| | - Abulafia, Abraham ben Samuel
- (from the article "Judaism") ...of "left-hand sefirot" and a corresponding exuberant demonology. The second movement, whose main representative was the visionary and adventurer Abraham ben Samuel Abulafia (born 1240), justified itself by appeal to inner "prophetic" experiences encouraged by training methods akin to those of Yoga, Byzantine Hesychasm (mystical,...influence of Gikatilla
- abuna
- (from the article "Ethiopian Orthodox church") Beginning in the 12th century, the patriarch of Alexandria appointed the Ethiopian archbishop, known as the abuna (Arabic: "our father"), who was always an Egyptian Coptic monk; this created a rivalry with the native itshage (abbot general) of the strong Ethiopian monastic community. Attempts to shake Egyptian Coptic control were ...
- Abuna River
- a headwater of the Amazon, east of the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes. The navigable river flows for about 200 miles (320 km) northeast through rain forests, forming Bolivia's northern border with Brazil. It joins the Rio Madeira, a tributary of the Amazon, at Manoa, Bolivia. Rubber, Brazil nuts, quinine, ...
- abundance of the elements
- (from the article "Chemical elements") The relative numbers of atoms of the various elements are usually described as the abundances of the elements. The chief sources of data from which information is gained about present-day abundances of the elements are observations of the chemical composition of stars and gas clouds in the Galaxy, which contains ...
- abundant number
- (from the article "number game") Most numbers are either "abundant" or "deficient." In an abundant number, the sum of its proper divisors (i.e., including 1 but excluding the number itself) is greater than the number; in a deficient number, the sum of its proper divisors is less than the number. A perfect number is an ...
- Aburatsubo Bay
- (from the article "Miura") ...a base for commercial deep-sea fishing, especially of tuna. Besides tuna, the city is well known for its locally grown radishes, and cabbages and watermelons are also produced. Joga Island, in Aburatsubo Bay, is linked to the mainland at Miura by a large bridge. The island and bay, together with ...
- abus de droit
- (from the article "property law") ...a unified protection of the privilege of use like that of the Anglo-American nuisance law. In France this lack has been addressed by the development of the concept of abus de droit ("abuse of right"). The concept has been extensively used in situations where the defendant has ...
- Abuse of Reason
- (from the article "Hayek, F.A.") ...later ideas on economics and knowledge, eventually presented in his 1936 presidential address to the London Economic Club. During the war years LSE evacuated to Cambridge. There Hayek worked on his Abuse of Reason project, a wide-ranging critique of an assortment of doctrines that he lumped together under the label ...
- Abyad, Jurj
- (from the article "Arabic literature") ...was particularly true for the countries of northwest Africa (the Maghrib), where such visits to Tunisia in 1908 and Morocco in 1923 led to the appearance of local troupes, while the famous actor Jurj Abyad-a Christian from Syria-took his renowned troupe from Egypt to Iraq in 1926.
- Abydos
- prominent sacred city and one of the most important archaeological sites of ancient Egypt. The site, located in the low desert west of the Nile near al-Balyana, was a royal necropolis of the first two dynasties and later a pilgrimage centre for the worship of Osiris. [3 Related Articles]
- Abydos
- ancient Anatolian town located just northeast of the modern Turkish town of Canakkale on the east side of the Dardanelles (Hellespont). Probably originally a Thracian town, it was colonized about 670 BC by the Milesians. There Xerxes crossed the strait on his bridge of boats to invade Greece in 480 ...
- Abydos list of kings
- (from the article "Abydos") ...In a long gallery leading to other rooms is a relief showing Seti and his son Ramses making offerings to the cartouches of 76 of their dead predecessors beginning with Menes. This is the so-called Abydos list of kings. The reliefs decorating the walls of this temple are of particular ...
- Abydos passion play
- (from the article "theatre, Western") ...important of these involved the god Osiris. He was the subject of what was known as the Abydos passion play, a yearly ritual performed from the period of the Old Kingdom until about 400 CE. The Abydos passion play depicts the slaying of Osiris and his followers by his brother ...
