| | - Alexandreschate
- (from the article "ancient Greek civilization") The year 329 saw the final elimination of Satibarzanes and the capture of Bessus in Sogdiana, north of the Oxus River from Bactria. In Sogdiana, Alexander founded the city of Alexandreschate, "Alexandria the Farthest," not far from the site of Cyropolis, a city of Cyrus II the Great, whom Alexander ...
- Alexandrescu, Grigore
- (from the article "Romanian literature") ...and founded a periodical, Albina Romaneasca. The outstanding literary personality among a galaxy of minor poets and translators who enriched the Romantic heritage was Grigore Alexandrescu. Alexandrescu wrote Poezii (1832, 1838, 1839) and Meditatii (1863), fables and satires influenced mostly by French writers. A literary magazine,...
- Alexandria
- major city and urban muhafazah (governorate) in Egypt. Once among the greatest cities of the Mediterranean world and a centre of Hellenic scholarship and science, Alexandria was the capital of Egypt from its founding by Alexander the Great in 332 BCE until its surrender to the Arab ... [33 Related Articles]
- Alexandria
- (from the article "West Dunbartonshire") ...and financial service industries. Dumbarton, another shipbuilding area along the Clyde, to the northwest, now depends largely on service activities and the blending and distilling of whisky, while Alexandria, near Loch Lomond, supports tourism and a variety of light manufactures. Dumbarton is the administrative centre. Area 61 square miles (159 ...
- Alexandria
- city, seat of Douglas county, west-central Minnesota, U.S. It is situated about 70 miles (115 km) northwest of St. Cloud in a lake-resort and dairy-farm region. Settled in 1858 on land that was once part of Ojibwa and Sioux camping grounds, Alexandria was organized as a township in 1866 and ...
- Alexandria
- city, adjoining Arlington and Fairfax counties, northern Virginia, U.S. It lies on the Potomac River (there bridged at the Maryland state line), 6 miles (10 km) south of the District of Columbia. A fort was built on the site in 1676 to defend the area from attacks by Susquehannock (Susquehanna) ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alexandria
- city, seat of Rapides parish, central Louisiana, U.S. The city lies along the Red River, opposite Pineville, about 100 miles (160 km) northwest of Baton Rouge. It was laid out (1805) at the rapids that then marked the head of river navigation and was named for the daughter of Alexander ...
- Alexandria
- town, capital of Teleorman judet (county), southern Romania. It lies along the southward-flowing Vedea River in the Danube floodplain. Alexandria is a regional marketing centre for agricultural produce, mostly grain. The town also has flour mills and other food-processing plants. Manufactures include construction materials, chemicals, and rubber products. The town ...
- Alexandria Municipal Museum
- museum of Greek and Roman antiquities founded in 1892 and housed in Alexandria, Egypt, in a Greek Revival-style building opened in 1895.
- Alexandria Protocol
- (from the article "Palestine") ...the war came to an end, the neighbouring Arab countries began to take a more direct interest in Palestine. In October 1944 Arab heads of state met in Alexandria, Egypt, and issued a statement, the Alexandria Protocol, setting out the Arab position. They made clear that, although they regretted the ...
- Alexandria University
- (from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...as is the rule throughout Egypt. The state system is divided into primary, preparatory, and secondary schools, and advanced education is available in university faculties and technical institutes. Alexandria University (1942), the principal public university, lies just east of the city centre. Instruction is generally given in Arabic, although English ...
- Alexandria, Library of
- the most famous library of classical antiquity. It formed part of the research institute at Alexandria in Egypt that is known as the Museum, or the Alexandrian Museum. [19 Related Articles]
- Alexandria, School of
- the first Christian institution of higher learning, founded in the mid-2nd century AD in Alexandria, Egypt. Under its earliest known leaders (Pantaenus, Clement, and Origen), it became a leading centre of the allegorical method of biblical interpretation, espoused a rapprochement between Greek culture and Christian faith, and attempted to assert ... [10 Related Articles]
- Alexandria, Synod of
- (AD 362), a meeting of Christian bishops held in Alexandria, Egypt, summoned by the bishop of Alexandria, Athanasius. It allowed clergy that were readmitted to communion after making common cause with Arians to return to their former ecclesiastical status, provided they had not themselves subscribed to Arianism. The synod stated ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alexandrian canon
- (from the article "Aristophanes Of Byzantium") ...that were widely adopted by later scholars. Aristophanes also was responsible for arranging Plato's dialogues in trilogies, and he is generally credited with the foundation of the so-called Alexandrian Canon, a selection in each genre of literary work that contemporaries considered to be models of excellence.version of Old Testament canon
- Alexandrian Museum
- ancient centre of classical learning at Alexandria in Egypt. A research institute that was especially noted for its scientific and literary scholarship, the Alexandrian Museum was built near the royal palace about 280 BC by Ptolemy I Soter (reigned 323-285/283 BC). The best surviving description of the museum is by ... [10 Related Articles]
- Alexandrian rite
- the system of liturgical practices and discipline in use among Egyptian and Ethiopian Christians of both the Eastern-rite Catholic and independent Christian churches.
