| | - All-America team
- honorific title given to outstanding U.S. athletes in a specific sport in a given year competing at the collegiate and secondary school levels. Originally the term referred to a select group of college gridiron football players. Athletes selected to an All-America team are known as All-Americans. [2 Related Articles]
- All-American Girls Professional Baseball League
- American sports organization that, between 1943 and its dissolution in 1954, grew from a stopgap wartime entertainment to a professional showcase for women baseball players. [2 Related Articles]
- All-Canadian Congress of Labour
- (from the article "organized labour") ...from the United States into Canada. At the insistence of the AFL, the TLC expelled the Canadian branches of the CIO internationals in 1939. The next year these CIO unions joined the remnants of the All-Canadian Congress of Labour, which had formed in 1927 on the dual principles of industrial ...
- All-China Anti-Japanese Writers Federation
- (from the article "Chinese literature") ...most writers fled to the interior, where they contributed to the war effort by writing patriotic literature under the banner of the Chung-hua ch'uan-kuo wen-i chieh k'ang-ti hsieh-hui ("All-China Anti-Japanese Federation of Writers and Artists"), founded in 1938 and directed by Lao She. All genres were represented, including reportage (pao-kao ...
- All-China Federation of Trade Unions
- (from the article "China") ...level, and there are trade union councils that coordinate all union activities within a particular area and operate at county, municipal, and provincial levels. At the top of the movement is the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, which discharges its functions through a number of regional federations.
- All-England Championship
- (from the article "Olympic Champions, XX Winter Games, Turin") Chinese players dominated the 2005 All England badminton championships, held in Birmingham in March. In the men's singles final, Chen Hong defeated the top seed, defending champion Lin Dan. The women's events also featured all-Chinese finals as Xie Xingfang bested Zhang Ning in the singles competition and Gao Ling and ...
- All-England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club
- (from the article "tennis") An important milestone in the history of tennis was the decision of the All England Croquet Club to set aside one of its lawns at Wimbledon for tennis, which soon proved so popular that the club changed its name to the All England Croquet and Lawn Tennis Club. In 1877 ...
- All-England Eleven
- (from the article "cricket") In 1836 the first North counties versus South counties match was played, providing clear evidence of the spread of cricket. In 1846 the All-England XI, founded by William Clarke of Nottingham, began touring the country, and from 1852, when some of the leading professionals (including John Wisden, who later compiled ...
- All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference
- (from the article "Ahmad Khan, Sir Sayyid") ...In January 1877 the foundation stone of the college was laid by the Viceroy. In spite of conservative opposition to Sayyid's projects, the college made rapid progress. In 1886 Sayyid organized the All-India Muhammadan Educational Conference, which met annually at different places to promote education and to provide the Muslims ...
- All-India Progressive Writers Association
- (from the article "Ali, Ahmed") ...Coals"), an anthology of short stories written in Urdu that was immediately banned for its bitter critique of middle-class Muslim values. Subsequently, he became a founder of the All-India Progressive Writers Association (1936), which promoted innovation in Urdu literature. His influential short fiction-collected in such volumes as
- All-India Sikh Student's Federation
- (from the article "Punjab") Although Sikhs had won the use of Punjabi within the state, by the 1980s factions of the Shiromani Akali Dal ("Leading Akali Party") and the All India Sikh Students' Federation were demanding the establishment of an autonomous Sikh homeland, or Khalistan ("Land of the Pure," a term introduced as early ...
- All-India Trade Union Congress
- India's second largest trade union federation after the Indian National Trade Union Congress. The AITUC was formed by the Indian National Congress (the central organ of the independence movement) in 1920 to represent India at the International Labour Organisation of the League of Nations. During the 1920s British communists, in ... [1 Related Articles]
- all-number calling
- (from the article "telephone and telephone system") ...of 640 office codes. Eventually, in order to comply with international dialing requirements and to permit an even larger number of local office codes to be deployed, the 2-5 system was replaced by "all-number" (i.e., seven-digit) calling, which permitted 720 central office codes. All-number calling was first tried in 1958; ...
- all-or-none law
- a physiological principle that relates response to stimulus in excitable tissues. It was first established for the contraction of heart muscle by the American physiologist Henry P. Bowditch in 1871. Describing the relation of response to stimulus, he stated, "An induction shock produces a contraction or fails to do so ... [1 Related Articles]
- all-purpose flour
- (from the article "flour") ...of wheat flours generally available includes whole wheat, or graham, flour, made from the entire wheat kernel and often unbleached; gluten flour, a starch-free, high-protein, whole wheat flour; all-purpose flour, refined (separated from bran and germ), bleached or unbleached, and suitable for any recipe not requiring a special flour; cake ...
- All-Purpose Linotype
- (from the article "printing") The All-Purpose Linotype is a combination manual and automatic machine that retains only the casting part of the Linotype. Special matrices, solidly rectangular or with notches, ears, and heels, are assembled by hand in a composing stick. Justification is done with blank matrices of various sizes. The line of matrices, ...
