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Arras lace ... art and architecture, Mesopotamian
		Arras lace bobbin lace made at Arras, Fr., from the 17th century onward and similar to that of Lille. Although Arras was known for its gold lace, its popularity rested on its exceptionally pure-white lace, stronger than Lille but with similar floral patterns. Arras lace was worn at the coronation (1714) of ... arrastra crude drag-stone mill for pulverizing ores such as those containing silver or gold or their compounds. See patio process. arrau large and somewhat flat freshwater turtle with a neck that does not retract but instead can be tucked to the side and concealed beneath the shell (see side-necked turtle). Of the several South American Podocnemis species, arrau generally refers to the largest, P. expansa of northern South America. Arrau, Claudio Chilean-born American pianist, regarded as one of the 20th century's most renowned performers. Arreola, Juan Jose Mexican short-fiction writer and humorist who was a master of brief subgenres, such as the short story, the epigram, and the sketch. He published only one novel, La feria (1963; The Fair). His collection of stories Confabulario (1952) has been reprinted ... arrest placing of a person in custody or under restraint, usually for the purpose of compelling obedience to the law. If the arrest occurs in the course of criminal procedure, the purpose of the restraint is to hold the person for answer to a criminal charge or to prevent him from ... Arrest, Heinrich Louis d' German astronomer who, while a student at the Berlin Observatory, hastened the discovery of Neptune by suggesting comparison of the sky, in the region indicated by Urbain Le Verrier's calculations, with a recently prepared star chart. The planet was found the same night. Arrhenius equation mathematical expression that describes the effect of temperature on the velocity of a chemical reaction, the basis of all predictive expressions used for calculating reaction-rate constants. In the Arrhenius equation, k is the reaction-rate constant, A and E are numerical constants characteristic of the reacting substances, R is the thermodynamic ... Arrhenius theory theory, introduced in 1887 by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius, that acids are substances that dissociate in water to yield electrically charged atoms or molecules, called ions, one of which is a hydrogen ion (H⁺), and that bases ionize in water to yield hydroxide ions (OH⁻). It is now known ... Arrhenius, Svante Swedish physical chemist best known for his theory that electrolytes, certain substances that dissolve in water to yield a solution that conducts electricity, are separated, or dissociated, into electrically charged particles, or ions, even when there is no current flowing through the solution. In 1903 he was awarded the Nobel ... Arriaga, Juan Crisostomo Spanish violinist and composer of extraordinary precocity whose potential was cut short by his early death. Stylistically, his music stands between the Classical tradition of Joseph Haydn and Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and the Romanticism of Gioacchino Rossini and Franz Schubert; it shows abundant invention, freshness, and technical resourcefulness. Arrian Greek historian and philosopher who was the author of a work describing the campaigns of Alexander the Great. Entitled Anabasis, presumably in order to recall Xenophon's work of that title, it describes Alexander's military exploits in seven books; an eighth, the Indica, tells of Indian customs and the voyage of ... Arron, Henck politician who became prime minister of Suriname in 1973 and led that nation to independence in 1975. He was overthrown by a military coup in 1980. Arrow Cross Party Hungarian fascist organization that controlled the Hungarian government from October 1944 to April 1945 during World War II. It originated as the Party of National Will founded by Ferenc Szalasi in 1935. Szalasi's party was quite small and underwent numerous reorganizations; it reconstituted itself under a new name and emerged ... Arrow, Kenneth J. American economist known for his contributions to welfare economics and to general economic equilibrium theory. He was cowinner (with Sir John R. Hicks) of the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1972. Perhaps his most startling thesis (built on elementary mathematics) was the "impossibility theorem" (or "Arrow's theorem"), which holds that, ... arrow-poison frog vividly coloured, poisonous frogs of the American tropics whose skin secretions are used by South American tribes to coat the tips of darts and arrows. arrowhead any freshwater plant of the genus Sagittaria, consisting of about 20 species distributed worldwide, having leaves resembling arrowpoints. Arrowhead is a perennial herb with fleshy, or tuberous, roots that grows in shallow lakes, ponds, and streams. The flowers have three rounded petals. The tubers of some North American species were ... arrowroot any of several species of the genus Maranta, members of the family Marantaceae (q.v.), the rhizomes, or rootstocks, of which yield an edible starch; the chief among these is M. arundinacea, the source of genuine, or West Indies, arrowroot. This herbaceous perennial, probably a native of Guyana and western Brazil, ... Arrowsmith, Aaron British geographer and cartographer who engraved and published many fine maps and atlases based on the best available sources of the day. arrowworm any member of the invertebrate phylum Chaetognatha, a group of small wormlike marine animals with transparent to translucent or opaque arrow-shaped bodies. The phylum consists of about seven extant genera and one fossil genus. There are more than 50 species, most of which are in the genus Sagitta. The size ... arroyo a dry channel lying in a semiarid or desert area and subject to flash flooding during seasonal or irregular rainstorms. Such transitory streams, rivers, or creeks are noted for their gullying effects, especially for their rapid rates of erosion, transportation, and deposition. There have been reports of up to 8 ... Arrupe, Pedro 28th superior general (1965-83) of the Society of Jesus. Arruza, Carlos Mexican bullfighter, the dominant Mexican matador and one of the greatest of any nationality in modern times. Ars Antiqua (Medieval Latin: "Ancient Art"), in music history, period of musical activity in 13th-century France, characterized by increasingly sophisticated counterpoint (the art of combining simultaneous voice parts), that culminated