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Abo Elementary School ... abrasion
Abo Elementary School
(from the article "Artesia") ...ranchlands. Nearby oil and gas fields (discovered in 1923) support refineries, extraction plants, and petrochemical industries. Potash mining is also of economic importance in the area. Artesia's Abo Elementary School is the first underground school in the United States; it was designed to protect against atomic radiation and fallout. Inc. ...
Abo, Swedish University of
(from the article "Selected universities and colleges of the world") ...general of Finland (1637-41, 1648-54), Brahe reformed the administration, promoted commerce, communications, and agriculture, and sponsored the building of many new towns. He founded the University of Abo (Turku) in 1640 and acted as its chancellor from 1646 until his death. While serving as lord high chancellor (1641-80), he also ...
Abo, Treaty of
(1743), peace settlement that concluded the Russo-Swedish War of 1741-43 by obliging Sweden to cede a strip of southern Finland to Russia and to become temporarily dependent on Russia. As a result of the Great Northern War (Treaty of Nystad, 1721), Sweden had lost Estonia, Livonia, Ingria, and part of ... [1 Related Articles]
Abofor
(from the article "African dance") Hunters may reenact their exploits or mime the movements of animals as a ritual means of controlling wild beasts and allaying their own fears. The Akan of Ghana perform the Abofor dance, a dance-mime staged after the killing of a dangerous animal. This is meant to placate the spirit of ...
Abolition of Heritable Jurisdictions Act
(from the article "United Kingdom") ...into the rest of the kingdom. Despite the Act of Union of 1707, clan chieftains had retained considerable judicial and military powers over their followers. But these powers were destroyed by the Abolition of Heritable Jurisdictions (Scotland) Act of 1747. Other statutes required oaths of allegiance to the Hanoverian dynasty ...
abolitionism
(c. 1783-1888), in western Europe and the Americas, the movement chiefly responsible for creating the emotional climate necessary for ending the transatlantic slave trade and chattel slavery. With the decline of Roman slavery in the 5th century, the institution waned in western Europe and by the 11th century had virtually ... [40 Related Articles]
abomasum
(from the article "artiodactyl") ...consists of four parts. These include the large rumen (or paunch), the reticulum, the omasum (psalterium or manyplies)-which are all believed to be derived from the esophagus-and the abomasum (or reed), which corresponds to the stomach of other mammals. The omasum is almost absent in chevrotains. Camels have a three-chambered ...
Abomey
town, southern Benin, located about 60 miles (100 km) north of Cotonou. Probably founded in the early 17th century, it soon became the capital of the kingdom of Abomey (later Dahomey; the country's previous name), which dominated production and trade with the European enterprises on the Slave Coast until the ... [1 Related Articles]
Abomey plateau
(from the article "Benin") The Benin plateaus, four in number, are to be found in the environs of Abomey, Ketou, Aplahoue (or Parahoue), and Zagnanado. The plateaus consist of clays on a crystalline base. The Abomey, Aplahoue, and Zagnanado plateaus are from 300 to 750 feet high, and the Ketou plateau is up to ...
abominable coalman
(from the article "primate") One of the most famous of the Late Miocene fossils was the "abominable coalman," so called because the best-preserved remains, a complete skeleton, were found during the 1950s in a lignite mine in northern Italy. Oreopithecus possessed a number of dental and bony characters that are typically hominid. The canines ...
Abominable Snowman
mythical monster supposed to inhabit the Himalayas at about the level of the snow line. Though reports of actual sightings of such a creature are rare, certain mysterious markings in the snow have traditionally been attributed to it. Those not caused by lumps of snow or stones falling from higher ... [2 Related Articles]
Abondio, Antonio
(from the article "medal") ...type. The finest struck portraits were the work of the medalists Domenico di Polo and Domenico Poggini in Florence and Giovanni Bernardi, Alessandro Cesati, and Benvenuto Cellini at the papal court. Antonio Abondio drew his style from Leoni and from the charming Mannerist portrait medalists of Reggio nell'Emilia, particularly Alfonso ...
Abongabong, Mount
(from the article "Aceh") Aceh is largely mountainous; Mounts Leuser and Abongabong rise to elevations of 11,092 feet (3,381 metres) and 9,793 feet (2,985 metres), respectively. Except in the extreme north, there is a fairly wide coastal plain, and the rivers are short and have little value for shipping. The southwestern coast is dotted ...
Abonnema
(from the article "Degema") ...taro, palm produce, plantains, and yams) of the Ijo (Ijaw) people, it became a major exporter of palm oil and kernels after the decline of the slave trade in the early 19th century. The Degema-Abonnema port (boats now anchor near the palm oil plant at Abonnema downstream) has been eclipsed ...
Aboriginal Land Rights Act
(from the article "Australia") ...claims moved from wage equality with Europeans to land rights over territory with Aboriginal associations. The South Australian government acted in this direction from 1966, and the federal Aboriginal Land Rights Act (1976), applying to the Northern Territory, was particularly important. In 1967 the general electorate overwhelmingly supported a constitutional ...
