| | - Adria
- town and episcopal see in the Veneto regione of northern Italy, on the Bianco Canal just east of Rovigo. Founded by the Etruscans or the Veneti of northeastern Italy, it later became a Roman town and was a flourishing port on the Adriatic Sea (to which it gave its name) ...
- Adriamandisoarivo
- (from the article "Boina") The other son, Adriamandisoarivo, continued the migration northward and established his rule over a second Sakalava kingdom, Boina. At his death about 1710, Boina covered the broad coastal plain between the Manambalo and Mahajamba rivers and collected tribute from neighbouring states. Some disintegration followed his death, but Boina regained its ...
- Adrian
- (from the article "Theodore of Canterbury, Saint") Appointed by Pope St. Vitalian, Theodore was consecrated in 668 and then set out from Rome with SS. Adrian, abbot of Nerida, Italy, and Benedict Biscop, later abbot of Wearmouth and Jarrow, Durham. In 669 they reached Canterbury, where Theodore made Adrian the abbot of SS. Peter and Paul monastery, ...
- Adrian
- city, seat (1838) of Lenawee county, southeastern Michigan, U.S., on the River Raisin, 40 miles (65 km) southwest of Ann Arbor. Addison J. Comstock settled the site in 1826 as Logan and renamed it in 1828 for the Roman emperor Hadrian (the H was dropped in 1838). With his father, ...
- Adrian I
- pope from 772 to 795 whose close relationship with the emperor Charlemagne symbolized the medieval ideal of union of church and state in a united Christendom. [8 Related Articles]
- Adrian II
- pope from 867 to 872. [1 Related Articles]
- Adrian III, Saint
- pope from 884 to 885.
- Adrian IV
- the only Englishman to occupy the papal throne (1154-59). [7 Related Articles]
- Adrian V
- pope for about five weeks in 1276.
- Adrian VI
- the only Dutch pope, elected in 1522. He was the last non-Italian pope until the election of John Paul II in 1978. [3 Related Articles]
- Adrian, Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron
- British electrophysiologist who with Sir Charles Sherrington won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1932 for discoveries regarding the nerve cell.
- Adrianople, Battle of
- (Aug. 9, AD 378), battle fought at present Edirne, in European Turkey, resulting in the defeat of a Roman army commanded by the emperor Valens at the hands of the Germanic Visigoths led by Fritigern and augmented by Ostrogothic and other reinforcements. It was a major victory of barbarian horsemen ... [6 Related Articles]
- Adrianople, Peace of
- (from the article "Peter I") ...light terms from the inept Turkish negotiators, who allowed him to retire with no greater sacrifice than the retrocession of Azov. The Turkish government soon decided to renew hostilities; but the Peace of Adrianople (Edirne) was concluded in 1713, leaving Azov to the Turks. From that time on Peter's military ...
- Adrianople, Peace of
- (from the article "Transcaucasia, history of") ...the Russian lines of communication in Armenia were ill-prepared, and the Turks were able to support an attempt by Circassian exiles to reoccupy their homeland. But this failed, and, by the Peace of Adrianople, Russia succeeded in adding to its Transcaucasian territories the districts of Kars, Batumi, and Ardahan.
- Adrianople, Treaty of
- (from the article "Isaac II Angelus") ...was passing through Byzantine territory. Isaac tried to protect himself by concluding a treaty with Saladin, the sultan of Egypt, but he was soon forced to assist Frederick; Isaac concluded the Treaty of Adrianople with him in February 1190, and in the following month Frederick's forces were transported across the ...
- Adriatic Karst
- (from the article "cave") ...These are closed depressions with flat and alluviated bottoms that may be as much as 60 kilometres in diameter. Many of these depressions are elongate parallel to the geologic structure and to the Adriatic coastline. Although isolated poljes have been identified elsewhere, their large numbers in the karst of the ...
- Adriatic Sea
- arm of the Mediterranean Sea, lying between the Italian and Balkan peninsulas. The Strait of Otranto at its southeasterly limit links it with the Ionian Sea. It is about 500 mi (800 km) long with an average width of 100 mi, a maximum depth of 4,035 ft (1,324 m), and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Adroa
- (from the article "Lugbara") ...by rainmakers and the heads of large family groups. Government-appointed chiefs are set over large areas. The majority of Lugbara still practice ancestor worship; they believe in a creator god, Adroa. They are one of the peoples least affected by modern changes in Uganda, maintaining a strong sense of their ...
