| | - AllofMP3
- (from the article "Computers and Information Systems") Online music piracy continued unabated, even though the Russian Web site AllofMP3.com-a particularly egregious offender in the view of the music industry-was shut down. The Web site had sold albums for as little as $1, about one-tenth the standard online price, and had claimed to be the second largest seller ...
- allogeneic transplant
- (from the article "cancer") ...the bone marrow. If an individual's marrow is diseased-from leukemia, for example-a person with a matching tissue type is found to donate stem cells. This type of transplant, called an allogeneic transplant, carries the risk of mismatch between tissues-a situation that can stimulate immune cells of the host to react ...
- allogrooming
- (from the article "animal communication") In many mammalian species, the members of social groups engage in bouts of grooming (called allogrooming when performed on another individual). Although visible to group members other than those in the interaction, allogrooming probably functions largely as a tactile display. Specialized touches with the hands are now suspected to be ...
- allomorph
- (from the article "linguistics") Morphs that are in complementary distribution and represent the same morpheme are said to be allomorphs of that morpheme. For example, the regular plurals of English nouns are formed by adding one of three morphs on to the form of the singular: /s/, /z/, or /iz/ (in the corresponding written ...
- Allomyces
- (from the article "fungus") ...Although called sex hormones when first discovered, these organic substances are actually sex pheromones, chemicals produced by one partner to elicit a sexual response in the other. In Allomyces (order Blastocladiales) a pheromone named sirenin, secreted by the female gametes, attracts the male gametes, which swim toward the former and ...
- Allon Plan
- (from the article "Allon, Yigal") ...important portfolios in the cabinets of Ben-Gurion, Levi Eshkol, and Golda Meir and served briefly as acting prime minister in 1969. Following the 1967 war, as deputy prime minister, he developed a peace plan that proposed restoring most of the West Bank territory to Jordan while retaining military settlements along ...
- Allon, Yigal
- Israeli soldier and politician who was best known as the architect of the Allon Plan, a peace initiative that he formulated after Israel captured Arab territory in the Six-Day War of June 1967.
- allopatric speciation
- (from the article "evolution") One common mode of speciation is known as geographic, or allopatric (in separate territories), speciation. The general model of the speciation process advanced in the previous section applies well to geographic speciation. The first stage begins as a result of geographic separation between populations. This may occur when a few ...
- allophane
- (from the article "Cation-exchange capacities and specific surface areas of clay minerals") Imogolite is an aluminosilicate with an approximate composition of SiO2 · Al2O3 · 2.5H2O. This mineral was discovered in 1962 in a soil derived from glassy volcanic ash known as "imogo." Electron-optical observations indicate that imogolite has a unique morphological feature of smooth and curved threadlike tubes varying in...
- allophone
- one of the phonetically distinct variants of a phoneme (q.v.). The occurrence of one allophone rather than another is usually determined by its position in the word (initial, final, medial, etc.) or by its phonetic environment. Speakers of a language often have difficulty in hearing the phonetic differences between allophones ... [2 Related Articles]
- Allophylus
- (from the article "Sapindales") ...States to tropical South America and has a main centre of diversity in southeastern Brazil, and Paullinia (195 species) in the American tropics and subtropics. Both are lianas or vines. Allophylus is a tropical and subtropical genus of shrubs and trees, with anywhere from 1 to 200 species recognized by ...
- allopolyploidy
- (from the article "evolution") ...mode of quantum speciation that yields the beginnings of a new species in just one or two generations. There are two kinds of polyploids-autopolyploids, which derive from a single species, and allopolyploids, which stem from a combination of chromosome sets from different species. Allopolyploid plant species are much more numerous ...
- allopreening
- (from the article "animal communication") ...in the process of ritualization may have social or nonsocial precursors. The best known example of ritualization through increased usage is what is known in mammals as allogrooming and in birds as allopreening-care given by one individual to the condition of the body surface of another individual. In highly social ...
- allopurinol
- drug used in the treatment of gout, a disease that is characterized by severe inflammation in one or more of the joints of the extremities. Allopurinol inhibits an enzyme that is necessary to form uric acid, a substance present in abnormally large amounts in the blood of persons with gout ... [1 Related Articles]
- Allosaurus
- large carnivorous dinosaurs that lived from 150 million to 144 million years ago during the Late Jurassic Period; they are best known from fossils found in the western United States, particularly from the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry in Utah and the Garden Park Quarry in Colorado. [2 Related Articles]
- allosteric control
- in enzymology, inhibition or activation of an enzyme by a small regulatory molecule that interacts at a site (allosteric site) other than the active site (at which catalytic activity occurs). The interaction changes the shape of the enzyme so as to affect the formation at the active site of the ... [3 Related Articles]
- allosteric site
- (from the article "metabolism") ...to the regulatory sites have no obvious structural similarity to the substrates of the enzymes; these small molecules are therefore termed allosteric effectors, and the regulatory sites are termed allosteric sites. Allosteric effectors may be formed by enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the same pathway in which the enzyme regulated by the ...
