| | - Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of
- (from the article "France") ...and more bullying. His invasion of the Spanish Netherlands in 1667 and the ensuing War of Devolution frightened the Dutch into the Triple Alliance with England and Sweden, which led to the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1668). Then, in the Dutch War that followed shortly afterward (1672-78), Louis intended to warn ...
- Aix-la-Chapelle, Treaty of
- (Oct. 18, 1748), treaty negotiated largely by Britain and France, with the other powers following their lead, ending the War of the Austrian Succession (1740-48). The treaty was marked by the mutual restitution of conquests, including the fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, to France; Madras in ... [11 Related Articles]
- Aix-les-Bains
- city and Alpine spa, Savoie departement, Rhone-Alpes region, southeastern France, southwest of Geneva. A summer and winter resort with a beach on Bourget Lake (France's largest lake) and an aerial cableway up fir-covered Mount Revard (5,125 feet [1,562 metres]), it is a fashionable Alpine spa maintaining the sedate luxury of ...
- Aix-Marseille I, II, and III, Universities of
- coeducational, state-financed, autonomous institutions of higher learning at Aix-en-Provence and Marseille, founded under France's 1968 Orientation Act, reforming higher education. The institutions developed out of the original University of Provence, founded in 1409 as a studium generale by Louis II of Provence and recognized by papal bull in 1413. From ...
- Aiyanar
- (from the article "gramadevata") An exceptional male village deity is Aiyanar, who in South India is the village watchman and whose shrine is always separate from those of the female goddesses. A similar male deity, known variously as Dharma-Thakur, Dharma-Raj, and Dharma-Ray, is found in Bengali villages.
- Aiyar, Rajam
- (from the article "South Asian arts") Quite different is the Kamalampal Carittiram ("The Fatal Rumor"), by Rajam Aiyar, whom many judge to be the most important prose writer of 19th-century Tamil literature. In this work, the author created a series of characters that appear to have become classics; the story is a romance, yet life in ...
- Aizawa Yasushi
- Japanese nationalist thinker whose writings helped provoke the movement that in 1868 overthrew the Tokugawa shogunate and restored power to the emperor.
- Aizawl
- town and capital of Mizoram state, northeastern India. It is situated on a ridge at an elevation of about 2,950 feet (900 m) and is the most populous town in the state. In the 1970s Aizawl was the scene of an armed attack on the government treasury and other offices ... [1 Related Articles]
- Aizen Temple
- (from the article "Ueno") ...of the Kii Peninsula. The city developed around a castle built in 1611 and still retains some of its early character. Hakuho Park is on the site of the old castle, which was rebuilt in 1953. The Aizen Temple in Ueno is dedicated to the god of love. The industry ...
- Aizoaceae
- (from the article "Caryophyllales") ...plants that resemble stones. The garden plants include carnations, pinks, four-o'clocks, amaranths, portulacas, and Madeira vines. Vegetables in the order include beets, spinach, and Swiss chard. Aizoaceae includes ice plants, sea figs (also called beach apples), and living stones (lithops). Stem or leaf succulents in Cactaceae and Aizoaceae are commonly ...
- Aizu-wakamatsu
- city, Fukushima ken (prefecture), Honshu, Japan, in the centre of the Aizu basin, surrounded by volcanic mountains. A castle was built on the site in 1384. Much of the present city dates from 1590, when the castle was rebuilt and named Tsuruga Castle. During the Tokugawa period (1603-1867), Aizu-wakamatsu was ...
- Aja states
- (from the article "western Africa, history of") ...from its traditional rivalry with the adjacent savanna kingdoms of Nupe and Borgu and to use its cavalry to assert control of the trade routes through the open country southwestward to the small Aja states on the coast in which the Europeans had established trading posts. A measure of control ...
- Ajabure
- (from the article "African dance") ...Zulu and Ndebele men in Southern Africa recall the victories of past warriors. Among the Owo-Yoruba the stately Totorigi dance is for senior men and women, while adolescent boys perform the lively Ajabure with ceremonial swords. The transition from one age grade to the next may be marked by rites ...