in the innovations of the 14th-century Ars Nova (q.v.). The term Ars Antiqua originated, in fact, with the Ars Nova theorists, some ... Ars Nova (Medieval Latin: "New Art"), in music history, period of the tremendous flowering of music in the 14th century, particularly in France. The designation Ars Nova, as opposed to the Ars Antiqua (q.v.) of 13th-century France, was the title of a treatise written about 1320 by the composer Philippe de Vitry. ... Arsaces Iranian name borne by the Parthian royal house as being descended from Arsaces, son of Phriapites (date unknown), a chief of the seminomadic Parni tribe from the Caspian steppes. The first of his line to gain power in Parthia was Arsaces I, who reigned from about 250 to about 211 ... Arsacid Dynasty (247 BC-AD 224), ancient Iranian dynasty that founded and ruled the Parthian empire. The progenitors of the dynasty were members of the Parni tribe living east of the Caspian Sea. They entered Parthia (q.v.) shortly after the death of Alexander the Great (323 BC) and gradually gained control over much ... arsenate mineral any of a group of naturally occurring compounds of arsenic, oxygen, and various metals, most of which are rare, having crystallized under very restricted conditions. At the mineralogically famous Langban iron and manganese mines in central Sweden, more than 50 species of arsenate minerals have been described, many peculiar to ... arsenic a chemical element in the nitrogen family (Group Va of the periodic table), existing in both gray and yellow crystalline forms. Although compounds of arsenic were known as early as the 4th century BC, the element was not identified as such until 1649. arsenic poisoning harmful effects of various arsenic compounds on body tissues and functions. Arsenicals are used in numerous products, including insect, rodent, and weed killers, some chemotherapeutic agents, and certain paints, wallpaper, and ceramics. arsenide any member of a rare mineral group consisting of compounds of one or more metals with arsenic (As). The coordination of the metal is almost always octahedral or tetrahedral. In the former case, each metal ion occupies a position within an octahedron composed of six oppositely charged arsenic ions, whereas ... Arsenius Autorianus patriarch of Constantinople, whose deposition caused a serious schism in the Byzantine Church. He took the name Arsenius on being appointed patriarch of Nicaea in 1255 by the Byzantine emperor Theodore II Lascaris. In 1259 he crowned John IV, Theodore's son and legitimate heir, and Michael VIII Palaeologus as co-emperors. ... Arsenius The Great Roman noble, later monk of Egypt, whose asceticism among the Christian hermits in the Libyan Desert caused him to be ranked among the celebrated Desert Fathers and influenced the development of the monastic and contemplative life in Eastern and Western Christendom. arsenopyrite an iron sulfoarsenide mineral (FeAsS), the most common ore of arsenic. It is most commonly found in ore veins that were formed at high temperatures, as at Mapimi, Mex.; Butte, Mont.; and Tunaberg, Swed. Arsenopyrite forms monoclinic or triclinic crystals with an orthorhombic shape; the physical appearance of these crystals ... Arses Achaemenid king of Persia (reigned November 338-June 336 BC); he was the youngest son of Artaxerxes III Ochus and Atossa. arsine colourless, extremely poisonous gas composed of arsenic with hydrogen (see arsenic). Arsinoe I queen of Egypt, daughter of Lysimachus, king of Thrace, and first wife of Ptolemy II Philadelphus. Although she bore Ptolemy three children, including his successor, she was unable to prevent him from repudiating her and marrying his sister, Arsinoe II. Arsinoe II daughter of Berenice and Ptolemy I Soter, founder of the Macedonian (Ptolemaic) dynasty in Egypt; as queen of Thrace and later wife of her brother, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt, she ruthlessly used her two husbands to advance her own position and eventually wielded great power in both kingdoms. Arsinoe III daughter of Queen Berenice II and Ptolemy III Euergetes of Egypt, sister and wife of Ptolemy IV Philopator. Powerless to arrest the decline of the Ptolemaic kingdom under her debauched husband's rule, the popular queen was eventually murdered by the royal ministers. Arsinoe IV youngest daughter of the Macedonian king Ptolemy XII Auletes of Egypt, sister of Cleopatra VII and the kings Ptolemy XIII and XIV. During the Alexandrian war, Arsinoe attempted to lead the native forces against Cleopatra, who had allied herself with Julius Caesar. Arsinoitherium genus of extinct large, primitive, hoofed mammals that have been found as fossils in Egypt in deposits of the Oligocene Epoch (which occurred from 36.6 to 23.7 million years ago). arsis and thesis in prosody, respectively, the accented and unaccented parts of a poetic foot. Arsis, a term of Greek origin meaning "the act of raising or lifting" or "raising the foot in beating time," refers in Greek, or quantitative, verse to the lighter or shorter part of a poetic foot, and thesis ... arson crime commonly defined by statute as the malicious and voluntary burning of the property of another without his consent. Limited in English common law to the burning of dwellings under circumstances that endangered human life, the definition of arson has been expanded by modern statutes and now includes acts dangerous ... Arsonval, Arsene d' French physician and physicist known for his researches in electrotherapy. Arsuf, Battle of famous victory won by the English king Richard I the Lion-Heart during the Third Crusade. art a visual object or experience consciously created through an expression of skill or imagination. The term art encompasses diverse media such as painting, sculpture, printmaking, drawing, decorative arts, photography, and installation. art and architecture, Anatolian the art and architecture of ancient Anatolian civilizations. art and architecture, Arabian the art and architecture of ancient Arabia. art and architecture, Egyptian the ancient architectural monuments, sculptures, paintings, and decorative crafts produced mainly during the dynastic periods of the first three millennia BC in the Nile valley regions of Egypt and Nubia. The course of art in Egypt paralleled to a large extent the country's political history, but it depended as well ... art and architecture, Iranian the art and architecture of ancient Iranian civilizations. art and architecture, Mesopotamian the art and architecture of the ancient Mesopotamian civilizations.