| | - Alexander III
- pope from 1159 to 1181, a vigorous exponent of papal authority, which he defended against challenges by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick Barbarossa and Henry II of England. [14 Related Articles]
- Alexander Island
- large island in the Bellingshausen Sea, separated from the Antarctica mainland by the George VI Sound. An extremely rugged region with peaks up to 9,800 feet (2,987 m) above sea level, it is 270 miles (435 km) long and up to 125 miles (200 km) wide and has an area ...
- Alexander IV
- (from the article "Alexander the Great") No heir had been appointed to the throne, and his generals adopted Philip II's half-witted illegitimate son, Philip Arrhidaeus, and Alexander's posthumous son by Roxana, Alexander IV, as kings, sharing out the satrapies among themselves, after much bargaining. The empire could hardly survive Alexander's death as a unit. Both kings ...
- Alexander IV
- pope from 1254 to 1261. [7 Related Articles]
- Alexander Jannaeus
- (from the article "coin") ...the natural resistance of the Maccabees to Greek polytheism to be satisfied by the representation of specifically Jewish symbols. These coins, like those of the rest of the dynasty, were of copper. Alexander Jannaeus (103-76 BC) was the first of the Maccabean priestly princes to style himself king on his ...
- Alexander Lysimachus
- (from the article "Philo Judaeus") ...1st century, says that Philo's family surpassed all others in the nobility of its lineage. His father had apparently played a prominent role in Palestine before moving to Alexandria. Philo's brother Alexander Lysimachus, who was a general tax administrator in charge of customs in Alexandria, was the richest man in ...
- Alexander Nevsky, Saint
- prince of Novgorod (1236-52) and of Kiev (1246-52) and grand prince of Vladimir (1252-63), who halted the eastward drive of the Germans and Swedes but collaborated with the Mongols in imposing their rule on Russia. By defeating a Swedish invasion force at the confluence of the Rivers Izhora and Neva ... [3 Related Articles]
- Alexander Of Aphrodisias
- philosopher who is remembered for his commentaries on Aristotle's works and for his own studies on the soul and the mind. [3 Related Articles]
- Alexander of Battenberg
- (from the article "Balkans") ...Consequently, much of the constitutional instability that afflicted 19th-century Serbia derived from clashes between the new royal authorities in Belgrade and local village chieftains. Likewise, Alexander of Battenberg, the first prince of Bulgaria, attempted to reconstruct Sofia's municipal council in 1879 and was told that not even the Turks would ...
- Alexander of Epirus
- (from the article "Demetrius II") Demetrius gained distinction as a boy by defeating and dethroning Alexander of Epirus, thus saving Macedonia (c. 263). On his accession he was faced by an Aetolian and Achaean coalition, later joined by an Epirote League. Thus threatened, he was drawn northward by a Dardanian invasion, and after a defeat ...
- Alexander Of Hales
- theologian and philosopher whose doctrines influenced the teachings of such thinkers as St. Bonaventure and John of La Rochelle. The Summa theologica, for centuries ascribed to him, is largely the work of followers. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexander Of Pherae
- despot of Pherae in Thessaly, Greece, from 369 to 358, whose tyranny caused the intervention of a number of city-states in Thessalian affairs. The other Thessalian cities, refusing to recognize Alexander as tagos, or head magistrate, appealed to the Thebans, who sent Pelopidas to their assistance. Alexander imprisoned Pelopidas, and ...
- Alexander Polyhistor
- philosopher, geographer, and historian whose fragmentary writings provide valuable information on antiquarian and Jewish subjects. [2 Related Articles]
- Alexander polynomial
- (from the article "Alexander, James Waddell, II") ...of the usual sphere, shows that the topology of three-dimensional space is very different from two-dimensional space. In 1928 Alexander discovered an invariant polynomial, now known as the Alexander polynomial, for distinguishing various knots regardless of how they are stretched or twisted. This was an important first step in providing ...
