| | - Abu al-Hasan 'Ali
- Marinid sultan of Morocco (reigned 1331-51) who increased the territories of his dynasty and, for a brief time, created a united North African empire. [2 Related Articles]
- Abu al-Hasan 'Ali
- (from the article "Nasrid dynasty") ...I (1333-54) at Salado River (1340) by Alfonso XI. In 1469 Christian Spain united under the marriage of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. Then, when the Nasrid ruler Abu al-Hasan 'Ali (1466-85) introduced a succession struggle at home, while externally antagonizing Castile by refusing to pay ...
- Abu al-Hayja' 'Abd Allah
- (from the article "Hamdanid Dynasty") ...taking part in uprisings against the 'Abbasid caliph late in the 9th century. His sons, however, became 'Abbasid officials, al-Husayn serving as a military commander and Abu al-Hayja' 'Abd Allah initiating the Hamdanid dynasty by assuming the post of governor of Mosul (905-929). The dynasty struck an independent course...
- Abu al-Hazm Jahwar ibn Jahwar
- (from the article "Jahwarid dynasty") ...Years of civil war following the breakdown of central caliphal authority in 1008 prompted the Cordoban council of notables, led by a prominent aristocrat, Abu al-Hazm Jahwar ibn Jahwar, to abolish the institution of the caliphate and proclaim Cordoba a republic. Jahwar was elected head and, as virtually an absolute ...
- Abu al-Hudhayl al-'Allaf
- (from the article "Mu'tazilah") Among the most important Mu'tazili theologians were Abu al-Hudhayl al-'Allaf (d. c. 841) and an-Nazzam (d. 846) in Basra and Bishr ibn al-Mu'tamir (d. 825) in Baghdad. It was al-Ash'ari (d. 935 or 936), a student of the Mu'tazili al-Jubba'i, who broke the force of the movement by refuting its...influence ...
- Abu al-Jaysh Ishaq
- (from the article "Ziyadid Dynasty") ...in return for tribute. More territory, including Zabid itself, was lost to the sectarian Qarmatians after Ibrahim's death, and records of his successor have been obscured. Abu al-Jaysh Ishaq, however, restored Ziyadid power and territory in a celebrated reign (904-981).
- Abu al-Muzaffar ibn Yunus
- (from the article "Ibn al-Jawzi") ...zeal antagonized many liberal theologians. His power within the Baghdad establishment owed a great deal to his excellent relations with successive caliphs and their advisers. The arrest in 1194 of Ibn Yunus, his old friend and patron, marked the end of Ibn al-Jawzi's career and his close links with governmental ...
- Abu al-Qasim
- Islam's greatest medieval surgeon, whose comprehensive medical text, combining Middle Eastern and Greco-Roman classical teachings, shaped European surgical procedures until the Renaissance. [2 Related Articles]
- Abu al-Qasim ibn Wasul
- (from the article "North Africa") ...after the 740s, when Miknasah Berbers (a group affiliated with the Sufriyyah) migrated from northern Morocco to the oasis of Tafilalt in the south. The principality was named after Abu al-Qasim ibn Wasul, nicknamed Midrar, the Miknasah chief who founded the town of Sijilmassah there in 757. Tafilalt had played ...
- Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn 'Abbad
- (from the article "'Abbadid dynasty") In 1023 the qadi (religious judge) Abu al-Qasim Muhammad ibn 'Abbad declared Sevilla independent of Cordoba. His son Abu 'Amr 'Abbad, known as al-Mu'tadid (1042-69), greatly enlarged his territory by forcibly annexing the minor kingdoms of Mertola, Niebla, Huelva, Saltes, Silves, and Santa Maria de Algarve.
- Abu al-Walid Muhammad al-Rashid
- (from the article "Jahwarid dynasty") ...a republic. Jahwar was elected head and, as virtually an absolute sovereign ostensibly assisted by a council, restored peace and economic prosperity in his 12-year-reign (1031-43). His son Abu al-Walid Muhammad al-Rashid (reigned 1043-58) managed through political chicanery to keep the 'Abbadids of Sevilla (Seville) out of Cordoba but...
- Abu Bahr
- (from the article "Arabian Desert") ...region once was the delta of Wadi Al-Rimah-Al-Batin, and Al-Budu' Plain was the delta of Wadi Al-Sahba'. The gravel plains of Rayda' and Abu Bahr, and adjacent areas covered by sand, formed the delta of the Dawasir-Jawb system. Several of the deltas formed by these ancient rivers are as large ...
