| | - Abd al-Hafid
- sultan of Morocco (1908-12), the brother of Sultan Abd al-Aziz, against whom he revolted beginning in 1907. [2 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Ilah
- regent of Iraq (1939-53) and crown prince to 1958. [3 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Malik
- fifth caliph (685-705) of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized and strengthened governmental administration and, throughout the empire, adopted Arabic as the language of administration. [8 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Mu'min
- Berber caliph of the Almohad dynasty (reigned 1130-63), who conquered the North African Maghrib from the Almoravids andbrought all the Berbers under one rule. [5 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani
- traditional founder of the Qadiriyah order of the mystical Sufi branch of Islam. [3 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Rahman I
- member of the Umayyad ruling family of Syria who founded an Umayyad dynasty in Spain. [6 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Rahman III
- first caliph and greatest ruler of the Umayyad Arab Muslim dynasty of Spain. He reigned as hereditary emir ("prince") of Cordoba from October 912 and took the title of caliph in 929. [6 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Wadid Dynasty
- dynasty of Zanatah Berbers (1236-1550), successors to the Almohad empire in northwestern Algeria. In 1236 the Zanatahs, loyal vassals to the Almohads, gained the support of other Berber tribes and nomadic Arabs and set up a kingdom at Tilimsan (Tlemcen), headed by the Zanatah amir Yaghmurasan (ruled 1236-83). Yaghmurasan was ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad
- Egyptian composer and musician, who changed the direction of modern Arabic music by incorporating European and Latin American instruments, melodies, and dance rhythms into his work. [1 Related Articles]
- Abd Allah
- king of Saudi Arabia from 2005. As crown prince (1982-2005), he had served as the country's de facto ruler following the 1995 stroke of his half brother King Fahd (reigned 1982-2005). [9 Related Articles]
- Abd Allah
- political and religious leader who succeeded Muhammad Ahmad (al-Mahdi) as head of a religious movement and state within the Sudan. [4 Related Articles]
- Abd Allah ibn al-'Abbas
- a Companion of the prophet Muhammad, one of the greatest scholars of early Islam, and the first exegete of the Qur'an.
- Abd Allah ibn az-Zubayr
- leader of a rebellion against the Umayyad ruling dynasty of the Islamic empire, and the most prominent representative of the second generation of Muslim families in Mecca, who resented the Umayyad assumption of caliphal authority. [5 Related Articles]
- Abd Allah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh
- governor of Upper (southern) Egypt for the Muslim caliphate during the reign of 'Uthman (644-656) and the cofounder, with the future caliph Mu'awiyah I, of the first Muslim navy, which seized Cyprus (647-649), Rhodes, and Cos (Dodecanese Islands) and defeated a Byzantine fleet off Alexandria in 652. He shared in ... [2 Related Articles]
- Abd Allah, Khawr
- estuary (khawr) separating Kuwait and Iraq, probably a drowned river mouth of the Shatt (stream) al-Arab, whose mouth is now farther north and forms the southeastern part of the border between Iraq and Iran. It extends into Iraqi territory in the form of the Khawr az-Zubayr, on which the Iraqi ...
- Abd ar-Rahman
- sultan of Morocco (1822-59) who was the 24th ruler of the 'Alawi dynasty. His reign was marked by both peaceful and hostile contacts with European powers, particularly France. [1 Related Articles]
- Abd ar-Rahman II
- fourth Umayyad ruler of Muslim Spain who enjoyed a reign (822-852) of brilliance and prosperity, the importance of which has been underestimated by some historians. [1 Related Articles]
- Abd el-Krim
- leader of a resistance movement against Spanish and French rule in North Africa and founder of the short-lived Republic of the Rif (1921-26). A skilled tactician and a capable organizer, he led a liberation movement that made him the hero of the Maghrib (northwest Africa). A precursor of the anticolonial ... [6 Related Articles]
- Abd-el-Kerim
- (from the article "Ouaddai") ...to Europeans until after 1873, when it was explored by the German geographer Gustav Nachtigal. The history of Ouaddai before the 17th century is uncertain, but about 1640 a Maba chieftain, Abd-el-Kerim, conquered the country and overthrew the Tungur, a dynasty originating in Darfur to the east. For the next ...
- Abd-us-Samad, Khwaja
- Persian painter who, together with Mir Sayyid 'Ali, was one of the first members of the imperial atelier in India and is thus credited with playing a strong part in the foundation of the Mughal school of miniature painting (see Mughal painting). [3 Related Articles]
- Abdali sultanate
- former semi-independent state in the southern Arabian Peninsula, in what is now Yemen. Located just north of Aden city, it was one of the most important tribal areas of the Aden Protectorate, which was the forerunner of independent Yemen (Aden); its capital was Lahij. The sultanate was earlier tributary to ...
