| | - Aether
- (from the article "Chaos") ...of Hesiod. First there was Chaos in Hesiod's system, then Gaea and Eros (Earth and Desire). Chaos, however, did not generate Gaea; the offspring of Chaos were Erebus (Darkness) and Nyx. Nyx begat Aether, the bright upper air, and Day. Nyx later begat the dark and dreadful aspects of the ...
- Aetherius Society
- (from the article "New Religious Movement") ...be a contactee), argued that UFOs carried beings who had come to Earth to promote world peace and personal development. The Amalgamated Flying Saucer Clubs of America, led by Gabriel Green, and the Aetherius Society, organized by George King, maintained that space aliens held the key to the salvation both ...
- Aethra
- in Greek mythology, daughter of King Pittheus of Troezen and mother of Theseus. Thinking to help fulfill the prophecy of the Oracle at Delphi regarding how the childlessness of King Aegeus of Athens would end, Pittheus (whose prospects for a son-in-law had recently vanished) plied Aegeus with wine and lured ...
- Aetius
- Syrian bishop and heretic who, during the theological controversies over the Christian Trinity, founded the extreme Arian sect of the Anomoeans (q.v.). His name became a byword for radical heresy. [2 Related Articles]
- Aetius, Flavius
- Roman general and statesman who was the dominating influence over Valentinian III (emperor 425-455). [7 Related Articles]
- Aetna
- (from the article "Offshoring") ...Electric Corp. offshored about 70% of its technology needs; Motorola was increasing the staff in its technology research operations in Beijing, while Intel was doing the same in Russia. Aetna planned to cut up to 10% of its IT staff while likely increasing outsourcing agreements with Indian companies such as ...
- Aetolia
- district of ancient Greece, located directly north of the Gulf of Corinth and bounded by Epirus (north), Locris (east), and Acarnania (west). In modern Greece, Aetolia is linked with Acarnania in the department of Aitolia kai Akarnania. Aetolia, particularly its cities Pleuron and Calydon, figures prominently in early legend. During ...
- Aetolian League
- federal state or "sympolity" of Aetolia, in ancient Greece. Probably based on a looser tribal community, it was well-enough organized to conduct negotiations with Athens in 367 BC. It became by c. 340 one of the leading military powers in Greece. Having successfully resisted invasions by Macedonia in 322 and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Aextoxicaceae
- (from the article "Berberidopsidales") small order of woody evergreen dicotyledonous plants, made up of two families (Berberidopsidaceae and Aextoxicaceae) containing a total of four species, found only in Chile and Australia. It is one of the basal orders among the core eudicots (a major clade, or plants with a common genetic lineage).
- Aextoxicum punctatum
- (from the article "Berberidopsidales") Aextoxicaceae contains only one genus with one species, Aextoxicum punctatum, a rare evergreen tree from Chile. The plant is covered by scales, and the leaves are more or less opposite. The flowers are rather inconspicuous but quite distinctive. Male and female flowers are borne on different plants. The bud is ...
- Afanasev, Aleksandr Nikolayevich
- historian and scholar of Russian folklore known for his compilation of Russian folktales.
- Afanasyev, Viktor Grigoryevich
- Russian journalist (b. Nov. 18, 1922, Aktamysh, Tatar A.S.S.R., Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic--d. April 10, 1994, Moscow, Russia), as deputy editor (1968-74) and editor in chief (1976-89) of the daily newspaper Pravda and editor in chief (1974-76) of the journal Kommunist, was the official voice of the Communist Party ...
- Afanasyevskaya culture
- (from the article "Central Asian arts") ...of the Yenisey River, especially in the Minusinsk Basin, where metallurgy developed early. They testify to the existence of three main, basically successive, yet often overlapping cultures: the Afanasyevskaya, Andronovo, and Karasuk, so called after the villages near which each culture was identified.
- afaqi
- (from the article "India") ...the invitation of Sultan Muhammad I, and there they had a strong influence on the development of Muslim culture during subsequent generations. The new settlers (afaqis) also had a political effect, as they soon began competing successfully for important positions within the political hierarchy. The original rebels ...
- Afar
- a people of the Horn of Africa who speak Saho, a language of the Eastern Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic (formerly Hamito-Semitic) family. They live in northeastern Ethiopia and in Djibouti, where, with the Issas, they are the dominant people. It is thought that the Afars were the first of ... [6 Related Articles]
- Afar language
- (from the article "Ethiopia") The most important Cushitic languages are Oromo, Somali, and Afar. Oromo, together with Amharic, is one of the two most-spoken languages in Ethiopia; it is native to the western, southwestern, southern, and eastern areas of the country. Somali is dominant among inhabitants of the Ogaden and Hawd, while Afar is ...
- Afar Triangle
- (from the article "continental landform") ...of climatic regimes. The Kamchatka Peninsula in the far eastern part of Siberia is said to have more than 100 active volcanoes. Not surprisingly its terrain is dominated by volcanic landforms. The Afar Triangle at the foot of the Red Sea is shaped by newly formed faults that cut unweathered ...