- Abu Bakar
- sultan of the Malay state of Johore (now part of Malaysia) from 1885 to 1895. He maintained independence from Britain and stimulated economic development in Johore at a time when most Southeast Asian states were being incorporated into European colonial empires.
- Abu Bakr
- Muhammad's closest companion and adviser, who succeeded to the Prophet's political and administrative functions, thereby initiating the office of the caliphate. [14 Related Articles]
- Abu Bakr al-Khwarizmi
- (from the article "Hamadhani, al-") Al-Hamadhani, often known as Badi' az-Zaman ("Wonder of the Age"), achieved an early success through a public debate with Abu Bakr al-Khwarizmi, a leading savant, in Nishapur. He subsequently traveled throughout the area occupied today by Iran and Afghanistan before settling in Herat and marrying....
- Abu Bakr al-Lamtuni
- (from the article "Yusuf ibn Tashufin") In 1061 Abu Bakr, who was then the leader of the Almoravids, went south into the desert to put down a tribal rebellion. He gave the command of his troops in the Maghrib to Ibn Tashufin, his cousin. Ibn Tashufin proved so popular that when Abu Bakr returned he relinquished ...
- Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd ibn Zangi
- (from the article "Iran") ...the arts, as parvenu, competitive courts are wont to do. The poet Sa'di (died 1292) was a contemporary in Shiraz of the Salghurid atabeg Abu Bakr ibn Sa'd ibn Zangi (reigned 1231-60), whom he mentions by name in his Bustan ("The Orchard"), a book ...
- Abu Da'ud
- (from the article "'ilm al-hadith") ...collections, known as al-kutub as-sittah ("the six books"), arranged by matn-those of al-Bukhari (d. 870), Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj (d. 875), Abu Da'ud (d. 888), at-Tirmidhi (d. 892), Ibn Majah (d. 886), and an-Nasa'i (d. 915)-came to be recognized as canonical in...
- Abu Dahdah
- (from the article "Law, Crime, and Law Enforcement") ...on September 26 in Madrid to 27 years in prison for conspiracy to commit terrorist murders in the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks on New York City and Washington, D.C. The Syrian-born Yarkas, known as Abu Dahdah, was said to have conspired with suicide pilot Mohamed Atta and other members of ...
- Abu Dhabi
- city and capital of Abu Zaby emirate, one of the United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial States, or Trucial Oman), and the national capital of that federation. The city occupies most of a small triangular island of the same name, just off the Persian Gulf coast and connected to the mainland ... [7 Related Articles]
- Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations
- (from the article "United Arab Emirates") ...A Japanese consortium operates an offshore rig at Al-Mubarraz, and other offshore concessions are held by American companies. Onshore oil concessions are held by another ADNOC company, the Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations, which is likewise partially owned by American, French, Japanese, and British interests. Other concessions also ...
- Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company
- (from the article "United Arab Emirates") ...Oil Company (ADNOC). Petroleum production contributes about one-third GDP but employs only a tiny fraction of the workforce. The largest petroleum concessions are held by an ADNOC subsidiary, Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company (ADMA-OPCO), which is partially owned by British, French, and Japanese interests. One of the main offshore fields ...
- Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
- (from the article "United Arab Emirates") Oil was discovered in Abu Zaby in 1958, and the government of that emirate owns a controlling interest in all oil-producing companies in the federation through the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC). Petroleum production contributes about one-third GDP but employs only a tiny fraction of the workforce. The largest ...
- Abu Dhahab
- (from the article "Egypt") ...of the city"), which signified that he was recognized by the other beys as their chief. The Mamluks' rise to power was climaxed by the careers of two emirs-'Ali Bey and Abu Dhahab-both of whom secured from the Sublime Porte (Ottoman government) de facto recognition of their autonomy in Egypt ...
- Abu Ghazala, 'Abd al-Halim
- Egyptian military leader used his position as Egypt's field marshal to help preserve the fragile 1979 peace treaty between his country and Israel after the assassination in 1981 of Egyptian Pres. Anwar el-Sadat. Abu Ghazala joined the Egyptian army in 1948, participated in the 1952 coup that overthrew King Farouk, ...