- Ajaccio
- town, capital of Corse-du-Sud departement, Corsica region, France, and Mediterranean port, on the west coast of the island of Corsica. Napoleon's birthplace, Maison Bonaparte, is now a museum, as is part of the town hall. The original settlement of Ajax was founded by the ... [1 Related Articles]
- ajaeng
- large Korean bowed zither having seven strings. Its body is about 160 cm (62 inches) long and 25 cm (10 inches) wide and is made of paulownia wood. The ajaeng's strings, made of twisted silk, are supported by separate movable bridges. The bow with which it is ... [2 Related Articles]
- ajaeng sanjo
- (from the article "ajaeng") ...t'ang-ak) and the Korean (hyang-ak) styles, each of which has a characteristic pentatonic tuning. The modern ajaeng sanjo is basically a smaller version of the ajaeng, about 120 cm (47 inches) long, and it has eight strings. The ...
- Ajanta Caves
- Buddhist rock-cut cave temples and monasteries, near Ajanta village, north-central Maharashtra state, western India, celebrated for their wall paintings. The temples are hollowed out of granite cliffs on the inner side of a 70-foot (20-metre) ravine in the Wagurna River valley, 65 miles (105 km) northeast of Aurangabad, at a ... [5 Related Articles]
- Ajar
- (from the article "Ajaria") The population includes Georgians, Russians, Armenians, and the Ajars themselves, a Georgian population Islamicized under Turkish rule. Although the Ajars are not a nationality distinct from other Georgians, they do represent a distinctive cultural segment of the Georgian homeland. Of the total population, less than one-half is urban and two-thirds ...
- Ajar-Imeretinsky
- (from the article "Ajaria") Two east-west ranges, the Ajar-Imeretinsky in the north and the Shavshetsky in the south, rise from the Black Sea coastal lowlands to more than 9,200 feet (2,800 metres). Between the ranges lies the Ajaristskali River valley, which is closed at the eastern end by a third range, the Arsiyan Mountains. ...
- Ajaria
- autonomous republic in Georgia, in the southwestern corner of that country, adjacent to the Black Sea and the Turkish frontier. It is largely mountainous with the exception of a narrow coastal strip. Batumi is the capital and largest city. Area 1,120 square miles (2,900 square km). Pop. (2002) 376,016; (2007 ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ajatasatru
- (from the article "Patna") Pataliputra was founded in the 5th century BC by Ajatasatru, king of Magadha (South Bihar). His son Udaya (Udayin) made it the capital of Magadha, which it remained until the 1st century BC. The second Magadha dynasty, the Maurya, ruled in the 3rd and early 2nd centuries BC until the ...
- Ajax
- in Greek legend, son of Telamon, king of Salamis, described in the Iliad as being of great stature and colossal frame, second only to the Greek hero Achilles in strength and bravery. He engaged Hector (the chief Trojan warrior) in single combat and later, with the aid of the goddess ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ajax
- in Greek legend, son of Oileus, king of Locris; he was said to be boastful, arrogant, and quarrelsome. For his crime of dragging King Priam's daughter Cassandra from the statue of the goddess Athena and violating her, he barely escaped being stoned to death by his Greek allies. Odysseus knew ...
- Ajax of Amsterdam
- (from the article "football (soccer)") ...aesthetically pleasing consequences. Players such as Johan Cruyff and Johan Neeskens provided the perfect outlets for this highly fluent and intelligent playing system. Holland's leading club-Ajax of Amsterdam-helped direct total football into a 3-4-3 system; Ajax's long-term success was also built upon one of the world's leading scouting and coaching ...
- Ajdukiewicz, Kazimierz
- Polish logician and semanticist who was the chief contributor to the Warsaw school of philosophy and logic, which analyzed the relationship of language and knowledge. He is credited with developing in 1920 the first deductive theory for the study of logic based on syntax.
- Ajigawa Bridge
- (from the article "bridge") ...first major suspension bridge to use a single cable. The towers are delta-shaped, with diagonal suspenders running from the cable down the centre of the deck. On the same road as the Konohana is the Ajigawa cable-stayed bridge, with a span of 344 metres (1,148 feet) and an elegantly thin ...