- Afdal, al-
- (from the article "Fatimid Dynasty") ...and worldly weapons. In Syria, however, the armies of the Fatimids suffered repeated defeats; in Arabia their following was reduced to insignificance. Badr's son and successor al-Afdal in effect renounced the claims of the Egyptian Fatimid dynasty to the universal caliphate.
- Afemai
- (from the article "African dance") The type of mask influences the style of the masquerade dance. The Ikpelweme ancestral masqueraders of the Afemai people of Bendel State, Nigeria, wear richly coloured, close-fitting costumes with face masks and elaborate headpieces of embroidered cloth, which allow for a dance that accelerates into a climax of rapid, abrupt ...
- Affair of the Diamond Necklace
- scandal at the court of Louis XVI in 1785 that discredited the French monarchy on the eve of the French Revolution. It began as an intrigue on the part of an adventuress, the comtesse (countess) de La Motte, to procure, supposedly for Queen Marie-Antoinette but in reality for herself and ... [3 Related Articles]
- Affandi
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...of old crafts-silverwork, for example. A number of artists adapted Westernized figure drawing to their own decorative compositions. The best known painter of Indonesia is the Javanese Affandi. He used oil paint to execute pictures of Indonesian subjects in a vividly coloured Expressionist impasto (thick application of pigment to the ...
- affections, doctrine of the
- theory of musical aesthetics, widely accepted by late Baroque theorists and composers, that embraced the proposition that music is capable of arousing a variety of specific emotions within the listener. At the centre of the doctrine was the belief that, by making use of the proper standard musical procedure or ...
- affective disorder
- mental disorder characterized by dramatic changes or extremes of mood. Affective disorders may include manic (elevated, expansive, or irritable mood with hyperactivity, pressured speech, and inflated self-esteem) or depressive (dejected mood with disinterest in life, sleep disturbance, agitation, and feelings of worthlessness or guilt) episodes, and often combinations of the ... [3 Related Articles]
- affective faculty
- (from the article "mind, philosophy of") Man has not only the capacity to know but also the capacity to respond emotionally to what he knows. A man may not only believe that some event will occur, but he may also dread it or welcome it. Concerning the things that a person knows, he may approve or ...
- affective fallacy
- according to the followers of New Criticism, the misconception that arises from judging a poem by the emotional effect that it produces in the reader. The concept of affective fallacy is a direct attack on impressionistic criticism, which argues that the reader's response to a poem is the ultimate indication ...
- affective memory
- (from the article "Ribot, Theodule-Armand") ...psychology. His published works on the subject, in addition to Diseases of Memory, included studies of diseases of will, personality, and attention. In later years Ribot became interested in affective and emotional factors in psychology.use in actingactingStanislavsky's contributionStanislavsky believed that ...
- affector
- (from the article "stereotyped response") ...responses such as the immediate withdrawal of the hand on touching a hot surface. The basic components of the reflex arc are the receptor, or sensory-nerve cell, which senses the stimulus, and the affector, the nerve cell that directly activates the muscle. These are a theoretical minimum rather than an ...
- Affenkapelle ware
- (German: "Monkey Orchestra"), a series of figures created by the Meissen porcelain factory in Saxony (now in Germany) about 1747 and imitated later. Believed to be a parody of the Dresden Court Orchestra, the set was modeled by the German sculptors Johann Joachim Kandler and Peter Reinicke after fanciful singerie ...
- affenpinscher
- breed of toy dog known since the 17th century. It is thought to have originated in Germany, where it was bred to be a ratter-to kill rats, mice, and other small vermin. Like other terriers, it is lively and playful. The affenpinscher stands 9.5 to 11.5 inches (24 to 29 ...
- afferent arteriole
- (from the article "renal system") ...branch off from the arcuate arteries and radiate out through the cortex to end in networks of capillaries in the region just inside the capsule. En route they give off short branches called the afferent arterioles, which carry blood to the glomeruli where they divide into four to eight loops ...
- afferent impulse
- (from the article "nervous system") ...cell of the inner ear or a taste cell, which stimulates adjacent neurons.) The stimulus is modified, or transduced, into an electrical impulse in the receptor neuron. This incoming excitation, or afferent impulse, then passes along an extension, or axon, of the receptor to an adjustor, called an interneuron. (All ...
- afferent nerve
- (from the article "sexual behaviour, human") ...system and the peripheral nervous system. The brain and spinal cord constitute the central system, while the peripheral system is composed of (1) the cerebrospinal nerves that go to the spinal cord (afferent nerves), transmitting sensory stimuli and those that come from the cord (efferent nerves) transmitting impulses to activate ...
- afferent nerve fibre
- (from the article "respiration, human") The pleurae, the airways, and the vessels are innervated by afferent and efferent fibres of the autonomic nervous system. Parasympathetic nerve fibres from the vagus nerve (10th cranial nerve) and sympathetic branches of the sympathetic nerve trunk meet around the stem bronchi to form the pulmonary autonomic nerve plexus, which ...
- affidavit
- a written statement of fact made voluntarily, confirmed by the oath or affirmation of the party making it, and signed before a notary or other officer empowered to administer such oaths. Affidavits generally name the place of execution and certify that the person making it states certain facts and appeared ...
