| | - Alinsky, Saul
- American social organizer who stimulated the creation of numerous activist citizen and community groups.
- aliphatic compound
- any chemical compound belonging to the organic class in which the atoms are not linked together to form a ring. One of the major structural groups of organic molecules, the aliphatic compounds include the alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, and substances derived from them-actually or in principle-by replacing one or more ... [7 Related Articles]
- Alipore
- town, West Bengal state, northeastern India. A southern suburb of Calcutta included within the city municipality, it has major industries, including printing and bookbinding, cement manufacture, oilseed milling, and general engineering works. Alipore is the site of zoological-horticultural gardens and of Belvedere House, onetime residence of the former British lieutenant ...
- Alipur Duar
- city, northeastern West Bengal state, northeastern India, just north of the Kalyani River. Connected by road with Jalpaiguri, the city is an important market centre for rice, tobacco, and jute; an annual agricultural produce and stock fair is held there. Rice milling is an important industry. Alipur Duar was declared ...
- Aliquippa
- city, Beaver county, western Pennsylvania, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River, just northwest of Pittsburgh. Settled about 1750 as a post for trade with Delaware, Iroquois, and Shawnee Indians, it was first known as Logstown and later renamed for "Queen" Aliquippa, probably an Iroquois. After the French and Indian ...
- Alisar Huyuk
- site of an ancient Anatolian town southeast of Bogazkoy in central Turkey. Thorough and extensive excavations there by the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (1927-32) were the first systematic stratigraphic investigations on the Anatolian plateau. In the long succession of strata revealed at Alisar Huyuk-from Chalcolithic (c. 4000-c. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alisjahbana, Takdir
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...literature in Dutch, and the nationalist leaders had become eager for a new literature in the native language. This common aim bore fruit in 1933, when a literary journal under the editorship of Takdir Alisjahbana appeared, containing poems and essays written by various authors in the new Malay, which they ...
- Alisma subcordatum
- (from the article "water plantain") ...North America. The plant grows to about 1 m (40 inches) in height and has ovate, slightly pointed leaves. The flowers are about 6 mm (0.25 inch) long and grow in whorls along a many-branched stalk. A. subcordatum has smaller flowers that are about 2 mm long.
- Alisma triviale
- (from the article "water plantain") A. triviale, regarded by some authorities as a New World variety of the European species A. plantago-aquatica, is common throughout North America. The plant grows to about 1 m (40 inches) in height and has ovate, slightly pointed leaves. The flowers are about 6 mm (0.25 inch) long and grow ...
- Alismataceae
- (from the article "Alismatales") The family Alismataceae occurs throughout the Americas, Asia, Australia, Africa, and Europe. Common genera include Sagittaria (arrowhead), Alisma (water plantain), and Echinodorus (burhead). Water plantain and arrowhead are most common in temperate regions, whereas burhead has its centre of distribution in ...
- Alismatales
- arrowhead and pondweed order of flowering plants, belonging to the monocotyledon (monocot) group, whose species have a single seed leaf. Most of the some 4,500 species are aquatic and grow submersed or partially exposed to the air in marshes and other freshwater and marine habitats, where they are treated as ...
- Alisol
- one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Alisols are highly acidic, poorly drained soils prone to aluminum toxicity and water erosion. Liming and fertilization are essential to their agricultural use-primarily for growing oil palm, corn (maize), and cotton. Their extent ...
- Alison, Archibald
- (from the article "aesthetics") ...William Wordsworth in England. For such writers, imagination was to be the distinctive feature both of aesthetic activity and of all true insight into the human condition. Meanwhile, Lord Kames and Archibald Alison had each provided full accounts of the role of association in the formation and justification of critical ...
- Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane
- Italian international airline founded in 1946 and, by the early 21st century, serving more than 80 cities in Europe, Africa, Asia, North and South America, and Australia. Headquarters are in Rome. The pope usually flies on a chartered Alitalia jet nicknamed "Shepherd One." [3 Related Articles]
- Alito, Samuel A., Jr.
- associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 2006. [6 Related Articles]
- Aliutor language
- (from the article "Paleo-Siberian languages") ...and northward to the Anadyr River basin, (3) the strongly divergent but probably related Itelmen (or Kamchadal), with a bare remnant of 500 speakers on the central west coast of Kamchatka, (4) Aliutor, perhaps a Koryak dialect, with about 2,000 speakers, and (5) Kerek, with about 10 speakers.
- alivincular ligament
- (from the article "bivalve") ...an elastic ligament creates the opening thrust that operates against the closing action of the adductor muscles. The ligament typically develops either externally (parivincular) or internally (alivincular) but comprises outer lamellar, and inner fibrous, layers secreted by the mantle crest. The ligament type is generally characteristic of each bivalve group. ...
- Alix of Brittany
- (from the article "Peter I") Married by his cousin King Philip II Augustus of France to Alix, heiress to Brittany, Peter did homage for the province in 1213 and assumed the title of duke, though he was considered merely a count by the French. He energetically asserted his authority over the Breton lands, annexing new ...