- All-Russian Congress of Soviets
- (from the article "soviet") In June 1917 the first All-Russian Congress of Soviets, composed of delegations from local soviets, convened in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg). It elected a central executive committee to be in permanent session, with this committee's presidium at the head of the congress. The second congress met right after the radical ...
- All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics
- (from the article "Khariton, Yuly Borisovich") founder, and head from 1946 to 1992, of the research and design laboratory known variously as KB-11, Arzamas-16, and currently the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Experimental Physics, which was responsible for designing the first Soviet fission and thermonuclear bombs.SakharovSakharov, ...
- All-Russian Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies
- (from the article "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics") ...committee of radical intellectuals nominated by the socialist parties. Similar soviets sprang up in other cities. In the summer of 1917, their socialist leaders united to form in Petrograd the All-Russian Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies. The All-Russian Soviet assumed responsibility for ensuring that the provisional government, which it ...
- all-sided stress
- (from the article "rock") ...volume, or shape. This change, or deformation, is called strain (epsilon). Stresses can be axial-e.g., directional tension or simple compression-or shear (tangential), or all-sided (e.g., hydrostatic compression). The terms stress and pressure are sometimes used interchangeably, but often stress refers to directional stress or shear stress and pressure...
- All-Star Game
- in American professional baseball, a game between teams of outstanding players chosen from National and American league teams who oppose each other as league against league. Arch Ward, a Chicago Tribune sports editor, is credited with promoting the first All-Star Game, which was held in Chicago in 1933 in conjunction ... [5 Related Articles]
- All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets
- (from the article "Ukraine") ...the Ukrainian National Republic, though still in federation with the new democratic Russia that was expected to emerge from the impending Constituent Assembly. The Bolsheviks, in turn, at the first All-Ukrainian Congress of Soviets, held in Kharkiv in December, declared Ukraine to be a Soviet republic and formed a rival ...
- All-Ukrainian National Congress
- (from the article "Ukraine") ...parties. In March, on the initiative of these new organizations, the Central Rada ("Council") was formed in Kiev as a Ukrainian representative body. In April the more broadly convened All-Ukrainian National Congress declared the Central Rada to be the highest national authority in Ukraine and elected the historian Mykhaylo Hrushevsky ...
- All-Union Farm Machinery Association
- (from the article "machine-tractor station") ...stantsii; RTS), which repaired the machinery, supplied spare parts, and continued to rent machines for special purposes-e.g., road building. In 1961 the RTS were replaced by the All-Union Farm Machinery Association (Soyuzselkhoztekhnika).
- All-Union State Institute of Cinematography
- (from the article "Russia") ...parts, 1944 and 1958). Eisenstein also was a student of filmmaker and theorist Lev Kuleshov, who formulated the groundbreaking editing process called montage at the world's first film school, the All-Union Institute of Cinematography in Moscow. Supported by Lenin, who recognized film's ability to communicate his revolutionary message to illiterate ...
- alla prima
- (from the article "painting") Whether a painting reached completion by careful stages or was executed directly by a hit-or-miss alla prima method (in which pigments are laid on in a single application) was once largely determined by the ideals and established techniques of its cultural tradition. For example, the medieval European illuminator's painstaking procedure, ...
- Alla Rakha Khan
- Indian musician (b. April 29, 1919, Phagwal, Jammu province, India-d. Feb. 3, 2000, Mumbai [Bombay], India), was a maestro of the tabla, small drums used in classical Indian music, and was the first tabla player to give solo concerts. Alla Rakha, who was awarded the honorific ustad ("master"), supplemented his ...
- alla turca
- (from the article "Janissary music") In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, compositions in naive imitation of the Turkish military style enjoyed a certain short-lived vogue. Well-known examples of the "alla turca" genre are the final movement of Joseph Haydn's "Military" Symphony No. 100 in G Major (1794); the final movement ...
- Allada
- (from the article "Benin") ...mainly by Ewe-speaking peoples, who traced their traditional origins to the town of Tado (in modern Togo). During the 16th and 17th centuries, the most powerful state in this area was the kingdom of Allada (Ardra), but in the 18th and 19th centuries its place was taken by Dahomey. In ...
- Allagash River
- (from the article "Maine") Most of Maine's river systems flow from north to south. Northern Maine is a dissected upland drained by north-flowing streams. The St. John River and its principal tributary, the Allagash, are the major exceptions, flowing north and then east along the northern border of Maine and turning south through New ...
- Allagoptera
- (from the article "palm") ...becoming procumbent, or trailing, at or below the surface of the soil and producing the crown at ground level, while others are high-climbing vines. Rare instances of regular branching (in Allagoptera, Chamaedorea, Hyphaene, Nannorrhops, Nypa, Vonitra) appear to involve equal or subequal division at the apex that results in a ...