- allotment
- (from the article "Native American") Within about a decade of creating the western reservations, both Canada and the United States began to abrogate their promises that reservation land would be held inviolable in perpetuity. In Canada the individual assignment, or allotment, of parcels of land within reserves began in 1879; by 1895 the right of ...
- allotropy
- the existence of a chemical element in two or more forms, which may differ in the arrangement of atoms in crystalline solids or in the occurrence of molecules that contain different numbers of atoms. The existence of different crystalline forms of an element is the same phenomenon that in the ... [4 Related Articles]
- Allouez, Claude-Jean
- Jesuit missionary to New France who has been called the founder of Catholicism in the West.
- Alloway
- southern suburb of the town of Ayr, South Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, Scotland, famous as the birthplace of Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns. There is a museum alongside the thatched cottage where he was born in 1759 and a memorial built in 1820 in the form of ...
- Alloway, Lawrence
- (from the article "art criticism") Beside Rosenberg, the English critic Lawrence Alloway is perhaps the most important of the "other" critics. He truly rebelled against Greenbergian formalism, although, as he acknowledged, he was initially a convinced Greenbergian. Alloway was the first critic who wrote about Pop art (which Greenberg had dismissed as "novelty art") in ...
- allowed band
- (from the article "band theory") ...around it. This is in direct contrast to the behaviour of an electron in free space where it may have any specified energy. The ranges of allowed energies of electrons in a solid are called allowed bands. Certain ranges of energies between two such allowed bands are called forbidden bands-i.e., ...
- allowed transition
- (from the article "transition") alteration of a physical system from one state, or condition, to another. In atomic and particle physics, transitions are often described as being allowed or forbidden (see selection rule). Allowed transitions are those that have high probability of occurring, as in the case of short-lived radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. ...
- alloy
- metallic substance composed of two or more elements, as either a compound or a solution. The components of alloys are ordinarily themselves metals, though carbon, a nonmetal, is an essential constituent of steel. [43 Related Articles]
- alloy 3
- (from the article "zinc processing") ...rates can be achieved, and the resulting components have good dimensional stability and surface quality. Also, they can be plated to produce highly decorative finishes. The alloys used, designated alloy 3 and alloy 5 (see the Table), are both based on high-purity (99.99 percent) zinc. Alloy 3 is the most ...
- alloy 5
- (from the article "zinc processing") ...be achieved, and the resulting components have good dimensional stability and surface quality. Also, they can be plated to produce highly decorative finishes. The alloys used, designated alloy 3 and alloy 5 (see the Table), are both based on high-purity (99.99 percent) zinc. Alloy 3 is the most commonly used, ...
- alloy steel
- (from the article "materials science") ...low-alloy (HSLA) steels, are intermediate in composition between carbon steels, whose properties are controlled mainly by the amount of carbon they contain (usually less than 1 percent), and alloy steels, which derive their strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance primarily from other elements, including silicon, nickel, and manganese, added in somewhat ...
- Allport, Floyd H.
- (from the article "collective behaviour") ...many investigators have looked for clues that normal imitative tendencies and suggestibility may be intensified in collective behaviour. An important approach is based on the U.S. psychologist Floyd H. Allport's criticism of Le Bon and William McDougall, a British-born U.S. psychologist, for their concept of "group mind," and for their ...
- Allport, Gordon W.
- American psychologist and educator who developed an original theory of personality. [1 Related Articles]
- allspice
- tropical evergreen tree (Pimenta diocia, formerly P. officinalis) of the myrtle family (Myrtaceae), native to the West Indies and Central America and valued for its berries, the source of a highly aromatic spice. Allspice was so named because the flavour of the dried berry resembles a combination of cloves, cinnamon, ... [1 Related Articles]
- Allstate Corporation
- (from the article "Sears, Roebuck and Company") ...Sears began selling off some subsidiaries in order to concentrate on its lagging core retail operations. It discontinued its general catalog in 1993 and in 1995 spun off its largest subsidiary, the Allstate Corporation, an insurance company founded by Sears in 1931. In addition to selling household goods, hardware, and ...
- Allston, Robert
- rice planter and governor of South Carolina whose papers, South Carolina Rice Plantation, provide important agricultural, political, and social information about the pre-Civil War South. By scientifically draining and reclaiming swamps in his state, he developed one of the last great rice plantations in the Atlantic coast lowlands. He was ...
- Allston, Washington
- painter and author, commonly held to be the first important American Romantic painter. Allston is known for his experiments with dramatic subject matter and his use of light and atmospheric colour. Although his production was small, it shaped future American landscape painting by its dramatic portrayals of mood. Allston's work ... [1 Related Articles]
- Allt na Lairige Dam
- (from the article "dam") Another development in the construction of gravity dams is incorporation of posttensioned steel into the structure. For example, this helped reduce the cross section of Allt na Lairige Dam in Scotland to only 60 percent of that of a conventional gravity dam of the same height. A series of vertical ...