- Alexander romance
- any of a body of legends about the career of Alexander the Great, told and retold with varying emphasis and purpose by succeeding ages and civilizations. [4 Related Articles]
- Alexander the Great
- king of Macedonia (336-323 BC). He overthrew the Persian Empire, carried Macedonian arms to India, and laid the foundations for the Hellenistic world of territorial kingdoms. Already in his lifetime the subject of fabulous stories, he later became the hero of a full-scale legend bearing only the sketchiest resemblance to ... [78 Related Articles]
- Alexander The Paphlagonian
- celebrated impostor and worker of false oracles. The only account of his career occurs in an expose by Lucian, whose investigations of Alexander's frauds led to a serious attempt on the writer's life. [2 Related Articles]
- Alexander VI
- corrupt, worldly, and ambitious pope (1492-1503), whose neglect of the spiritual inheritance of the church contributed to the development of the Protestant Reformation. [12 Related Articles]
- Alexander VII
- pope from 1655 to 1667. [5 Related Articles]
- Alexander VIII
- pope from 1689 to 1691. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexander's Gate
- (from the article "Gog and Magog") One of the most important legends associated with Gog and Magog was that of Alexander's Gate, said to have been built by Alexander the Great to imprison these uncivilized and barbaric people until the end of time. In medieval legends of Antichrist and the Last Emperor, Gog and Magog were ...
- Alexander, Caleb
- (from the article "dictionary") ...Dictionary. The first dictionary compiled in America was A School Dictionary by Samuel Johnson, Jr. (not a pen name), printed in New Haven, Connecticut, in 1798. Another, by Caleb Alexander, was called The Columbian Dictionary of the English Language (1800) and on the title page claimed that "many new words, ...
- Alexander, Dorothy
- American ballet dancer and choreographer, founder of the Atlanta Ballet, and pioneer of the regional ballet movement.
- Alexander, Elizabeth
- (from the article "Literature") ...With a fine-tooth comb": the voice of the late Gwendolyn Brooks took on new strength as the Library of America's American Poets Project issued The Essential Gwendolyn Brooks, edited by Elizabeth Alexander.
- Alexander, Francesca
- American expatriate illustrator and author, remembered for her collections of Tuscan folk songs, tales, and lore.
- Alexander, Franz
- physician and psychoanalyst sometimes referred to as the father of psychosomatic medicine because of his leading role in identifying emotional tension as a significant cause of physical illness. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexander, Grover Cleveland
- professional baseball player, one of the finest right-handed pitchers in the history of the game, frequently considered the greatest master of control. From 1911 to 1930 he won 373 or 374 major league games (authorities differ) and lost 208. In his first season he won 28 games. For three consecutive ... [2 Related Articles]
- Alexander, Harold Alexander, 1st Earl
- prominent British field marshal in World War II noted for his North African campaigns against Field Marshal Erwin Rommel and for his later commands in Italy and western Europe. [3 Related Articles]
- Alexander, Hattie Elizabeth
- American pediatrician and microbiologist whose groundbreaking work on influenzal meningitis significantly reduced infant death rates and advanced the field of microbiological genetics.
- Alexander, James Waddell, II
- American mathematician and a founder of the branch of mathematics originally known as analysis situs, now called topology.
- Alexander, Jane
- American actress who, in addition to achieving a successful performance career, became the first actor to chair the National Endowment for the Arts.
- Alexander, Jason
- (from the article "Seinfeld") ...observation, playing a fictionalized version of himself, and his three best friends: George, the fictional Jerry's boyhood buddy, a mendacious ne'er-do-well (played with hilarious persnicketiness by Jason Alexander); Elaine (Julia Louis-Dreyfus, Saturday Night Live, 1982-85) Jerry's former girlfriend, a relationship-obsessed quasi-careerist; and Kramer, Jerry's...
- Alexander, John
- (from the article "Alexander, James Waddell, II") The son of John White Alexander, an American painter who created murals for the Library of Congress, James studied mathematics and physics at Princeton University, obtaining a B.S. degree in 1910 and an M.S. degree the following year. For the next few years he traveled and studied in Europe before ...
- Alexander, Lloyd
- American author transported readers to a world of fantasy with a five-book series that was known as the Prydain Chronicles. The Book of Three (1964) launched the series, which chronicled the rise of a young hero named Taran from an assistant pig keeper to leader of the imaginary kingdom ... [1 Related Articles]
- Alexander, Meena
- Indian poet and teacher whose works reflect her multicultural life in India, The Sudan, and the United States.
- Alexander, Samuel
- philosopher who developed a metaphysics of emergent evolution involving time, space, matter, mind, and deity.
