(from the article "diatonic") ...harmony. Diatonic harmony arose gradually, in the form of numerous exceptions to the rules of the church modes. In the 16th century the humanist Henricus Glareanus proposed two additional modes, Aeolian and Ionian, based on A and C, respectively, and identical in every way to the modern natural minor and ...
(from the article "Harrison, G Donald") Harrison left Willis in 1927 to join the Aeolian-Skinner Organ Company of Boston, a company with which he remained for 29 years. In 1933 he became technical director of the company, in charge of the mechanical and tonal design of all instruments, and in 1940 he was elected president and ...
(from the article "Western architecture") The more exotic Ionic order of eastern Greece was slower to determine its forms; the order developed through the so-called Aeolic capital with vertically springing volutes, or spiral ornaments, to the familiar Ionic capital, the volutes of which spread horizontally from the centre and curl downward. There were also several ...
in Asiatic Aeolis, including the island of Lesbos, where Aeolian colonists from the mainland founded their cities. West Thessalian and especially Boeotian varieties of Aeolic were influenced by the neighbouring West Greek (Doric) dialects, whereas Asiatic Aeolic was influenced by Ionic. The Lesbian poets Alcaeus (c. 620-c. 580 BC) and ... [1 Related Articles]
steam turbine invented in the 1st century AD by Heron of Alexandria and described in his Pneumatica. The aeolipile was a hollow sphere mounted so that it could turn on a pair of hollow tubes that provided steam to the sphere from a cauldron. The steam escaped from the sphere ... [3 Related Articles]
group of ancient cities on the west coast of Anatolia, which were founded at the end of the 2nd millennium BC by Greeks speaking an Aeolic dialect. The earliest settlements, located on the islands of Lesbos and Tenedos and on the mainland between Troas and Ionia, resulted from migrations during ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "ape") ...forms, many of which are known only from fragmentary remains. The earliest-known hominoids are from Egypt and date from about 36.6 million years ago. Fossil genera include Catopithecus and Aegyptopithecus, possible successive ancestors of both the Old World monkeys and the apes. Later deposits have yielded such ...
(from the article "thrips") ...2 fossil families, Permothripidae and an undetermined family are, respectively, from Permian and Jurassic periods. Present families include the following.Oligocene (Baltic amber) to present. Worldwide. Antennae 9-segmented; ovipositor may be upturned or straight; forewings broad and rounded at tips, surface with...
in Greek mythology, mythical king of Magnesia in Thessaly, the son of Hellen (the eponymous ancestor of the true Greeks, or Hellenes) and father of Sisyphus (the "most crafty of men"). Aeolus gave his name to Aeolis, a territory on the western coast of Asia Minor (in present-day Turkey).
in the works of Homer, controller of the winds and ruler of the floating island of Aeolia. Because his children met no one outside their own family, Aeolus allowed them to mate with one another, to the relief of Canace and Macareus, who were already lovers. Aeolus made the brothers ...
(Greek: "age," or "lifetime"), in Gnosticism and Manichaeism, one of the orders of spirits, or spheres of being, that emanated from the Godhead and were attributes of the nature of the absolute; an important element in the cosmology that developed around the central concept of Gnostic dualism-the conflict between matter ... [1 Related Articles]
physicist who discovered (1756) pyroelectricity in the mineral tourmaline and published (1759) the first mathematical theory of electric and magnetic phenomena.
extinct genus of giant flightless birds found as fossils in Pleistocene and post-Pleistocene deposits on the island of Madagascar. The remains of Aepyornis are abundant. The several known species were massively constructed, with conical beaks, short, thick legs, three-toed feet, and relatively small wings that were useless for flight. The ... [2 Related Articles]
ancient people of Italy originally inhabiting the region watered by the tributaries of the Avens River (modern Velino). Long hostile to Rome, they became especially menacing in the 5th century BC, advancing to the Alban Hills. Although repulsed by the Romans in 431, the Aequi were not completely subdued by ...
(from the article "Anaximenes Of Miletus") Anaximenes substituted aer ("mist," "vapour," "air") for his predecessors' choices. His writings, which survived into the Hellenistic Age, no longer exist except in passages in the works of later authors. Consequently, interpretations of his beliefs are frequently in conflict. It is clear, however, that he believed in degrees of condensation ...
(from the article "Celtic literature") The fili were powerful in early Irish society and were often arrogant, enforcing their demands by the threat of a lampoon (aer), a poet's curse that could ruin reputations and, so it was thought, even kill. The laws set out penalties for abuse of the aer, and belief in its ...