- Adroque, Esteban
- (from the article "Almirante Brown") ...(province). The county was founded in 1873, and the county seat is often referred to as Adroque, the name of its founder, and its railroad station bears that name. Esteban Adroque petitioned the provincial government to expropriate land from the existing counties of San Vicente and Quilmes to establish the ...
- adrsta
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...organ, or an object. Chapter 5 deals with the notion of action and the connected concept of effort, and the next traces various special phenomena of nature to the supersensible force, called adrsta. Chapter 6 argues that performance of Vedic injunctions generates this supersensible force and that the merits and ...
- Adso of Montier-en-Der
- Benedictine monk and abbot whose treatise on the Antichrist became the standard work on the subject from the mid-10th to the 13th century.
- adsorption
- capability of all solid substances to attract to their surfaces molecules of gases or solutions with which they are in contact. Solids that are used to adsorb gases or dissolved substances are called adsorbents; the adsorbed molecules are usually referred to collectively as the adsorbate. An example of an excellent ... [8 Related Articles]
- adsorption and surface reaction
- (from the article "adhesive") ...pores in the adherend surface or around projections on the surface. The second, interdiffusion, results when liquid adhesive dissolves and diffuses into adherend materials. In the third mechanism, adsorption and surface reaction, bonding occurs when adhesive molecules adsorb onto a solid surface and chemically react with it. Because of the ...
- adsorption chromatography
- (from the article "chromatography") In adsorption chromatography solute molecules bond directly to the surface of the stationary phase. Stationary phases may contain a variety of adsorption sites differing in the tenacity with which they bind the molecules and in their relative abundance. The net effect determines the adsorbent activity. Partition chromatography utilizes a support ...
- adsorption isotherm
- (from the article "chromatography") ...For a given species, the ratio of the times spent in the moving and stationary regions is equal to the ratio of its concentrations in these regions, known as the partition coefficient. (The term adsorption isotherm is often used when a solid phase is involved.) A mixture of solutes is ...
- adsorption theory
- (from the article "adhesive") ...have been the object of physical and chemical study since at least the 1960s, with the result that a number of theories of adhesion exist. The main mechanism of adhesion is explained by the adsorption theory, which states that substances stick primarily because of intimate intermolecular contact. In adhesive joints ...
- Adua
- (from the article "African dance") ...dance into an ecstatic trance in which they are caught and controlled by dance organizers. A more ordered line-and-soloist pattern is used by Asante women in the Kumasi district of Ghana in their Adua dance, which is notable for elaborating expressive hand movements into a language of gestures.
- Aduatuci
- (from the article "Low Countries, history of") ...France and in Flanders lived the Morini; to the north of them, between the Schelde River and the sea, the Menapii; in Artois, the Nervii; between the Schelde and the Rhine, the Eburones and the Aduatuci; and, in what is now Luxembourg, the Treveri. North of the Rhine, the Frisii ...
- Adud ad-Dawlah
- greatest ruler (949-983) of the Iranian Buyid dynasty. [4 Related Articles]
- adularia
- a feldspar mineral and potassium aluminosilicate (KAlSi3O8). It commonly forms colourless, glassy, prismatic, twinned crystals in low-temperature veins of felsic plutonic rocks and in cavities in crystalline schists. Typical occurrences include the schists of the Alps. Some adularia show an opalescent play of colours and are called moonstone.
- Adulis
- (from the article "eastern Africa, history of") ...the Red Sea region. Its people spoke Ge'ez, a Semitic language, and they mostly worshiped Middle Eastern gods, although here and there a traditional African deity survived. Its port of Adulis received a continuous stream of merchants who offered textiles, glassware, tools, precious jewelry, copper, iron, and steel in return ...
- Adullam
- ancient city and modern development region, in the upper part of Ha-Shefela, central Israel. The mound of Tel 'Adullam, or Horbat ("Ruins of") 'Adullam (Arabic: Tall Ash-Shaykh Madhkur), 22.5 miles (36 km) southwest of Jerusalem, is generally accepted as the site of the ancient city. The earliest reference to 'Adullam ...
- Adullamite
- member of a group of English politicians who rebelled against their leaders in the Liberal Party and defeated the Reform Bill of 1866. Their name was derived from the biblical reference to the caves of 'Adullam (1 Samuel 22:1), which served as a refuge for the discontented. The Liberal politician ...
- adult education
- any form of learning undertaken by or provided for mature men and women. In a 1970 report, the National Institute of Adult Education (England and Wales) defined adult education as "any kind of education for people who are old enough to work, vote, fight and marry and who have completed ... [5 Related Articles]
- adult stem cell
- (from the article "stem cell") Some tissues in the adult body, such as the epidermis of the skin, the lining of the small intestine, and bone marrow, undergo continuous cellular turnover. They contain stem cells, which persist indefinitely, and a much larger number of "transit amplifying cells," which arise from the stem cells and divide ...