- Alexandrian senna
- (from the article "senna") Alexandrian senna (C. acutifolia), from Egypt, The Sudan, and Nigeria, and C. sieberana, from Senegal to Uganda, are cultivated in India for their cathartic properties. Tanner's senna (C. auriculata), a tall shrub, is a principal native tanbark in southern India.
- Alexandrians, Letter of Paul to the
- (from the article "biblical literature") Among the apocryphal letters are: a 2nd-century Epistula Apostolorum ("Epistle of the Apostles"; actually apocalyptic and antiheretical), the Letter of Barnabas, a lost Letter of Paul to the Alexandrians (said to have been forged by followers of Marcion), the late-2nd-century letter called "III Corinthians" (part of the Acts of Paul ...
- Alexandrina, Lake
- estuarine lagoon, southeastern South Australia, 45 miles (70 km) southeast of Adelaide. Together with contiguous Lake Albert and the long, narrow lagoon called The Coorong, it forms the mouth of the Murray River. About 23 miles (37 km) long and 13 miles (21 km) wide, the lake has a total ...
- alexandrine
- verse form that is the leading measure in French poetry. It consists of a line of 12 syllables with major stresses on the 6th syllable (which precedes the medial caesura [pause]) and on the last syllable, and one secondary accent in each half line. Because six syllables is a normal ... [6 Related Articles]
- Alexandrine schism
- (from the article "papacy") ...Alexandrine. The latter was caused by renewed tensions between the papacy and the emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa, who eventually yielded to the legitimate pope, Alexander III (1159-81). The Alexandrine schism led to the decision of the third Lateran Council (1179) to require a two-thirds majority vote of the cardinals to ...
- Alexandrist
- any of the Italian philosophers of the Renaissance who, in the controversy about personal immortality, followed the explanation of Aristotle's De anima (On the Soul) given by Alexander of Aphrodisias, who held that it denied individual immortality.
- alexandrite
- (from the article "Birthstones") Alexandrite is a remarkable and valued variety that when viewed along the different crystallographic (optical) axes, changes from columbine red to orange yellow to emerald green. In addition, the stone changes from green in daylight to red in artificial light.jewelry use
- Alexandrium
- (from the article "algae") ...toxins that either kill fish or accumulate in shellfish and cause sickness or death in humans when ingested; more than 1,200 species described, most in the class Dinophyceae; Alexandrium, Dinophysis, Gonyaulax, Peridinium, and ...
- Alexandropol, Treaty of
- (from the article "Ataturk, Kemal") ...which had been their own creation. This combined attack was too much for the Armenians, who were crushed in October and November 1920; they surrendered early in November. By the treaties of Alexandropol (Dec. 3, 1920) and Moscow (March 16, 1921), the nationalists regained the eastern provinces, as well as ...
- Alexandroupolis
- seaport, capital of the nomos (department) of Evros, western Thrace (Thraki), Greece. It is situated northwest of the Evros (Maritsa) River estuary on the Gulf of Ainos (Enez), an inlet of the Thracian Sea. Founded by the Turks as Dedeagac in 1860, it began to grow with the marketing of ...
- Alexeieff, Alexandre
- Russian-born French filmmaker who invented the pinscreen method of animation with his collaborator (later his wife), the animator Claire Parker (1910-81). [1 Related Articles]
- Alexie, Sherman
- (from the article "Literature") ...and Gentlemen of the Road, a historical fantasy about a Jewish adventurer and his African pal in an adventure set in an ancient myth-tinged central Asian kingdom during the Middle Ages. Sherman Alexie also delivered two books-the novel Flight and a young-adult fiction titled The Absolutely True Diary of a ...
- Alexis
- one of the foremost writers of Middle and New Comedy at Athens, a low form of comedy that succeeded the Old Comedy of Aristophanes.
- Alexis
- heir to the throne of Russia, who was accused of trying to overthrow his father, Peter I the Great. [3 Related Articles]
- Alexis
- only son of Nicholas II, the last tsar of Russia, and the tsarina Alexandra. He was the first male heir born to a reigning tsar since the 17th century. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexis
- tsar of Russia from 1645 to 1676. [10 Related Articles]
- Alexis I
- Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia (1945-70) whose allegiance to the Soviet government helped him strengthen the structure of the church within an officially atheistic country. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexis II
- Russian Orthodox Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia from 1990.