- Allah
- (Arabic: "God"), the one and only God in the religion of Islam. Etymologically, the name Allah is probably a contraction of the Arabic al-Ilah, "the God." The name's origin can be traced back to the earliest Semitic writings in which the word for god was Il or El, the latter ... [6 Related Articles]
- Allahabad
- city, southern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It is situated at the confluence of the Ganges and Yamuna (Jumna) rivers. Allahabad stands on the site of ancient Prayag, a holy city that was comparable in fame to Varanasi (Benares) and Haridwar. Prayag's importance in the ancient Buddhist period of Indian ... [3 Related Articles]
- Allaire, James Peter
- (from the article "naval ship") ...of this period were two other milestones. In 1834 Samuel Hall of England patented a type of steam condenser that made it possible to use fresh instead of corrosive salt water for boilers. In 1824 James Peter Allaire of the United States invented the compound-expansion steam engine, in which the ...
- Allais, Maurice
- French economist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Economics in 1988 for his development of principles to guide efficient pricing and resource allocation in large monopolistic enterprises.
- Allan, Maud
- Canadian-born interpretative dancer and teacher, one of the forerunners of modern dance.
- Allan, Sir Hugh
- Canadian financier and shipbuilder whose contribution of at least $300,000 to the Conservative Party campaign in 1872 precipitated the Pacific Scandal that brought down Sir John Macdonald's government. [2 Related Articles]
- allantois
- an extra-embryonic membrane of reptiles, birds, and mammals arising as a pouch, or sac, from the hindgut. In reptiles and birds it expands greatly between two other membranes, the amnion and chorion, to serve as a temporary respiratory organ while its cavity stores fetal excretions. In mammals other than marsupials ... [4 Related Articles]
- Allard, Julia
- (from the article "Daudet, Alphonse") ...life over the years 1863-65 (until Morny's death) provided him with the material that he analyzed mercilessly in Le Nabab (1877; "The Nabob"). In January 1867 he married Julia Allard, herself a writer of talent, with whom he was deeply in love and who gave him great help in his ...
- Allawi, Ayad
- On June 28, 2004, the U.S.-led Coalition Provisional Authority officially transferred sovereignty in Iraq to the newly chosen Iraqi leadership. To the surprise of many, Ayad Allawi, a secular Shi'ite and former member of the Arab Ba'th Socialist Party, was named prime minister of the interim government. He was to ... [7 Related Articles]
- Allbutt, Sir Thomas Clifford
- English physician, the inventor of the short clinical thermometer. His investigations also led to the improved treatment of arterial diseases. [1 Related Articles]
- Allchurch, Ivor John
- Welsh association football (soccer) player who was the "Golden Boy" of Welsh soccer from 1949 to 1968. Allchurch, an inside forward known for his superb ball control, scored 251 goals in 694 league matches, mainly for Swansea Town, Newcastle United, and Cardiff City, made a then-record 23 goals in 68 ...
- Allecto
- (from the article "Furies") ...they were the daughters of Nyx; in those of Sophocles, they were the daughters of Darkness and of Gaea. Euripides was the first to speak of them as three in number. Later writers named them Allecto ("Unceasing in Anger"), Tisiphone ("Avenger of Murder"), and Megaera ("Jealous"). They lived in the ...
- Allectus
- (from the article "coin") ...the reign of the usurper Carausius (AD 286-293), who coined profusely in orthodox Roman fashion at Londinium (London) and elsewhere in gold, silver, and copper; the same was done briefly by Allectus, his murderer (AD 293-296). Diocletian's London mint was continued under Constantine until AD 324; thereafter, except under Magnus ...
- allee
- feature of the French formal garden that was both a promenade and an extension of the view. It either ended in a terminal feature, such as a garden temple, or extended into apparent infinity at the horizon.
- Allee, Warder Clyde
- zoologist and ecologist noted for his research on social behaviour, aggregations, and distribution of animals in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. [1 Related Articles]
- Allegany
- county, western Maryland, U.S. It consists of an irregular neck of land between Pennsylvania to the north and West Virginia to the south (the North Branch Potomac River constituting the border with West Virginia). The county rests on part of the Allegheny Plateau and includes Rocky Gap State Park, Green ...
- Allegany
- county, southwestern New York state, U.S., bordered to the south by Pennsylvania and comprising a region of moderate relief. The principal waterways are the Genesee River and Rushford and Cuba lakes. Public lands include the Oil Spring Indian Reservation and state wildlife management areas at Hanging Bog, Rattlesnake Hill, and ...
- Alleghenian orogeny
- mountain-building event, occurring almost entirely within the Permian Period (299 million to 251 million years ago), that created the Appalachian Mountains. [2 Related Articles]
- Allegheny
- county, southwestern Pennsylvania, U.S., consisting of a hilly region on the Allegheny Plateau bounded to the southeast by the Monongahela and Youghiogheny rivers and to the northeast by the Allegheny River. The Ohio, Allegheny, and Monongahela rivers converge in the centre of the county to form an area known as ...
- Allegheny chinquapin
- (from the article "chinquapin") ...to which they are closely related, in having hairy leaves and twigs and single-seeded burs. The bush, or downy, chinquapin (C. alnifolia) of the southeastern United States and the Allegheny chinquapin (C. pumila) of the eastern and southwestern United States are shrubs or small trees. The Florida chinquapin, perhaps a ...
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