- Alexander, Shana
- American journalist and author (b. Oct. 6, 1925, New York, N.Y.-d. June 23, 2005, Hermosa Beach, Calif.), battled conservative columnist James Kilpatrick in "Point-Counterpoint," a political debate segment featured during the 1970s on the television program 60 Minutes. Alexander's parents were prominent members of Manhattan's arts community but were emotionally ...
- Alexander, Shaun
- American professional gridiron football player who was one of the most prolific touchdown scorers in National Football League (NFL) history. [1 Related Articles]
- Alexander, Steve
- (from the article "Digital Consumer Electronics Boom") The proliferation of consumer electronics gadgets continued in 2006 as it became routine to encounter people speaking on cellular phones, listening to digital music on headphones, or snapping countless pictures with digital cameras. One survey, by Opinion Research Corp., showed that among American adults 76% owned a computer, 67% had ...
- Alexanderson, Ernst F.W.
- electrical engineer and television pioneer who developed a high-frequency alternator (a device that converts direct current into alternating current) capable of producing continuous radio waves and thereby revolutionized radio communication.
- Alexandra
- queen consort of King Edward VII of Great Britain. [2 Related Articles]
- Alexandra
- town, south-central South Island, New Zealand. It lies at the junction of the Clutha and Manuherikia rivers and is surrounded by three mountain ranges. Originally known as Lower Dunstan and Manuherikia, the settlement was named Alexandra South in 1863 to commemorate the marriage of the Danish princess Alexandra to Edward, ...
- Alexandra
- (from the article "Nicholas I") ...in western and central Europe. On Nov. 4, 1815, at a state dinner in Berlin, Alexander I and King Frederick William III rose to announce the engagement of Nicholas and Princess Charlotte of Prussia (Alexandra, after she became Orthodox).
- Alexandra
- consort of the Russian emperor Nicholas II. Her misrule while the emperor was commanding the Russian forces during World War I precipitated the collapse of the imperial government in March 1917. [3 Related Articles]
- Alexandra Falls
- (from the article "Hay River") ...River (82 miles [132 km] north of the Alberta border) became a busy commercial fishing and transshipment centre. Lead and zinc are mined 35 miles (56 km) east at Pine Point. The 103-foot (32-metre) Alexandra Falls on the Hay River are 34 miles (55 km) south of the town. Pop. ...
- Alexandra Palace
- (from the article "Haringey") ...engineering and the manufacture of metal goods, confectioneries, furniture, clothing, and footwear. Wood Green is a centre for shopping and services and is the administrative centre of the borough. Alexandra Palace, with its surrounding park, was built in the late 19th century as an arts and entertainment complex, and it ...
- Alexandra Township
- (from the article "Johannesburg") Black Africans can be found throughout the city, but the majority still live in "townships" on the urban periphery, essentially dormitory cities for blacks working in the city. Alexandra township, a 20-square-block enclave carved out of Johannesburg's white northern suburbs, houses a population of nearly half a million. At least ...
- Alexandra, Princess
- (from the article "Denmark") ...in September that Prince Joachim, the queen's younger son (nicknamed the "party prince" by the media for his fondness for wild partying and fast cars), and his Hong Kong-born wife, Princess Alexandra, were to separate-the first divorce in the Danish royal family in 165 years.
- Alexandre III Bridge
- (from the article "Paris") The vast tree-lined Invalides Esplanade slopes gently to the Quai d'Orsay and the Alexandre III Bridge. The first stone for the bridge, which commemorates the Russian tsar Alexander III, was laid in 1897 by Alexander's son, Tsar Nicholas II. The bridge was finished in time for the International Exposition of ...
- Alexandre, Boniface
- (from the article "Haiti") Area: 27,700 sq km (10,695 sq mi) | Population (2006 est.): 8,808,000 | Capital: Port-au-Prince | Chief of state and government: Presidents Boniface Alexandre (provisional) and, from May 14, Rene Preval, assisted by Prime Ministers Gerard Latortue (interim) and, from June 9, Jacques-Edouard Alexis | BRITANNICA BOOK OF THE ...
- Alexandre, Paul
- (from the article "Modigliani, Amedeo") ...Post-Impressionist paintings of Paul Cezanne. His initial important contacts were with the poets Andre Salmon and Max Jacob, with the artist Pablo Picasso, and-in 1907-with Paul Alexandre, a friend of many avant-garde artists and the first to become interested in Modigliani and to buy his works. In 1908 the artist ...
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