- Abdallah, Ahmed
- (from the article "Comoros") ...in 1974, but most of the inhabitants of Mayotte favoured continuing French rule. When the National Assembly of France held that each island should decide its own status, Comorian President Ahmed Abdallah (who was deposed later that year) declared the whole archipelago independent on July 6, 1975. Comoros was subsequently ...
- Abdallahi, Sidi Ould Cheikh
- (from the article "Mauritania") ...sq km (398,000 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 3,124,000 | Capital: Nouakchott | Chief of state: Chairmen of the Military Council for Justice and Democracy Ely Ould Mohamed Vall and, from April 19, Sidi Mohamed Ould Cheikh Abdallahi | Head of government: Prime Ministers Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubakar and, ...
- Abdel Aziz Abdallah Salem Trophy
- (from the article "African Cup of Nations") The African Cup of Nations was first held in February 1957 in Khartoum, Sudan, where Egypt defeated the host nation in the final to win the Abdel Aziz Abdallah Salem Trophy, named after its donor, an Egyptian who was the first CAF president. That trophy was permanently awarded to Ghana ...
- Abdel Shafi, Haidar
- Palestinian nationalist was a founding member (1964-65) of the executive committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and a longtime secular voice in negotiations with Israel for Palestinian self-rule. Abdel Shafi studied medicine at the American University in Beirut and later (after completing his World War II service in the ...
- Abdelkader
- amir of Mascara (from 1832), the military and religious leader who founded the Algerian state and led the Algerians in their 19th-century struggle against French domination (1840-46). [9 Related Articles]
- Abdella, Ali Said
- (from the article "Eritrea") Eritrean Foreign Minister Ali Said Abdella died of a heart attack in August, before the UN Security Council convened. He was a former military commander in the Eritrean People's Liberation Front, which later became the People's Front for Democracy and Justice (Eritrea's ruling party under the leadership of Pres. Isaias ...
- Abdelmoumen, Melikah
- (from the article "Literature") ...were not idle. Confessional writing, or autofiction, was the order of the day. Marie-Sissi Labreche published La Lune dans un HLM, a harrowing story of mother-daughter relations, and Melikah Abdelmoumen, after several lesser-known efforts, attracted greater attention with a short novel titled Alia. Abdelmoumen's confessional work also toyed with autofiction...
- Abdera
- in ancient Greece, town on the coast of Thrace near the mouth of the Nestos River. The people of Teos, evacuating Ionia when it was overrun by the Persians under Cyrus (c. 540 BC), succeeded in establishing a colony there that developed a brisk trade with the Thracian interior. Abdera ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abdi-Kheba
- (from the article "Jerusalem") ...Egyptians, are mentioned in the Egyptian Execration Texts (c. 1900-1800 BCE) and again in the 14th-century Tell el-Amarna correspondence, which contains a message from the city's ruler, Abdi-Kheba (Abdu-Heba), requiring his sovereign's help against the invading Hapiru (Habiru, 'Apiru). A biblical narrative mentions the meeting of the Canaanite Melchizedek, said ...
- Abdim's stork
- (from the article "migration") Other birds migrate across the Equator to their alternate seasonal grounds. Abdim's stork (Sphenorhynchus abdimii) nests in a belt extending from Senegal to the Red Sea; after the wet season, it winters from Tanzania through most of southern Africa. The pennant-wing nightjar (Cosmetornis vexillarius), in contrast, nests in the Southern ...
- abdomen
- (from the article "insect") The abdomen consists of a maximum of 11 segments, although this number commonly is reduced by fusion. Appendages are usually absent except in caterpillars, which use up to five pairs of abdominal prolegs in walking, and in adult insects where the appendages at the hind end have become transformed into ...
- abdominal aorta
- (from the article "aorta") In the abdominal cavity the aorta gives off a number of branches, which form an extensive network supplying blood to the stomach, liver, pancreas, spleen, small and large intestines, kidneys, reproductive glands, and other organs. At the level of the fourth lumbar vertebra, which is about even with the top ...
- abdominal cavity
- largest hollow space of the body. Its upper boundary is the diaphragm, a sheet of muscle and connective tissue that separates it from the chest cavity; its lower boundary is the upper plane of the pelvic cavity. Vertically it is enclosed by the vertebral column and the abdominal and other ... [6 Related Articles]
- abdominal ectopic pregnancy
- (from the article "ectopic pregnancy") Abdominal ectopic pregnancy occurs when the placenta is attached to some part of the peritoneal cavity other than the uterus or tube. While a few of these pregnancies are a result of implantation in the abdominal lining, most are the result of expulsion of a tubal pregnancy. The condition can ...