- aliyah
- in Judaism, the honour accorded to a worshiper of being called up to read an assigned passage from the Torah (first five books of the Bible). Because the passage assigned for each sabbath-morning service is subdivided into a minimum of seven sections, at least seven different persons are called up ...
- Aliyev, Farhad
- (from the article "Azerbaijan") Former health minister Ali Insanov and former economic development minister Farhad Aliyev (no relation to the president) were put on trial in February and May, respectively, following their arrest in October 2005 on suspicion of having plotted to overthrow the Azerbaijani leadership. They were charged with embezzlement and abuse of ...
- Aliyev, Heydar
- Azerbaijani politician (b. May 10, 1923, Nakhichevan region, Transcaucasian S.F.S.R., U.S.S.R. [now an autonomous region of Azerbaijan]-d. Dec. 12, 2003, Cleveland, Ohio), was one of the most powerful men in Azerbaijan for more than 30 years, as deputy chairman (1964-67) and chairman (1967-69) of the regional KGB, as secretary (1969-87) ... [2 Related Articles]
- Aliyev, Ilham
- (from the article "Azerbaijan") ...of Nakhichevan and the 4,400-sq-km (1,700-sq-mi) disputed region (with Armenia) of Nagorno-Karabakh | Population (2007 est.): 8,120,000 | Capital: Baku | Head of state and government: President Ilham Aliyev, assisted by Prime Minister Artur Rasizade | BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE YEAR 2007Azerbaijan
- alizarin
- a red dye originally obtained from the root of the common madder plant, Rubia tinctorum, in which it occurs combined with the sugars xylose and glucose. The cultivation of madder and the use of its ground root for dyeing by the complicated Turkey red process were known in ancient India, ... [3 Related Articles]
- alize
- (from the article "Mali") ...there are two distinct seasons, dry and wet. The dry season, which lasts from November to June, is marked by low humidity and high temperatures and is influenced by the alize and harmattan winds. The alize blows from the northeast from November to January ...
- aljamiado literature
- (from the article "Mudejar") ...of Castile, had abandoned Arabic for the Castilian spoken by their Christian neighbours. They continued to write in Arabic, however, giving rise to their characteristic aljamiado literature.
- Aljubarrota, Battle of
- (from the article "Batalha") ...west-central Portugal, just south of Leiria city. The town is dominated by the great Dominican abbey of Santa Maria da Vitoria, also known simply as Batalha ("Battle"). In the Battle of Aljubarrota, fought on a plain 9 miles (14 km) southwest of the town, John I of Portugal defeated John ...
- alka
- in Baltic religion, an open-air religious site, a natural sanctuary-forest, hill, river-that was sacred and inviolate. Trees could not be cut in such forests, sacred fields could not be plowed, and fishing was not allowed in the holy waters. The rituals of various religious cults, involving animal sacrifice and human ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alkalai, Judah ben Solomon Hai
- Sephardic rabbi and an early advocate of Jewish colonization of Palestine.
- alkali
- any of the soluble hydroxides of the alkali metals-i.e., lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium. Alkalies are strong bases that turn litmus paper from red to blue; they react with acids to yield neutral salts; and they are caustic and in concentrated form are corrosive to organic tissues. The term ... [9 Related Articles]
- Alkali Act
- (from the article "Halton") ...and other chemical industries were also attracted to the growing town. Enormous quantities of toxic and evil-smelling waste from the alkali industry produced ugly refuse dumps, but the first Alkali Act of 1862 was the beginning of the slow introduction of stricter operating conditions. Widnes town centre developed in the ...
- alkali basalt
- (from the article "basalt") Normal alkali basalt contains olivine and, commonly, a diopsidic or titaniferous augite. Alkali basalts predominate among the lavas of the ocean basins and are common among the mafic lavas of the forelands and backlands of the mountain belts. In the Brito-Icelandic province the Tertiary lava flows of the Inner Hebrides, ...
- alkali bee
- (from the article "pollination") Examples of flowers that depend heavily on bees are larkspur, monkshood, bleeding heart, and Scotch broom. Alkali bees (Nomia) and leaf-cutter bees (Megachile) are both efficient pollinators of alfalfa; unlike honeybees, they are not afraid to trigger the explosive mechanism that liberates a cloud of pollen in alfalfa flowers. Certain ...
- alkali feldspar
- any of several common silicate minerals that often occur as variously coloured, glassy crystals. They are used in the manufacture of glass and ceramics; transparent, highly coloured, or iridescent varieties are sometimes used as gemstones. The alkali feldspars are primarily important as constituents of rocks; they are very widespread and ... [4 Related Articles]
- alkali flat
- a playa, or dried-out desert lake, especially one containing high concentrations of precipitated dry, glistening salts. The term is generally limited to flats in the western United States, the most famous being the Bonneville Salt Flats (q.v.) west of Salt Lake City, where automobile speed records are set. [2 Related Articles]
- Alkali Flat
- (from the article "White Sands National Monument") ...crystals created by the evaporation of gypsum-laden runoff water. The gypsum is the product of decomposed limestone, which is the predominant rock type of the surrounding region. The extensive Alkali Flat area, to the north of the lake, is similarly created by underground water drawn to the surface. There is ...