- adultery
- sexual relations between a married person and someone other than the spouse. Written or customary prohibitions or taboos against adultery constitute part of the marriage code of virtually every society. Indeed, adultery seems to be as universal and, in some instances, as common as marriage. [3 Related Articles]
- adulthood
- the period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at age 20 or 21 years. Middle age, commencing at about 40 years, is followed by old age at about 60 years. [5 Related Articles]
- Adur
- district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. It is named for the River Adur, which cuts through the chalk ridge of the South Downs via an impressive water gap before entering the English Channel at Shoreham-by-Sea. The district is small and occupies the lower valley of ...
- Adur, River
- (from the article "Shoreham-by-Sea") port in Adur district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. It lies along the English Channel at the mouth of the River Adur, between the seaside resorts of Hove to the east and Worthing to the west. The river's mouth is used as a port for ...
- Adur-Anahid
- (from the article "Iran, ancient") The ancestors of Ardashir had played a leading role in the rites of the fire temple at Istakhr, known as Adur-Anahid, the Anahid Fire. With the new dynasty having these priestly antecedents, it seems only natural that there would have been important developments in the Zoroastrian religion during the Sasanian ...
- Advaita
- (from the article "Caitanya sect") Caitanya was neither a theologian nor a writer, and organization of his followers was initially left up to his close companions, Nityananda and Advaita. These three are called the three masters (prabhu), and their images are established in temples of the sect.
- Advaita
- (Sanskrit: "Nondualism," or "Monism"), most influential of the schools of Vedanta, an orthodox philosophy of India. While its followers find its main tenets already fully expressed in the Upanisads and systematized by the Vedanta-sutras, it has its historical beginning with the 7th-century thinker Gaudapada, author of the Mandukya-karika, a commentary ... [11 Related Articles]
- Advance Australia Fair
- national anthem of Australia, adopted on April 19, 1984. It was first officially proposed in 1974 to replace "God Save the Queen," which had been the national anthem from 1788 to 1974 and which, in 1984, was designated the royal anthem, to be played at public appearances of members of ...
- Advance Publications Inc.
- (from the article "Newhouse family") ...With the profits he made from the Advance, he bought other small, undistinguished, unprofitable newspapers in New York and New Jersey and turned them around. In 1949 he renamed his company Advance Publications Inc.
- advance-slope method
- (from the article "tunnels and underground excavations") ...to fill any voids and to establish full contact between lining and ground. The method usually produces progress in the range of 40 to 120 feet per day. In the 1960s there was a trend toward an advancing-slope method of continuous concreting, as originally devised for embedding the steel cylinder ...
- advanced ceramics
- substances and processes used in the development and manufacture of ceramic materials that exhibit special properties. [3 Related Articles]
- Advanced Development Projects
- (from the article "Lockheed Martin Corporation") ...continuous production throughout the war. In 1943, under the leadership of the aircraft engineer and designer Clarence L. ("Kelly") Johnson, Lockheed established a highly secret section, Advanced Development Projects (ADP), to design a fighter around a British De Havilland jet engine. The result was the P-80 Shooting Star, the first ...
- Advanced Encryption Standard
- (from the article "cryptology") ...necessity of entering a PIN to initiate the transaction. Smart cards are in widespread use throughout Europe, much more so than the "dumb" plastic cards common in the United States. The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES; see History of cryptology), approved as a secure communications standard by the U.S. National Institute ...
- advanced gas-cooled reactor
- (from the article "nuclear reactor") The advanced gas-cooled reactor (AGR) was developed in Britain as the successor to reactors of the Calder Hall class, which combined plutonium production and power generation. Calder Hall was the first nuclear station to feed an appreciable amount of power into a civilian network. It was fueled with slugs of ...
- Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") Meanwhile, chip manufacturers Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) and Intel continued their competition to put the most processors on a single chip. AMD released its latest Opteron chips-for computer servers-which each contained four processors. Adding more processors per chip increased the chip's calculating speed and energy efficiency....BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE ...
- advanced mobile phone system
- (from the article "telephone and telephone system") During this time the American cellular radio system, known as the advanced mobile phone system, or AMPS, was developed primarily by AT&T; and Motorola, Inc. AMPS was based on 666 paired voice channels, spaced every 30 kilohertz in the 800-megahertz region. The system employed an analog-modulation approach-frequency modulation, or FM-and ...
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