- abyssal circulation
- (from the article "ocean") ...by horizontal differences in temperature and salinity-namely, the thermohaline circulation. The thermohaline circulation reaches down to the seafloor and is often referred to as the deep, or abyssal, ocean circulation. Measuring seawater temperature and salinity distribution is the chief method of studying the deep-flow patterns. Other properties also are examined; ...
- abyssal cone
- (from the article "ocean") ...The turbidites build sedimentary deep-sea fans adjacent to the base of the continental slope. Turbidites also are found below the major river deltas of the world where they build features called abyssal cones. The largest of these is the Ganges Fan (also called the Ganges Cone or Bengal Cone) in ...
- abyssal hill
- small, topographically well-defined submarine hill that may rise from several metres to several hundred metres above the abyssal seafloor, in water 3,000 to 6,000 m (10,000 to 20,000 feet) deep. Typical hills have diameters of several to several hundred metres. Abyssal-hill provinces, areas of abyssal seafloor occupied exclusively by such ... [1 Related Articles]
- abyssal plain
- flat seafloor area at an abyssal depth (3,000 to 6,000 m [10,000 to 20,000 feet]), generally adjacent to a continent. These submarine surfaces vary in depth only from 10 to 100 cm per kilometre of horizontal distance. Irregular in outline but generally elongate along continental margins, the larger plains are ... [4 Related Articles]
- abyssal zone
- portion of the ocean deeper than about 2,000 m (6,600 feet) and shallower than about 6,000 m (20,000 feet). The zone is defined mainly by its extremely uniform environmental conditions, as reflected in the distinct life forms inhabiting it. The upper boundary between the abyssal zone and the overlying bathyal ... [2 Related Articles]
- abyssalpelagic zone
- (from the article "marine ecosystem") ...photosynthesis occurs; it is roughly equivalent to the photic zone. Below this zone lie the mesopelagic, ranging between 200 and 1,000 metres, the bathypelagic, from 1,000 to 4,000 metres, and the abyssalpelagic, which encompasses the deepest parts of the oceans from 4,000 metres to the recesses of the deep-sea trenches. ...
- Abyssinia
- (from the article "eastern Africa, history of") The Christians retreated into what may be called Abyssinia, an easily defensible, socially cohesive unit that included mostly Christian, Semitic-speaking peoples in a territory comprising most of Eritrea, Tigray, and Gonder and parts of Gojam, Shewa, and Welo. For the next two centuries Abyssinia defined the limits of Ethiopia's extent, ...
- Abyssinian
- breed of domestic cat, probably of Egyptian origin, that has been considered to approximate the sacred cat of ancient Egypt more closely than any other living cat. The Abyssinian is a lithe cat with relatively slender legs and a long, tapering tail. The short, finely textured coat is ruddy reddish ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abyssinian Baptist Church
- (from the article "Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr.") Powell was the son of the pastor of the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem, New York City. Brought up in a middle-class home, he received his B.A. from Colgate University (Hamilton, N.Y.) in 1930 and his M.A. from Columbia University in 1932. He succeeded his father as pastor of the ...
- Abyssinian ibex
- (from the article "Ethiopia") Uniquely Ethiopian and among the most endangered species are the walia ibex of the Simen Mountains, the mountain nyala (a kind of antelope), the Simien jackal, and the gelada monkey. They are found in the Western and Eastern Highlands in numbers ranging from a few hundred for the walia ibex ...
- Abyssinian intermediate
- (from the article "barley") ...photograph); Hordeum distichum, a two-rowed type having central florets producing kernels and lateral florets that are normally sterile; and Hordeum irregulare, sometimes called Abyssinian intermediate, the least cultivated, with fertile central florets and varying proportions of fertile and sterile lateral florets.
- Abyssinian wolf
- (from the article "wolf") The critically endangered Abyssinian wolf (C. simensis) also looks similar to the coyote. It lives in a few isolated areas of grassland and heath scrub at high elevations in Ethiopia. Although they live in packs, the wolves hunt alone for rodents and other small mammals.