Aborigines Protection Act
(from the article "Victoria") ...the Aboriginal population were gathered on reserves such as Framlingham and Ramahyuck. Most of those lands were eventually usurped for European farming and their inhabitants dispersed. In 1886 the Aborigines Protection Act defined categories of Aboriginal Australians and forced those of mixed ancestry off the reserves. By 1917 all full-blooded ...
Aborigines' Rights Protection Society
(from the article "western Africa, history of") ...possible in all the coastal colonies. Such activity may be traced back to at least the 1890s, when Gold Coast professionals and some chiefs founded the Aborigines' Rights Protection Society (ARPS) to prevent the wholesale expropriation of African lands by European entrepreneurs or officials. The ARPS went on to campaign ...
abortifacient
(from the article "drug") An abortifacient is any drug or chemical preparation that induces abortion. For centuries, herbal abortifacients have been made from infusions or oils of plants such as pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium), angelica (Angelica species), and tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). Such preparations are no more ...
abortion
the expulsion of a fetus from the uterus before it has reached the stage of viability (in human beings, usually about the 20th week of gestation). An abortion may occur spontaneously, in which case it is also called a miscarriage, or it may be brought on purposefully, in which case ... [42 Related Articles]
Abou Telfan
(from the article "Chad") ...area, are associated with the Kanembu and Tunjur, who are of Arabic origin. All of these groups are sedentary and coexist with Daza, Kreda, and Arab nomads. The Hadjeray (of the Guera Massif) and Abou Telfan are composed of refugee populations who, living on their mountainous terrain, have resisted various ...
Aboulela, Leila
(from the article "Literature") ...Mes hommes, a defiant rejection of all kinds of restrictions, be they social or religious, on her freedom of action and expression. In Anglophone literature the Sudanese author Leila Aboulela published her second novel, Minaret, with the clear aim of informing the English-reading public of the teachings of Islam. (See ...
Abovean, Khachatur
(from the article "Armenian literature") The novel, weak in western Armenian literature, was strongly represented in Russian Armenia, where it became a vehicle for Armenian moral, social, and political aspirations. Khachatur Abovean, the "father of modern Armenian literature," wrote Wounds of Armenia in 1841. The most celebrated Armenian novelist was Hakob Meliq-Hakobian, ...
Abqaiq
town, eastern Saudi Arabia, about 25 miles (40 km) west of the Persian Gulf. It is situated in the southern end of the Abqaiq oil field, one of the largest and most productive in the kingdom. Abqaiq grew rapidly following the discovery of the field in 1940. By 1950 the ...
abrading tool
(from the article "hand tool") Cutting, drilling, and abrading tools
Abraha
Ethiopian Christian viceroy of Yemen in southern Arabia. [5 Related Articles]
Abraham
first of the Hebrew patriarchs and a figure revered by the three great monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. According to the biblical book of Genesis, Abraham left Ur, in Mesopotamia, because God called him to found a new nation in an undesignated land that he later learned was Canaan. ... [17 Related Articles]
Abraham bar Hiyya
Spanish Jewish philosopher, astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician whose writings were among the first scientific and philosophical works to be written in Hebrew. He is sometimes known as Savasorda, a corruption of an Arabic term indicating that he held some civic office in the Muslim administration of Barcelona. [2 Related Articles]
Abraham ben Moses ben Maimon
(from the article "Maimonides, Moses") Maimonides married late in life and was the father of a son, Abraham, who was to make his mark in his own right in the world of Jewish scholarship.
Abraham de Bet Rabban
(from the article "Nisibis, School of") The school experienced tremendous growth during Abraham de Bet Rabban's tenure (until c. 569) as director. Its teachers wrote in the fields of literature, history, philology, and theology, as well as translating from Greek into Syriac. The school gained renown in the West and became a major centre of education ...
Abraham Lincoln Battalion
a force of volunteers from the United States who served on the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War from January 1937 until November 1938. All seven International Brigades (q.v.)-each composed of three or more battalions-were formed by the Comintern (Communist International), beginning in late 1936, and all were disbanded ...
Abraham of Kashkar
(from the article "Nestorian") ...537/539) and persecution (540-545) through the leadership of the patriarch Mar Aba I (reigned 540-552), a convert from Zoroastrianism, and also through the renewal of monasticism by Abraham of Kashkar (501-586), the founder of the monastery on Mount Izala, near Nisibis.
Abraham, F. Murray
(from the article "1984: Best Actor") Other Nominees
Abraham, Karl
German psychoanalyst who studied the role of infant sexuality in character development and mental illness.