- Ajit
- Indian actor whose charming villainy and outrageous double entendres made him a national folk hero during a film career that spanned several decades in Bollywood, the nickname for Mumbai (Bombay), India's film capital (b. Jan. 27, 1922, Golconda, India--d. Oct. 21, 1998, Hyderabad, India).
- Ajita Kesakambalin
- (from the article "Indian philosophy") ...adharma) and thus all moral efficacy of human deeds; by determinists, such as the Ajivika Makkhali Gosala, who denied sin and freedom of will; and by materialists, such as Ajita Kesakambalin, who, besides denying virtue, vice, and afterlife, resolved man's being into material elements, Nigantha Nataputta, who believed in salvation ...
- ajiva
- in the Jainist philosophy of India, "nonliving substance," as opposed to jiva, "soul" or "living matter." Ajiva is divided into: (1) akasa, "space," (2) dharma, "that which makes motion possible," (3) adharma, "that which makes rest possible," and (4) pudgala, "matter." Pudgala consists of atoms; is eternal yet subject to ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ajivika
- an ascetic sect that emerged in India about the same time as Buddhism and Jainism and that lasted until the 14th century; the name may mean "following the ascetic way of life." It was founded by Goshala Maskariputra (also called Gosala Makkhaliputta), a friend of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara ("Ford-maker," ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ajjul, Tall al-
- ancient site in southern Palestine, located at the mouth of the Ghazzah Wadi just south of the town of Gaza (modern Ghazzah). The site, often called "ancient Gaza," was excavated between 1930 and 1934 by British archaeologists under the direction of Sir Flinders Petrie. Although the earliest remains on the ...
- Ajka
- (from the article "Veszprem") ...counties of Hungary until the 1980s, owing to its developed mining, chemical industry, and aluminum foundry, as well as the famed manufacturing of porcelain and china in Herend and crystal in Ajka. In the aftermath of the political changes in 1989, the county's economy became more reliant on the tourism ...
- Ajman
- constituent emirate of the United Arab Emirates (formerly Trucial States, or Trucial Oman); the smallest state of the country. It is composed of three sections; the principal portion, on the Persian Gulf coast, is completely surrounded by the emirate of Al-Shariqah. This section is the site of the city of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ajmer
- city, central Rajasthan state, northwestern India. The city is on the lower slopes of Taragarh Hill, on the summit of which stands a fortress. It was probably founded about 1100 and was the capital of the former state. Architectural monuments include an ancient Jaina temple (converted c. 1200 into a ... [3 Related Articles]
- ajnana
- (from the article "jnana") ...or reality. The cognitive experience of the supreme object sets the soul free from the transmigratory life and the polarities this imposes upon thought. Its opposite, ajnana (also called avidya), is the false apprehension of reality that keeps the soul from attaining release; it ...
- Ajo
- town, Pima county, southwestern Arizona, U.S. Spaniards mined in the area in the 1750s, and the Ajo Copper Company (1854) was the first incorporated mining concern in the Arizona Territory. Copper and silver were the most valuable minerals mined in the area. The mines remained dormant from roughly 1860 until ...
- Ajodhia, Jules Rattankoemar
- (from the article "Suriname") Area: 163,820 sq km (63,251 sq mi) | Population (2005 est.): 493,000 | Capital: Paramaribo | Head of state and government: President Ronald Venetiaan, assisted by Prime Ministers Jules Rattankoemar Ajodhia and, from August 12, Ram Sardjoe | BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE YEAR 2005Suriname
- ajoene
- (from the article "organosulfur compound") ...and has antimicrobial, anticandidal (antiyeast), and antifungal properties; it also inhibits lipid synthesis in vitro. Allicin can be transformed into an unsaturated sulfoxide disulfide called ajoene, which has anticlotting (antithrombotic) properties. When an onion bulb is cut or crushed, an odourless substance in the bulb, S-1-propenylcysteine S-oxide, is similarly transformed ...
- Ajun
- (from the article "African dance") ...by ritual societies in many cultures. Hausa women, for example, find healing through dance and spirit possession in the Bori cult. Among the Jukun of Nigeria, a similar organization is called the Ajun, whose elders deal with hysterical disorders in women by exorcising evil spirits in initiation ceremonies. During a ...
