary's in the late afternoons on five Sundays ...
- Abengourou
- town, eastern Cote d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast), on the road from Abidjan (the national capital) to Ghana. The major trading centre for a productive forest region, it is also the residence of the Anyi (Agni) paramount chief, who is the present king of Indenie (an Anyi kingdom founded in the mid-18th ...
- Abenra
- city, southeastern Jutland, Denmark, at the head of Abenra Fjord. First mentioned in the 12th century when attacked by the Wends, it was granted a charter (1335) and grew from a fishing village into a thriving port in the 17th and 18th centuries. Medieval landmarks include the St. Nicholas Church ...
- Abenteuerroman
- in German literature, a form of the picaresque novel. The Abenteuerroman is an entertaining story recounting the adventures of the hero, but it often incorporates a serious aspect. An example of the genre is the 17th-century Der Abentheurliche Simplicissimus (Adventurous Simplicissimus) by H.J.C. von Grimmelshausen. The Abenteuerroman is related to ...
- Abeokuta
- town, capital of Ogun state, southwestern Nigeria. It is situated on the east bank of the Ogun River, around a group of rocky outcroppings that rise above the surrounding wooded savanna. It lies on the main railway (1899) from Lagos, 48 miles (78 km) south, and on the older trunk ... [2 Related Articles]
- Aberbach, Jean
- (from the article "Hill and Range") When Austrian immigrant brothers Jean and Julian Aberbach formed their Hill and Range publishing company in 1945, the name they chose made it clear which songwriters they were after-the country-and-western writers who had been long overlooked by the established publishers affiliated with the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers ...
- Aberbach, Julian
- (from the article "Hill and Range") When Austrian immigrant brothers Jean and Julian Aberbach formed their Hill and Range publishing company in 1945, the name they chose made it clear which songwriters they were after-the country-and-western writers who had been long overlooked by the established publishers affiliated with the American Society of Composers, Authors, and Publishers ...
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