Abraham, Plains of
plains in Quebec region, southern Quebec province, Canada. The plains lie at the western edge of the old walled city, overlooking the St. Lawrence River. The plateau was the scene of a battle (Sept. 13, 1759) between the French under the Marquis de Montcalm and the British under James Wolfe ... [1 Related Articles]
Abraham, Sir Edward Penley
British biochemist who worked as a researcher with Ernst Chain and Howard Florey (both of whom later shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine) on the clinical development of penicillin; he was later involved in the development of the class of antibiotics known as cephalosporins. Abraham, who donated most ...
Abrahams, Harold
British athlete who won a gold medal in the 100-metre dash at the 1924 Olympic Games in Paris. [2 Related Articles]
Abrahams, Israel
one of the most distinguished Jewish scholars of his time, who wrote a number of enduring works on Judaism, particularly Jewish Life in the Middle Ages (1896).
Abrahams, Lionel
(from the article "Bosman, Herman Charles") ...Jurie Steyn's Post Office (1971), and A Bekkersdal Marathon (1971). Bosman at His Best (1965) and The Collected Works of Herman Charles Bosman (1981) were edited by Lionel Abrahams, who in large measure is responsible for Bosman's emergent reputation. Bosman also wrote several books of poems and two complete novels, ...
Abrahams, Peter
most prolific of South Africa's black prose writers, whose early novel Mine Boy (1946) was the first to depict the dehumanizing effect of racism upon South African blacks. [1 Related Articles]
Abrahams, William Miller
American writer and editor whose three-decade-long editorship of the annual volumes of O. Henry Award-winning stories brought the short story a steady growth in interest and respect (b. Jan. 23, 1919, Boston, Mass.--d. June 2, 1998, Hillsborough, Calif.).
Abram, Morris Berthold
American lawyer and civil and human rights advocate (b. June 19, 1918, Fitzgerald, Ga.-d. March 16, 2000, Geneva, Switz.), fought a 14-year battle all the way to the U.S. Supreme Court to overthrow a Georgia electoral rule that gave ballots cast by rural voters, most of whom were white, greater ...
Abramoff, Jack
(from the article "United States") ...obtained a guilty plea on a conspiracy charge and $19.7 million in restitution from Michael Scanlon, a former DeLay aide. Scanlon promised to testify against another grand jury target, lobbyist Jack Abramoff, over alleged bilking of Indian tribe clients whom they represented on gambling issues.
Abramov, Fyodor
Russian writer, academic, and literary critic whose work, which frequently ran afoul of the official Soviet party line, focused on the difficulties and discrimination faced by Russian peasants.
Abramovich, Roman
(from the article "Football") ...other Brazilian player, scored a third goal after Carvalho had sprinted down the flank before finding his colleague in a scoring position. CSKA, which was sponsored in part by a company held by Roman Abramovich (Chelsea's Russian oil-billionaire owner), became the first Russian team to win a European final.
Abramovitz, Max
American architect (b. May 23, 1908, Chicago, Ill.-d. Sept. 12, 2004, Pound Ridge, N.Y.), partnered with Wallace K. Harrison to influence the development of modernist architecture and helped shape the Manhattan skyline with his designs for a number of midtown buildings. He collaborated on such high-profile projects as the United ...
Abrams, Creighton
(from the article "Vietnam War") ...States, and through the threat of massive force against North Vietnam. To signal to Hanoi that he could still inflict punishment by air, the president decided to act on the proposal of General Creighton Abrams, who had succeeded Westmoreland in July 1969, that the United States bomb the secret communist ...
Abrams, Georgie
(from the article "Zale, Tony") ...of American Al Hostak on July 19, 1940, Zale defended that championship twice. On Nov. 28, 1941, Zale won a 15-round decision (a fight whose outcome is determined by judges' scoring) over American Georgie Abrams for the vacant world middleweight title. Zale lost a 12-round decision in a nontitle bout ...
Abrams, M.H.
American literary critic known for his analysis of the Romantic period in English literature.
Abrams, Muhal Richard
(from the article "Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians") Of the approximately three dozen Chicago musicians who formed the AACM, most had played in an early 1960s rehearsal band led by pianist-teacher Muhal Richard Abrams that had experimented with polytonal and atonal jazz and used then-new free jazz techniques of improvisation and composition. They founded the AACM to produce ...
Abramson, Herb
(from the article "Atlantic Records") Formed in 1947 by jazz fans Ahmet Ertegun, son of a Turkish diplomat, and Herb Abramson, formerly the artists-and-repertoire director for National Records, Atlantic became the most consistently successful New York City-based independent label of the 1950s, with an incomparable roster including Joe Turner, Ruth Brown, the Clovers, Ray Charles, ...
abrasion
(from the article "glacial landform") Glacial erosion is caused by two different processes: abrasion and plucking (see above). Nearly all glacially scoured erosional landforms bear the tool-marks of glacial abrasion provided that they have not been removed by subsequent weathering. Even though these marks are not large enough to be called landforms, they constitute an ...