- Abzug, Bella
- U.S. congresswoman (1971-77) and lawyer who founded several liberal political organizations for women and was a prominent opponent of the Vietnam War and a supporter of equal rights for women. [2 Related Articles]
- AC Milan
- (from the article "Football") ...Champions League final, played on May 23 at the OACA Spyro Louis Stadium in Athens, featured the same matchup of teams as the 2005 contest. Liverpool was hoping to repeat its earlier success against AC Milan, the oldest team ever seen in the competition's final, with an average age of ...
- AC voltammetry
- (from the article "analysis") During AC voltammetry an alternating potential is added to the DC potential ramp used for LSV. Only the AC portion of the total current is measured and plotted as a function of the DC potential portion of the potential ramp. Because flow of an alternating current requires the electrochemical reaction ...
- AC/DC
- Australian heavy metal band whose theatrical, high-energy shows placed them among the most popular stadium performers of the 1980s. The principal members were Angus Young (b. March 31, 1955, Glasgow, Scot., ), Malcolm Young (b. Jan. 6, 1953, Glasgow, ), Bon Scott (original name Ronald Belford Scott; b. July 9, ...
- acacia
- any of about 800 species of trees and shrubs comprising a genus (Acacia) in the pea family (Fabaceae) and native to tropical and subtropical regions of the world, particularly Australia (there called wattles) and Africa. Acacias' distinctive leaves take the form of small, finely divided leaflets that give the leafstalk ... [11 Related Articles]
- acacia ant
- (from the article "mutualism") Acacia ants (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea) inhabit the bull-horn acacia (Acacia cornigera), upon which they obtain food and shelter; the acacia depends on the ants for protection from browsing animals, which the ants drive away. Neither member can survive successfully without the other, also exemplifying obligative mutualism.
- Acacia collinsii
- (from the article "angiosperm") ...and birds (honeyeaters, hummingbirds, and sunbirds). Nectaries also occur on the nonfloral, or vegetative, parts of some angiosperms, such as the leaves and the petioles of bull's-horn thorn (Acacia collinsii; Fabaceae). Ants live inside the hollow modified spinous structures of bull's-horn thorn and feed on the nectar. In return for ...
- Acacia cornigera
- (from the article "mutualism") Acacia ants (Pseudomyrmex ferruginea) inhabit the bull-horn acacia (Acacia cornigera), upon which they obtain food and shelter; the acacia depends on the ants for protection from browsing animals, which the ants drive away. Neither member can survive successfully without the other, also exemplifying obligative mutualism.
- Acacia koa
- (from the article "conservation") ...the loss of their food sources. For example, another rare honeycreeper, the akiapolaau (Hemignathus munroi), is an insectivore that feeds on insects mainly on large koa (Acacia koa) trees (see acacia). Today, however, few koa forests remain, because the trees have been overharvested for ...
- Acacia nilotica
- (from the article "grassland") ...be considered true grassland. The Mitchell grasslands were once much purer until they were altered by heavy grazing of domestic stock; today, vast tracts have been invaded by the African shrub Acacia nilotica, introduced by humans.scrublandEffect of agriculture on the ...
- Acacia senegal
- (from the article "acacia") Several acacia species are important economically. A. senegal, native to the Sudan region in Africa, yields true gum arabic, a substance used in adhesives, pharmaceuticals, inks, confections, and other products. The bark of most acacias is rich in tannin, which is used in tanning and in dyes, inks, pharmaceuticals, and ...
- Acacian Schism
- (484-519), in Christian history, split between the patriarchate of Constantinople and the Roman See, caused by an edict by Byzantine patriarch Acacius that was deemed inadmissible by Pope Felix III. [10 Related Articles]
- Acacius
- (from the article "Homoean") in the Trinitarian controversies of the 4th-century Christian Church, a follower of Acacius, bishop of Caesarea. The Homoeans taught a form of Arianism that asserted that the Son was distinct from, but like (Greek homoios), the Father, as opposed to the Nicene Creed, which stated that the Son is "of ...