- alkali halide
- (from the article "crystal") ...each ion has as many neighbours as possible, consistent with the ion radii. Six or eight nearest neighbours are typical; the number depends on the size of the ions and not on the bond angles. The alkali halide crystals are binaries of the AH type, where A is an alkali ...
- alkali iodide
- (from the article "halogen element") The alkali iodides are soluble in molten iodine and give conducting solutions typical of weak electrolytes. Alkali iodides react with compounds containing iodine with the oxidation number +1, such as iodine bromide, as in the following equation:
- alkali lake
- (from the article "lake") Lakes that contain high concentrations of sodium sulfate are called bitter lakes, and those containing sodium carbonate are called alkali lakes. Soda Lake, California, is estimated to contain nearly 1,000,000 tons of anhydrous sulfate. Magnesium salts of these types are also quite common and can be found in the same ...
- alkali metal
- any of the six chemical elements that make up Group 1 (Ia) of the periodic table-namely, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr). The alkali metals are so called because reaction with water forms alkalies (i.e., strong bases capable of neutralizing acids). Sodium and ... [13 Related Articles]
- alkali refining
- (from the article "fat and oil processing") Many of these can be removed by treating fats at 40° to 85° C (104° to 185° F) with an aqueous solution of caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) or soda ash (sodium carbonate). The refining may be done in a tank (in which case it is called batch or tank refining) ...
- alkaline cell
- (from the article "Common household batteries") The highest power density (watts per cubic cm) of the zinc-manganese dioxide cells is found in batteries with an alkaline electrolyte, which permits a completely different type of construction. The alkaline battery became commercially available during the 1950s and is now the most popular household battery. A cathode of a ...
- alkaline extraction
- (from the article "papermaking") In the following stage an alkaline extraction with dilute caustic soda dissolves chlorinated compounds, which are then washed out.
- alkaline fuel cell
- (from the article "fuel cell") These are devices that, by definition, have an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide as the electrolyte. The fuel is almost always hydrogen gas, with oxygen (or oxygen in air) as the oxidizer. However, zinc or aluminum could be used as an anode if the by-product oxides were ...
- alkaline phosphatase
- enzyme that is normally present in high concentrations in growing bone and in bile. It is essential for the deposition of minerals in the bones and teeth. Alkaline phosphatase deficiency is a hereditary trait called hypophosphatasia, which results in bone deformities. In severe cases, the deficiency leads to early death ... [3 Related Articles]
- alkaline plutonic rock
- (from the article "nepheline") ...of sodium and potassium [(Na,K)AlSiO4]. It is sometimes used as a substitute for feldspars in the manufacture of glass and ceramics. Nepheline is the characteristic mineral of alkaline plutonic rocks, particularly nepheline syenites and nepheline gneisses. It occurs in beautiful crystal form with mica, garnet, and sanidine feldspar on Monte ...
- alkaline rock
- (from the article "mineral deposit") ...and (in the case of the carbonatite deposit at Palabora in South Africa) copper sulfide ore minerals. The origin of carbonatite magma is obscure. Most carbonatites occur close to intrusions of alkaline igneous rocks (those rich in potassium or sodium relative to their silica contents) or to the ultramafic igneous ...
- alkaline storage battery
- (from the article "battery") In secondary batteries of this type, electric energy is derived from the chemical action in an alkaline solution. Such batteries feature a variety of electrode materials; some of the more notable ones are briefly discussed in this section.
- alkaline-earth metal
- any of the six chemical elements that comprise Group 2 (IIa) of the periodic table (see ). The elements are beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). [9 Related Articles]
- alkalinity
- (from the article "alkalosis") abnormally low level of acidity, or high level of alkalinity, in the body fluids, including the blood. Alkalosis may be either metabolic or respiratory in origin. Metabolic alkalosis results from either acid loss (which may be caused by severe vomiting or by the use of potent diuretics [substances that promote ...
- alkaloid
- any of a class of naturally occurring organic nitrogen-containing bases. Alkaloids have diverse and important physiological effects on humans and other animals. Well-known alkaloids include morphine, strychnine, quinine, ephedrine, and nicotine. [10 Related Articles]
- alkalophile
- (from the article "bacteria") ...especially under anaerobic conditions, and, as a result, plant polymers degrade slowly in acidic (pH between 3.7 and 5.5) bogs, pine forests, and lakes. In contrast to acidophilic bacteria, alkalophilic bacteria are able to grow in alkaline concentrations as great as pH 10 to 11. Alkalophiles have been isolated from ...
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