Irish international air carrier that originated as the national airline of Ireland and resulted from the combination of two government-owned companies: (1) Aer Lingus Teoranta, incorporated in 1936 and operating air services within Ireland and between Ireland and Britain and continental Europe, and (2) Aerlinte Eireann Teoranta, incorporated in 1947 ...
treasury of ancient Rome, housed in the Temple of Saturn and the adjacent tabularium (record office) in the Forum. Under the republic (c. 509-27 BC) it was managed by two finance officials, the urban quaestors, and controlled by the Senate. In theory, all revenues were paid into ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "aerarium") In AD 6 the emperor Augustus founded a second treasury, the aerarium militare (military treasury). The old treasury was thereafter known as aerarium Saturni, eventually becoming the municipal treasury of the city of Rome. The new treasury's function was to pay bounties to discharged ...
(from the article "vinegar") ...amount of vinegar containing a mass of vinegar bacteria, called mother of vinegar, was added to start the reaction. One or two small air holes drilled above the liquid level exposed the surface to aeration. The finished vinegar was drawn off through a wooden spigot near the bottom. Care was ...
(from the article "cortex") The cortex often develops into a type of tissue called aerenchyma, which contains air spaces produced by separation, tearing, or dissolution of the cortex cell walls. Cortical cells in herbaceous stems, young woody stems, and stems of succulents (cacti and other fleshy plants) contain chloroplasts and can therefore convert carbon ...
(from the article "Syrtis Major") ...as 1659, for it appears in a drawing of Mars of that date by Christiaan Huygens. It is an extensive regional slope elongated north to south that drops 4 km (2.5 miles) from its western boundary (Aeria) to its eastern edge (Isidis). Assiduously observed for more than a century because ...
organization that gathered together a group of young aviators and designers for the purpose of developing heavier-than-air flying machines. It was founded in 1907 and funded for slightly longer than one year by the American inventor Alexander Graham Bell and his wife, Mabel Hubbard Bell. [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "rocket and missile system") The United States began to deploy tactical air-to-surface guided missiles as a standard aerial munition in the late 1950s. The first of these was the AGM-12 (for aerial guided munition) Bullpup, a rocket-powered weapon that employed visual tracking and radio-transmitted command guidance. The pilot controlled the missile by means of ...
(from the article "locomotion") Aerial locomotion also encounters resistance from drag, but, because the viscosity and density of air are much less than those of water, drag is also less. The lamellar flow of air across the wing surfaces is, however, extremely important. The upward force of flight, or lift, results from air flowing ...
method of creating the illusion of depth, or recession, in a painting or drawing by modulating colour to simulate changes effected by the atmosphere on the colours of things seen at a distance. Although the use of aerial perspective has been known since antiquity, Leonardo da Vinci first used the ... [1 Related Articles]
technique of photographing the Earth's surface or features of its atmosphere or hydrosphere with cameras mounted on aircraft, rockets, or Earth-orbiting satellites and other spacecraft. [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "Central Intelligence Agency") ...carrying out technical operations (e.g., coordinating intelligence from reconnaissance satellites), and for supervising the monitoring of foreign media. During the Cold War, material gathered from aerial reconnaissance produced detailed information on issues as varied as the Soviet grain crop and the development of Soviet ballistic missiles. Information obtained through these ...
(from the article "rocket and missile system") Britain, Germany, the Soviet Union, Japan, and the United States all developed airborne rockets for use against surface as well as aerial targets. These were almost invariably fin-stabilized because of the effective aerodynamic forces when launched at speeds of 250 miles per hour and more. Tube launchers were used at ...
(from the article "root") Roots are not always underground. When they arise from the stem and either pass for some distance through the air before reaching the soil or remain hanging in the air, they are called aerial. They are seen well in corn (maize), screw pine, and banyan, where they eventually assist in ...
(from the article "skiing") Somersaulting and other tricks were exhibited before World War I, but it was not until about 1950 that such stunts (aerials) were popularized by Norwegian Stein Eriksen, who won a gold medal in the giant slalom at the 1952 Winter Games in Oslo. There are two varieties of aerials: upright ...
The realization of an 11-year-old girl's transcontinental flying dream and two more frustrating setbacks in the round-the-world hopes of a balloonist marked the year 1993 for better and worse in aerial sports. Victoria Van Meter of Meadville, Pa., became the youngest pilot ever to fly across the United States ...
(from the article "circus") ...That same year another Frenchman, Jean-Francois Gravelet (stage name "Blondin"), crossed Niagara Falls on a tightrope. These events excited public interest in the work of the aerial gymnast and acrobat. By the turn of the 20th century, acrobatic acts had grown in popularity, although they never usurped the supreme position ...