- Acacius
- (from the article "Felix III, Saint") pope from 483 to 492. He succeeded St. Simplicius on March 13. Felix excommunicated Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, in 484 for publishing with the emperor Zeno a document called the Henotikon, which appeared to favour Monophysitism, a doctrine that had been denounced at the Council of Chalcedon (451). The excommunication ...
- academic freedom
- the freedom of teachers and students to teach, study, and pursue knowledge and research without unreasonable interference or restriction from law, institutional regulations, or public pressure. Its basic elements include the freedom of teachers to inquire into any subject that evokes their intellectual concern; to present their findings to their ... [4 Related Articles]
- Academic Skepticism
- (from the article "epistemology") After the death of Aristotle the next significant development in the history of epistemology was the rise of Skepticism, of which there were at least two kinds. The first, Academic Skepticism, arose in the Academy (the school founded by Plato) in the 3rd century BC and was propounded by the ...
- academie
- (from the article "higher education") Basic differences, however, distinguish these two countries' systems. French educational districts, called academies, are under the direction of a rector, an appointee of the national government who also is in charge of the university in each district. The uniformity in curriculum throughout the country leaves each university with little to ...
- Academie Parisienne
- (from the article "Mersenne, Marin") In 1635 Mersenne formed the informal, private Academie Parisienne (the precursor to the French Academy of Sciences), where many of the leading mathematicians and natural philosophers of France shared their research. He used this forum to disseminate the ideas of Rene Descartes, who had moved to the Netherlands in 1629. ...
- Academy
- in ancient Greece, the academy, or college, of philosophy in the northwestern outskirts of Athens, where Plato acquired property about 387 BC and used to teach. At the site there had been an olive grove, park, and gymnasium sacred to the legendary Attic hero Academus (or Hecademus). [13 Related Articles]
- academy
- (from the article "mathematics") After 1700 a movement to found learned societies on the model of Paris and London spread throughout Europe and the American colonies. The academy was the predominant institution of science until it was displaced by the university in the 19th century. The leading mathematicians of the period, such as Leonhard ...
- academy
- a society of learned individuals organized to advance art, science, literature, music, or some other cultural or intellectual area of endeavour. From its original reference in Greek to the philosophical school of Plato, the word has come to refer much more generally to an institution of learning or a group ...
- Academy Award
- any of several awards presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, located in Beverly Hills, California, U.S., to recognize achievement in the film industry. The award, a gold-plated statuette, is bestowed upon winners in the following 25 categories: best picture, actor, actress, supporting actor, supporting actress, ... [4 Related Articles]
- Academy Bay
- bay at the south end of Santa Cruz (Indefatigable) Island (one of the Galapagos Islands), in the eastern Pacific Ocean about 600 miles (965 km) west of mainland Ecuador. Named in 1905 by the California Academy of Sciences Expedition, it is the site of the Charles Darwin Research Station, which ...
- Academy Curve
- (from the article "motion-picture technology") In monaural systems, a treble cut is employed in accordance with the Standard Electrical Characteristic of 1938, or Academy Curve, so that frequencies above 8,000 hertz (Hz) are "rolled off." This practice dates from an era when sound tracks had a large degree of ground noise and vacuum tube amplifiers ...
- Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
- (from the article "Ukraine") The largest single scientific organization is the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Founded in 1918 (when Ukraine was briefly an independent state), the academy grew as an institution of research and learning during the Soviet period. Following Soviet leader Joseph Stalin's purges of the 1930s, the academy's humanities and social ...
- Academy of Venice, Galleries of the
- museum of art in Venice housing an unrivaled collection of paintings from the Venetian masters of the 13th through the 18th century. There are outstanding works by Giovanni Bellini, Giorgione, Titian, Tintoretto, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, and Canaletto. [1 Related Articles]
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