- Abu Ghraib prison
- (from the article "Outsourcing War-The Surge in Private Military Firms") ...corporate members. PMFs have also attracted unwanted attention, however, including allegations that contractors working in 2003 as military interrogators and translators at the notorious Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq were involved in the abuses of prisoners. In March 2006 a jury found the PMF Custer Battles guilty of having defrauded ...
- Abu Ghufayl
- (from the article "Barghawatah") ...and presented himself as a prophet, teaching a mixture of Islamic, pagan, and astrological beliefs. His successors propagated this doctrine throughout the confederation. In the reign of Abu Ghufayl (885-913) the confederation became firmly established in Barghawatah territory and aided in the creation of a highly defensive state that also ...
- Abu Hafs
- (from the article "Hafsid dynasty") ...caliph and raised the prestige of the kingdom to its highest point. A period of internal dissension followed al-Mustansir's rule, Hafsid unity being temporarily restored by Abu Hafs (1284-95), then by Abu Yahya Abu Bakr (1318-46). Plagued by periodic Marinid invasions, the Hafsid kingdom...
- Abu Hafs 'Umar
- (from the article "North Africa") ...appointed his son as heir apparent in 1154, thus making his family, which did not belong to the Masmudah tribe, the ruling dynasty. Through this act 'Abd al-Mu'min bypassed Abu Hafs 'Umar, the Masmudah chief who gave protection to Ibn Tumart in the High Atlas during his period of exile ...
- Abu Hamza
- (from the article "Britain: The Radical Stronghold of European Muslims") ...the Middle East, many of whom in the 1980s had acquired a following among young people attracted by their revolutionary message; some of the youths went to Afghanistan and Kashmir to take up arms. Abu Hamza, the best known of the clerics extolling a violent jihad, was sentenced to seven ...
- Abu Hanifah
- Muslim jurist and theologian whose systematization of Islamic legal doctrine was acknowledged as one of the four canonical schools of Islamic law. The school of Abu Hanifah acquired such prestige that its doctrines were applied by a majority of Muslim dynasties. Even today it is widely followed in India, Pakistan, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Abu Hashim
- (from the article "Hashimiyah") ...that succession to 'Ali's position of imam, or leader, of the Muslim community had devolved on Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyah (d. c. 700), one of his sons, and Abu Hashim, a grandson. The Hashimiyah thus did not recognize, for religious reasons, the legitimacy of Umayyad rule, and when Abu Hashim died ...
- Abu Hureyra
- (from the article "agriculture, origins of") The Abu Hureyra site in Syria is the largest known site from the era when plants and animals were initially being domesticated. Two periods of occupation bracketing the transition to agriculture have been unearthed there. The people of the earlier, Epipaleolithic occupation lived in much the same manner as those ...
- Abu Ibrahim Ahmad
- (from the article "Aghlabid dynasty") ...km] south of Kairouan); Ziyadat Allah I (817-838), who broke the rebellion of the Arab soldiery and sent it to conquer Sicily (which remained in Arab hands for two centuries); and Abu Ibrahim Ahmad (856-863), who commissioned many public works. During the 9th century the brilliant Kairouan civilization evolved under ...
- Abu Ishaq
- (from the article "Chishtiyah") Muslim Sufi order in India and Pakistan, named for Chisht, the village in which the founder of the order, Abu Ishaq of Syria, settled.
- Abu Ishaq as-Sahili
- (from the article "Timbuktu") ...Musa built the Great Mosque (Djinguereber) and a royal residence, the Madugu (the former has since been rebuilt many times, and of the latter no trace remains). The Granada architect Abu Ishaq as-Sahili was then commissioned to design the Sankore mosque, around which Sankore University was established. The mosque still ...
- Abu Ja
- (from the article "Suleja") ...137 miles [220 km] north-northeast) about 1804, Muhamman Makau, sarkin ("king of") Zazzau, led many of the Hausa nobility to the Koro town of Zuba (6 miles [10 km] south). Abu Ja (Jatau), his brother and successor as sarkin Zazzau, founded Abuja town in 1828, began construction of its wall ...
- Abu Ja'far ibn Hud
- (from the article "Murcia") ...brought the quarreling states of Muslim Spain under his control, took possession of Murcia in 1092, incorporating it into his empire. General discontent under the Almoravids led to a rising under Abu Ja'far ibn Hud in 1144 and the reestablishment of Murcian independence. The kingdom was then united with Valencia.