(from the article "Dandakaranya") ...reservoir; wood-working centres at Jagdalpur, Boregaon, and Umerkote; and roads and railways in the refugee resettlement areas, including the Bolangir-Kozilum railway project. The Aero-Engine Factory, mainly producing aircraft engines, is located at Sunabeda. The National Mineral Development Corporation works iron ore at Bailadila. Important towns are Jagdalpur,...
(from the article "aerobatics") Pilots perform their sequences in the "aerobatic box," an imaginary cube of airspace whose sides measure 1,000 metres (3,300 feet), with a minimum lower safety limit below which pilots may not fly. Penalties are imposed for flying outside or below these limits. A pilot is expected to perform each sequence ...
maneuvers in which an aircraft is flown under precise control in unusual attitudes (the position of an aircraft determined by the relationship between its axes and a reference such as the horizon). A myriad of aerobatic maneuvers exist, some of the better-known being rolls, loops, stall turns (hammerheads), and tailslides. ...
an organism able to live and reproduce only in the presence of free oxygen (e.g., certain bacteria and certain yeasts). Organisms that grow in the absence of free oxygen are termed anaerobes; those that grow only in the absence of oxygen are obligate, or strict, anaerobes. Some species, called facultative ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Van Allen, James A.") ...Laboratory of Johns Hopkins University, Silver Spring, Md. He supervised the testing and use of captured German V-2 rockets for upper atmosphere exploration and assisted in the development of the Aerobee, one of the first rockets built for research purposes.
(from the article "protozoan") Most species of free-living protozoa appear to be obligate aerobes; that is, they cannot survive without oxygen. As in the cells of higher organisms, their respiration is based on the oxidation of the six-carbon glucose molecule to single-carbon carbon dioxide molecules and water via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle ...
(from the article "bacteria") ...cell from respiration, a process in which the electrons from molecules of sugar are transferred not to another organic molecule but to an inorganic molecule. The most familiar respiratory process (aerobic respiration) uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor. The sugar is completely broken down to carbon dioxide and water, ...
(from the article "respiration, human") ...to the muscles' needs occur up to a limit that is twice as high in the athlete as in the untrained individual. This range of possible oxidative metabolism from rest to maximal exercise is called the aerobic scope. The upper limit to oxygen consumption is not conferred by the ability ...
system of physical conditioning that increases the efficiency of the body's intake of oxygen, thereby stimulating the cardiovascular system, developing endurance, and reducing body fat. Increased energy, lower blood pressure and cholesterol, greater suppleness, stronger bones, better posture, and decreased stress levels are other benefits that may accrue from aerobic ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "Mars Global Surveyor") After a 10-month journey, Mars Global Surveyor took up a highly elliptical orbit above Mars on September 12, 1997. It employed a technique known as aerobraking-using the drag of the Martian upper atmosphere on the spacecraft to slow it down gradually-to achieve a final 400-km (250-mile) circular polar orbit in ...
(from the article "air-cushion machine") ...those, more closely related to true aircraft, that require forward speed before the pressure differential can be generated. The former are classed as aerostatic craft (ACVs); the latter are called aerodynamic ground-effect machines (GEMs).
branch of physics that deals with the motion of air and other gaseous fluids and with the forces acting on bodies passing through such a fluid. Aerodynamics seeks, in particular, to explain the principles governing the flight of aircraft, rockets, and missiles. It is also concerned with the design of ... [13 Related Articles]
(from the article "postal system") For individual correspondence, the most practical and inexpensive form of airmail remains the compact aerogram, which was introduced in Britain during World War II as a convenient way of writing to overseas military personnel. It consists of a sheet of lightweight paper suitably folded and gummed on all sides. Recognized ...
(from the article "augury") ...This book interprets the hexagram created by the tossing of yarrow stalks. Among the vast number of sources of augury, each with its own specialist jargon and ritual, were atmospheric phenomena (aeromancy), cards (cartomancy), dice or lots (cleromancy), dots and other marks on paper (geomancy), fire and smoke (pyromancy), the ...
(from the article "Douhet, Giulio") Trained as an artillery officer, from 1912 to 1915 Douhet served as commander of the Aeronautical Battalion, Italy's first aviation unit (also the first to practice aerial bombardment, in Libya during Italy's war with Turkey, 1911-12). Largely because of his efforts, the three-engine Caproni bomber was ready for use by ...
(from the article "map") Aeronautical charts provide essential data for the pilot and air navigator. They are, in effect, small-scale topographic maps on which current information on aids to navigation have been superimposed. To facilitate rapid recognition and orientation, principal features of the land that would be visible from an aircraft in flight are ...
(from the article "map") ...Only when World War II brought requirements for the mapping of many foreign areas did the U.S. military become involved on a large scale, with the expansion of the Oceanographic Office (Navy), Aeronautical Chart Service (Air Force), and the U.S. Army Topographic command.