- affination
- (from the article "sugar") Affination is the mingling of raw sugar with a warm, heavy syrup, which removes the molasses coating from the sugar crystal. The syrup and crystals are separated in a spinning centrifugal basket, and the crystals are further "washed" by a water spray. Washed raw sugar is fed by screw conveyor ...
- affination
- (from the article "silver processing") ...alloys of less than 30 percent gold by boiling with 30-percent-strength nitric acid in a process referred to as parting. Boiling with concentrated sulfuric acid to separate silver and gold is called affination. Both these processes are used on a commercial scale for separating silver and gold.
- affinity
- (from the article "drug") ...Receptor-mediated drug effects involve two distinct processes: binding, which is the formation of the drug-receptor complex, and receptor activation, which moderates the effect. The term affinity describes the tendency of a drug to bind to a receptor; efficacy (sometimes called intrinsic activity) describes the ability of the drug-receptor complex to ...
- affinity
- (from the article "Australian Aborigine") ...flouting of kinship conventions brought censure, since it threatened the social structure. Children were not bound by such rules and did not normally begin to observe them until early adolescence. Affines (relatives by marriage) were often classified with consanguineal (blood) relatives, and certain terms indicated potential spouses or affines. Relationships ...
- affinity chromatography
- (from the article "chromatography") A technique exhibiting great selectivity, affinity chromatography, was first described by Pedro Cuatrecasas and his coworkers in 1968. In these separations, a biomolecule such as an enzyme binds to a substrate attached to the solid phase while other components are eluted. The retained molecule can subsequently be eluted by changing ...
- affinity number
- (from the article "Avogadro, Amedeo") ...elements in the order of their chemical reactivities. Mathematically dividing an element's affinity for heat by that of his selected standard, oxygen, resulted in what he termed the element's "affinity number." Between 1843 and his retirement in 1850, Avogadro wrote four memoirs on atomic volumes and designated affinity numbers for ...
- affirmation
- in law, a promise by a witness concerning testimony allowed in place of an oath to those who cannot, because of conscience, swear an oath. For example, members of the Society of Friends (Quakers), Jehovah's Witnesses, and other persons who have objections against taking an oath are allowed to make ...
- affirmation of the consequent
- (from the article "applied logic") ..."If George is a man of good faith, he can be entrusted with this office; but George is not a man of good faith; therefore, George cannot be entrusted with this office"), and (2) affirmation of the consequent, in which one mistakenly argues from the premises "If p1, then p2" ...
- affirmative action
- in the United States, an active effort to improve employment or educational opportunities for members of minority groups and for women. Affirmative action began as a government remedy to the effects of long-standing discrimination against such groups and has consisted of policies, programs, and procedures that give preferences to minorities ... [6 Related Articles]
- affirmative covenant
- (from the article "servitude") Covenants are used in contemporary land development for a wide variety of purposes. They include affirmative covenants, which require the landowner to make payments, provide services, or render some other performance, and negative covenants, which require the landowner to refrain from doing something. Negative covenants that restrict the uses of ...
- affirmative defense
- (from the article "procedural law") ...of proof, therefore, rests upon the prosecution. On the Continent, this is true even in cases involving insanity, drunkenness, self-defense, or necessity. Anglo-American law regards these as "affirmative defenses" and requires the defendant to provide at least some evidence that they were a factor.
- affirmative easement
- (from the article "property law") An easement in Anglo-American law is a privilege to do something on the land of another or to do something on one's own land that would otherwise be actionable by one's neighbours (known as an affirmative easement). Exceptionally, it is the right to prevent a landowner from doing something on ...
- affirmative proposition
- (from the article "logic") ...Many arguments are composed of premises and conclusions that are stated or could be restated as categorical propositions. Categorical propositions may be distinguished first by their quality, either affirmative or negative. An affirmative categorical proposition asserts that all or some of a class of objects are included in another class ...
- affirming the consequent
- (from the article "thought") Two other kinds of inference that are sometimes drawn from conditional propositions are not logically justified. In one such fallacy, "affirming the consequent," the categorical proposition affirms the consequent of the conditional, and the conclusion affirms the antecedent, as in the example:If John is a bachelor, then he is male. ...
- affix
- a grammatical element that is combined with a word, stem, or phrase to produce derived and inflected forms. There are three types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. A prefix occurs at the beginning of a word or stem (sub-mit, pre-determine, un-willing); a suffix at the end (wonder-ful, depend-ent, act-ion); ... [7 Related Articles]
- Affleck, Ben
- (from the article "International Film Awards 2006") As Damon's acting career met with success, he also pursued screenwriting. With longtime friend Ben Affleck, he developed the script for Good Will Hunting (1997). The film-based on a one-act play Damon had submitted for a course at Harvard-centres on a troubled but brilliant high-school dropout from ...
- Affleck, Thomas
- American cabinetmaker considered to be outstanding among the Philadelphia craftsmen working in the Chippendale style during the 18th century. Affleck is especially noted for the elaborately carved forms produced by his shop.
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