- Abu Ja'far Muhammad al-Qulini
- (from the article "Hadith") ...might play. The major Shi'i compilations date from the 4th and 5th centuries and allow only traditions emanating from the house of 'Ali. The first of them is that of Abu Ja'far Muhammad al-Qulini (died AH 328 [AD 939]), Kafi fi 'Ilm ad-Din, which might be translated: "All You Need ...
- Abu Jahl
- (from the article "Muhammad") As Muhammad's message spread, opposition to him grew and was led by 'Amr ibn Hisham, dubbed Abu Jahl ("Father of Ignorance") by the early Muslims. Abu Jahl even had some early converts tortured, which resulted in the death of one of them named Summayyah. Muhammad himself, unharmed because of the ...
- Abu Jirab
- ancient Egyptian site, about 1 mile (1.6 km) north of Abu Sir, between Saqqarah and Al-Jizah; it is known as the location of two 5th-dynasty (c. 2465-c. 2325 BCE) sun temples. The first part of the 5th dynasty is recognized as a period of unusually strong emphasis on the worship ...
- Abu Kalijar al-Marzuban ibn Sultan ad-Dawlah
- ruler of the Buyid dynasty from 1024, who for a brief spell reunited the Buyid territories in Iraq and Iran.
- Abu Lahab
- (from the article "Muhammad") ...families rejected his call, especially those prominent in trade. Even within his family there were skeptics. Although Muhammad gained the support of many of the Banu Hashim, his uncle Abu Lahab, a major leader of the Quraysh, remained adamantly opposed to Islam and Muhammad's mission. These naysayers feared that the ...
- Abu Madi, Iliya
- Arab poet and journalist whose poetry achieved popularity through his expressive use of language, his mastery of the traditional patterns of Arabic poetry, and the relevance of his ideas to contemporary Arab readers.
- Abu Mansur ibn Yusuf
- (from the article "Ibn 'Aqil") ...those theologians who had been passed over, coupled with his espousal of innovative and controversial doctrines, led to Ibn 'Aqil's persecution. After the death of his influential patron, Abu Mansur ibn Yusuf, in 1067 or 1068, he was forced to retire from his teaching position. Until 1072 he lived in ...
- Abu Muhammad al-Baghawi
- (from the article "Hadith") ...Muslims, within the unique eminence of the master "pair," and formed the sources of later popular editions, intended to conflate material for didactic purposes. One such was the work of Abu Muhammad al-Baghawi (died AH 516 [AD 1122]) called Masabih as-Sunnah ("The Lamps of the Sunnah"). Commentaries on all these...
- Abu Musa
- (from the article "Shariqah, Al-") Prior to independence Iran asserted its claim to the Al-Shariqah island of Abu Musa, in the open gulf northwest of Al-Shariqah town, and landed troops there. A subsequent agreement between Iran and Al-Shariqah promised that both flags would fly over the island, settled the question of possible future oil discoveries ...
- Abu Musa al-Ash'ari
- (from the article "Siffin, Battle of") ...appearance of Mu'awiyah's troops with copies of the Qur'an impaled on their lances-supposedly a sign to let God's word decide the conflict. 'Ali delegated Abu Musa al-Ash'ari as his representative, while Mu'awiyah sent 'Amr ibn al-'As. The two men, on the basis of the Qur'an and...
- Abu Muslim
- leader of a revolutionary movement in Khorasan who, while acting as an agent for the 'Abbasid family, was instrumental in the downfall of the Umayyad caliphate and in placing the 'Abbasids on the throne. [8 Related Articles]
- Abu Najib al-Suhrawardi
- (from the article "Suhrawardiyah") Muslim order of mystics (Sufis) noted for the severity of its spiritual discipline, founded in Baghdad by Abu Najib as-Suhrawardi and developed by his nephew 'Umar as-Suhrawardi. The order's ritual prayers (dhikr) are based upon thousands of repetitions of seven names of God, identified with seven "subtle spirits"...
- Abu Nasr al-Malik ar-Rahim
- (from the article "Buyid Dynasty") After the death of 'Adud ad-Dawlah, a slackening economy, dissention in the army, and general Buyid disunity hastened the dynasty's decline. In 1055, the last Buyid ruler, Abu Nasr al-Malik ar-Rahim, was deposed by the Seljuq Toghril Beg.
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