- abdominal muscle
- any of the muscles of the anterolateral walls of the abdominal cavity, composed of three flat muscular sheets, from without inward: external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis, supplemented in front on each side of the midline by rectus abdominis. [1 Related Articles]
- Abdor Rahman Khan
- amir of Afghanistan (1880-1901) who played a prominent role in the fierce and long-drawn struggle for power waged by his father and his uncle, A'zam Khan, against his cousin Shir 'Ali, the successor of Dost Mohammad Khan. [2 Related Articles]
- Abdu Zanga
- (from the article "Keffi") town, western Plateau state, central Nigeria. It was founded about 1800 by Abdu Zanga (Abdullahi), a Fulani warrior from the north who made it the seat of a vassal emirate subject to the emir of Zaria (a town 153 miles [246 km] north). Although Keffi paid tribute to Zaria throughout ...
- abducens nerve
- (from the article "nervous system, human") From its nucleus in the caudal pons, the abducens nerve exits the brainstem at the pons-medulla junction, pierces the dura mater, passes through the cavernous sinus close to the internal carotid artery, and exits the cranial vault via the superior orbital fissure. In the orbit the abducens nerve innervates the ...
- abduction
- (from the article "unidentified flying object") "Contact events," such as abductions, are often associated with UFOs because they are ascribed to extraterrestrial visitors. However, the credibility of the ETH as an explanation for abductions is disputed by most psychologists who have investigated this phenomenon. They suggest that a common experience known as "sleep paralysis" may be ...
- abduction
- (from the article "Peirce, Charles Sanders") ...deductive, or mathematical, logic, Peirce was a student primarily of "the logic of science"-i.e., of induction and of what he referred to as "retroduction," or "abduction," the forming and accepting on probation of a hypothesis to explain surprising facts. His lifelong ambition was to establish abduction and induction firmly and ...
- abduction
- in law, the carrying away of any female for purposes of concubinage or prostitution. The taking of a girl under a designated age for purposes of marriage is in most jurisdictions also included in the crime of abduction. Abduction is generally regarded as a form of kidnapping (q.v.). [1 Related Articles]
- abductor muscle
- any of the muscles that cause movement of a limb away from the midplane of the body or away from a neighbouring part or limb (compare adductor muscle), as in raising the arms to the side (effected by the deltoideus muscle) or spreading the fingers or toes. In man certain ... [1 Related Articles]
- Abduh, Muhammad
- religious scholar, jurist, and liberal reformer, who led the late 19th-century movement in Egypt and other Muslim countries to revitalize Islamic teachings and institutions in the modern world. As mufti (Islamic legal counsellor) for Egypt (from 1899), he effected reforms in Islamic law, administration, and higher education and, although resisted ... [7 Related Articles]
- Abdul Kalam, A.P.J.
- Indian scientist and politician, who played a leading role in the development of India's missile and nuclear weapons programs. He was president of India from 2002 to 2007. [8 Related Articles]
- Abdul Rahman
- (from the article "Singapore") ...by the hereditary chief, the temenggong (direct ancestor of the sultans of modern Johor), that the company could purchase land. The temenggong, however, was a subordinate of his cousin Abdul Rahman, sultan of Riau-Johor, who was under Dutch surveillance. Furthermore, Abdul Rahman was a younger son and not a sultan ...
- Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj, Tunku
- first prime minister of independent Malaya (1957-63) and then of Malaysia (1963-70), under whose leadership the newly formed government was stabilized. [1 Related Articles]
- Abdul Rahman, Tuanku
- first supreme chief of state of the Federation of Malaya. After the declaration of independence from Great Britain in 1957, the tuanku became the first head of state, or paramount ruler, elected by and from the Malay rulers for a five-year term. Abdul Rahman died before completion of his term. [1 Related Articles]
- Abdul Razak bin Hussein, Tun Haji
- prime minister, foreign minister, and defense minister of Malaysia from 1970 to 1976.
- Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem
- collegiate and professional basketball player, who as a 7-ft-1.75-in centre dominated the game throughout the 1970s and early '80s. [2 Related Articles]
- Abdulaziz
- Ottoman sultan (1861-76) who continued the westernizing reforms that had been initiated by his predecessors until 1871, after which his reign took an absolutist turn. [8 Related Articles]
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