- Ajun-Kpa
- (from the article "African dance") ...in a house shrine, the sufferer is taught songs and dances that have a therapeutic function culminating in a ceremony in which the initiate publicly joins the members of the society to perform the Ajun-Kpa dance. The female spirit mediums of the Kalabari in the Niger delta, using dance and ...
- Ajuran
- (from the article "Somaliland") ...Ocean. They exported gums and resins, ostrich feathers, and slaves, waged war against the Christian Ethiopians of the interior, and organized themselves into sultanates (Adal, centred at Seylac, and Ajuran, centred at Mogadishu). The nomadic Somali, who occupied the northern part of the country between the 10th and the 15th ...
- Ajyad, Mount
- (from the article "Mecca") ...(277 metres) above sea level in the dry beds of the Wadi Ibrahim and several of its short tributaries. It is surrounded by the Sirat Mountains, the peaks of which include Mount (Jabal) Ajyad, which rises to 1,332 feet, and Mount Abu Qubays, which attains 1,220 feet, to the east ...
- Ak Koyunlu
- Turkmen tribal federation that ruled northern Iraq, Azerbaijan, and eastern Anatolia from AD 1378 to 1508. [8 Related Articles]
- Ak Saray tomb
- (from the article "Samarkand") ...a building that was commissioned by Timur's favorite Chinese wife, and Timur's tomb itself, the Gur-e Amir mausoleum, built about 1405. To the second half of the 15th century belongs the Ak Saray tomb with a superb fresco of the interior. The Rigestan Square, an impressive public square in the ...
- Ak Zhol
- (from the article "Kazakhstan") ...seats (42) in the new Parliament. A bloc formed by two pro-presidential parties obtained 11 seats; Asar, the party of the president's daughter Dariga, won 4 seats; and the moderate opposition party Ak Zhol obtained only 1. A bloc formed by the opposition Communist Party and Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan ...
- Ak Zhol
- (from the article "Kyrgyzstan") Parliamentary elections were held on December 16. Bakiyev's Ak Zhol (Bright Path) party scored a resounding victory in the elections, capturing 71 of the 90 seats in the legislature. The opposition Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan won 11 seats, and the pro-government Communist Party of Kyrgyzstan claimed 8. Opposition groups, ...
- AK-47
- 1947, Soviet assault rifle, one of the most widely used shoulder weapons in the world. The initials AK represent Avtomat Kalashnikov, Russian for "automatic Kalashnikov," for its designer, Mikhail Timofeyevich Kalashnikov (b. 1919). It has both semiautomatic and automatic capabilities and fires intermediate-power 7.62-millimetre ammunition. [1 Related Articles]
- Ak-Ink
- (from the article "Budapest") ...geography, and there is ample evidence of human settlement on the Danube's western side from Neolithic times onward. Two miles north of Castle Hill, in what became Obuda, a settlement named Ak-Ink ("Ample Water") was established by the Celtic Eravisci. This became Aquincum when the Romans established a military camp ...
- Ak-Mechet
- (from the article "Simferopol") ...is the site of Neapolis, occupied by the Scythians from the 3rd century BC to the 4th century AD; but modern Simferopol was founded by the Russians in 1784, adjacent to the Tatar settlement of Ak-Mechet, after the annexation of the Crimea. Simferopol has a wide range of food-processing industries ...
- Ak-Saray
- (from the article "Timurid Dynasty") ...the effect. The Gur-e Amir, Timur's mausoleum in Samarkand, is the most notable example. The tiled dome, rising above a polygonal chamber, is fluted and slightly bulbous. Of the Ak-Saray, Timur's palace built between 1390 and 1405 at Kesh, only the monumental gates remain, again with coloured-tile decoration.
- Aka
- (from the article "Bambuti") The Bambuti is a collective name for four populations of Ituri Pygmies-the Sua, Aka, Efe, and Mbuti-each of which has formed a loose economic and cultural interdependency with an agriculturalist group. They are nomadic hunters and gatherers living in small bands that vary in composition and size throughout the year ...
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