- allusion
- in literature, an implied or indirect reference to a person, event, or thing or to a part of another text. Allusion is distinguished from such devices as direct quote and imitation or parody. Most allusions are based on the assumption that there is a body of knowledge that is shared ...
- alluvial fan
- unconsolidated sedimentary deposit that accumulates at the mouth of a mountain canyon because of a dimunition or cessation of sediment transport by the issuing stream. The deposits, which are generally fan-shaped in plan view, can develop under a wide range of climatic conditions and have been studied in the Canadian ... [2 Related Articles]
- alluvium
- material deposited by rivers. It is usually most extensively developed in the lower part of the course of a river, forming floodplains and deltas, but may be deposited at any point where the river overflows its banks or where the velocity of a river is checked-for example, where it runs ... [9 Related Articles]
- allyl
- (from the article "organometallic compound") The allyl ligand, &singlehorzbond;CH2&singlehorzbond;CH&doublehorzbond;CH2, can bind to a metal atom in either of two configurations: as an eta1-ligand or an eta3-ligand. Because of this versatility in bonding, eta3-allyl complexes are often highly reactive. Examples of eta1- and eta3-allyl complexes are,...
- allyl carbanion
- (from the article "carbanion") The allyl carbanion (formula, C3H-5), a somewhat more elaborate unit than the methide ion, serves as the prototype for the structures of delocalized carbanions. It is derived from the substance propene by loss of a proton, as shown in the equation below, and its structure is best characterized by the ...
- allyl chloride
- (from the article "organohalogen compound") It is the type of carbon to which the halogen is directly bonded that is primarily responsible for the characteristic properties of each class. Thus, the carbon that bears the halogen in allyl chloride (CH2&doublehorzbond;CHCH2Cl) is singly bonded to each of its attached atoms, which makes the compound an alkyl ...
- allyl isothiocyanate
- (from the article "organosulfur compound") ...a thiocarbonyl group; it is used in the manufacture of rayon. Isothiocyanates, R&singlehorzbond;N&doublehorzbond;C&doublehorzbond;S, have cumulated bonding similar to that in carbon disulfide. Allyl isothiocyanate, CH2&doublehorzbond;CHCH2N&doublehorzbond;C&doublehorzbond;S, gives horseradish its distinctive flavour; related compounds are found in mustard and radish....
- allylic alcohol
- (from the article "alcohol") ...is bonded to two other carbon atoms. Similarly, a tertiary alcohol has the hydroxyl group on a tertiary (3°) carbon atom, which is bonded to three other carbons. Alcohols are referred to as allylic or benzylic if the hydroxyl group is bonded to an allylic carbon atom (adjacent to a ...
- Allyson, June
- American actress (b. Oct. 7, 1917, Bronx, N.Y.-d. July 8, 2006, Ojai, Calif.), was typecast as the cheerful girl next door in a series of 1940s and '50s films. With her trademark throaty voice and sunny disposition, she played opposite Van Johnson in five comedies- Two Girls and a Sailor ...
- Alma
- city, Gratiot county, central Michigan, U.S., located on the Pine River about 50 miles (80 km) north of Lansing. Founded as Elyton by Gen. Ralph Ely in 1853, it is in the heart of an agricultural area that produces beans, corn (maize), and sugar beets. The manufacture of automobile parts, ...
- Alma, Battle of the
- (Sept. 20, 1854), victory by the British and the French in the Crimean War that left the Russian naval base of Sevastopol vulnerable and endangered the entire Russian position in the war.
- Alma-Tadema, Sir Lawrence
- Dutch-born painter of scenes from everyday life in the ancient world whose work was immensely popular in its time.
- Almada Negreiros, Jose de
- (from the article "Portuguese literature") ...features exuberant images, an obsession with verbal constructions and metaphors, and experimentation with graphic design and fonts. The most versatile figure of Portuguese Modernism is Jose de Almada Negreiros, a poet, novelist, caricaturist, dancer, and actor who provoked scandal with his Manifesto anti-Dantas (1915), which ridiculed the ...
- Almaden
- town, Ciudad Real provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Castile-La Mancha, west-central Spain. Almaden is located in one of the world's richest mercury-producing regions. [1 Related Articles]
- Almagest
- astronomical manual written about AD 150 by Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus of Alexandria). It served as the basic guide for Islamic and European astronomers until about the beginning of the 17th century. Its original name was Mathematike Syntaxis ("The Mathematical Arrangement"); Almagest arose as an Arabic corruption of the Greek word ... [17 Related Articles]
- Almagro, Diego de
- Spanish soldier who played a leading role in the Spanish conquest of Peru. [6 Related Articles]
|
|