- Alexis, Jacques-Edouard
- (from the article "Haiti") Area: 27,700 sq km (10,695 sq mi) | Population (2007 est.): 9,598,000 | Capital: Port-au-Prince | Chief of state and government: President Rene Preval, assisted by Prime Minister Jacques-Edouard Alexis | BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE YEAR 2007HaitiHaiti...Chief of state ...
- Alexis, Paul
- (from the article "French literature") ...of Les Soirees de Medan, a volume of short stories by Emile Zola, Guy de Maupassant, Joris-Karl Huysmans, Henry Ceard, Leon Hennique, and Paul Alexis. The Naturalists purported to take a more scientifically analytic approach to the presentation of reality than had their predecessors, treating dissection as ...
- Alexis, Saint
- metropolitan of Moscow from 1354 to 1378 and the first representative of the Russian Orthodox church to take a truly active role in governing Russia. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexis, Willibald
- German writer and critic best known for his historical novels about Brandenburg and Prussia.
- Alexius I Comnenus
- Byzantine emperor (1081-1118) at the time of the First Crusade who founded the Comnenian dynasty and partially restored the strength of the empire after its defeats by the Normans and Turks in the 11th century. [13 Related Articles]
- Alexius II Comnenus
- Byzantine emperor from 1180 to 1183. Alexius was the son of Manuel I Comnenus and Maria, daughter of Raymond, prince of Antioch. When his father died on September 24, 1180, Alexius became emperor at the age of 11, with his mother as regent. She, in turn, entrusted the government to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alexius III Angelus
- Byzantine emperor from 1195 to 1203. He was the second son of Andronicus Angelus, grandson of Alexius I. In 1195 he was proclaimed emperor by the troops; he captured his brother, the emperor Isaac II, at Stagira in Macedonia and had him blinded and imprisoned. Crowned in April 1195, Alexius ... [3 Related Articles]
- Alexius IV Angelus
- Byzantine emperor from 1203 to 1204. Alexius was the son of Emperor Isaac II. He regained control of his rights to the Byzantine throne with the help of the Fourth Crusade but was deposed soon after by a palace coup. [5 Related Articles]
- Alexius V Ducas Mourtzouphlus
- Byzantine emperor in 1204, son-in-law of Alexius III Angelus. He led a revolt against the coemperors Isaac II and Alexius IV, who were supported by the Fourth Crusade. He then became the last emperor of Byzantium before its overthrow and partition by the Crusaders. In January 1204 Alexius began his ... [3 Related Articles]
- Aley River
- (from the article "Ob River") ...and shoals, and an average gradient of 1 foot per mile (20 cm per km). From the Charysh confluence the upper Ob flows northward on its way to Barnaul, receiving another left-bank tributary, the Aley River, and widening its floodplain as the valley widens. Turning westward again at Barnaul, the ...
- Aleynikov, Vladimir
- (from the article "Literature") ...Bykov published three books in rapid succession: a fantasy novel Evakuator ("The Evacuator"), a biography of Boris Pasternak, and a collection of his political columns. The poet Vladimir Aleynikov, whose career began in the 1960s avant-garde, published a fictionalized memoir entitled Pir ("The Feast"), in which several legendary figures of ...
- Alfa Romeo SpA
- Italian manufacturer of high-priced sports cars and other vehicles. The company was operated by the Italian government through its state holding company, IRI (Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale), until 1986, when it was sold to Fiat SpA. Headquarters are in Milan.
- Alfaguara Prize
- (from the article "Literature") Luis Leante received the Alfaguara Prize for Mira si yo te querre, a narrative of contrasting cultures and social classes. In the story Montse Cambra, after losing a daughter and being abandoned by her husband, goes to the Spanish Sahara to look for her first boyfriend.BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE ...
- alfalfa
- perennial, clover-like, leguminous plant of the pea family (Fabaceae), known for its tolerance of drought, heat, and cold; for the remarkable productivity and the quality of its herbage; and for its value in soil improvement. It is widely grown primarily for hay, pasturage, and silage. The plant, which grows 30-90 ... [6 Related Articles]
- alfalfa weevil
- (Hypera postica), insect pest of the family Curculionidae (order Coleoptera). The adult is dark brown to black and tiny (3 mm [ 110 inch] long) and has the typical prominent snout used by weevils to bore the small holes in which eggs are deposited. Eggs are laid in autumn, each ...
- Alfama quarter
- (from the article "Lisbon") Directly east of the Baixa lies Alfama (Arabic: Al-Hammah; "Hot Spring"); one of the oldest quarters of the city, it has a blend of Roman and Moorish architecture and narrow streets that crowd between a jumble of houses down to the river. In this area, on the hill where Lisbon ...
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